The shocking danger of mountaintop removal -- and why it must end | Michael Hendryx

67,503 views ใƒป 2018-06-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Let's say that you wanted to conduct an experiment.
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hanwool Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:05
In this experiment,
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
00:06
you randomly assign people to live in blasting zones
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ง€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:10
or in control locations without explosives going off over their heads.
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00:16
They live in the community for years,
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ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
00:18
just downwind and downstream
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋ƒ‡๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
00:20
from sites where tons of explosives are used almost daily.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ผ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜ ํ†ค์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And millions of gallons of water contaminated.
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์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ํ†ค ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์ฃ .
00:27
With random assignment, you could carefully study
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ฐœ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ด
00:30
the long-term health effects of living in these blasting communities
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
without a bunch of annoying confounders and covariates.
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๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žก๋‹คํ•œ ๊ต๋ž€์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค ์—†์ด์š”.
00:39
Random assignment does wonders.
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
That would be a rigorous, powerful scientific inquiry
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋Š” ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:46
into the effects of these environmental exposures.
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
Of course, such a study could never be done.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์˜ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Most scientists wouldn't have the stomach for it.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
The institutional review board would never approve it;
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:58
it would never pass human subjects review,
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์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
because it would be unethical, immoral.
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๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:04
And yet in effect, it is happening right now.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
In my mind, this prompts some questions.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
What is the ethical obligation
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์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:12
of the scientists who believes populations are in danger?
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
01:16
How much evidence is enough to be confident of our conclusions?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€?
01:21
Where is the line between scientific certainty and the need to act?
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๊ณผํ•™์  ํ™•์‹ ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋””์ธ๊ฐ€?
01:27
The unplanned experiment that is happening right now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹คํ—˜์€
01:29
is called mountaintop removal.
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์‚ฐ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
The abbreviation for it is MTR.
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์•ฝ์ž๋กœ๋Š” MTR์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
It is a form of surface coal mining
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์• ํŒ”๋ž˜์น˜์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
01:36
that takes place in Appalachia, here in the United States.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฉด์„ํƒ„์ฑ„๊ตด์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
MTR occurs in four states: Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee.
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MTR์€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„, ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„, ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ 4๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Over 1.2 million acres have been mined in this way.
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120๋งŒ ์—์ด์ปค๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋•…์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„๊ตด๋ผ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
This is an area about the size of Delaware
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์ด๋Š” ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด์ฃผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
but it is spread over a footprint
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ„๋ชฌํŠธ์ฃผ์™€ ๋‰ดํ–„ํ”„์…”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:55
as large as Vermont and New Hampshire combined.
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01:59
The process involves clear-cutting ancient Appalachian forest,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์• ํŒ”๋ž˜์น˜์•„ ์ˆฒ์„ ๋ง๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
home to some of the richest biodiversity on the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
02:07
The trees are typically burned or dumped into adjacent valleys.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ถˆํƒœ์›Œ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ์ฃ .
02:11
Then, to reach the buried coal seams,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ›„์—์•ผ ๋งค์žฅ๋œ ์„ํƒ„์ธต์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:14
explosives are used to remove up to 800 feet of mountain elevation.
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ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 800ํ”ผํŠธ(์•ฝ 250m)๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Over 1,500 tons of explosives
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์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋งŒ
02:23
are used for coal mining in West Virginia alone.
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1,500ํ†ค์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Every day.
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๋งค์ผ์ด์š”.
02:30
Rock and soil debris is dumped over the valley sides
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๋ฐ”์œ„์™€ ํ† ์–‘ ์ž”ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
where it permanently buries headwater streams.
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์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐœ์šธ์„ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
So far, over 500 mountains have been destroyed.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 500๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
About 2,000 miles of streams have been permanently buried.
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์•ฝ 3,600km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๊ฐœ์šธ์ด ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌปํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Water emerging from the base of the valley fills is highly contaminated
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๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ˜์†Ÿ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์šธ์€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
and remains contaminated for decades.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
The coal then has to be chemically treated,
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์„ํƒ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ ค๋ฉด
02:53
crushed and washed before it can be transported to power plants and burned.
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ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ˆด ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
This cleaning takes place on-site.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ฒ™์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
The process produces more air pollution
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
03:03
and contaminates billions of gallons of water with metals,
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์ค‘๊ธˆ์†, ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ, ์„ธ์ฒ™ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
03:07
sulfates, cleaning chemicals and other impurities.
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์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ์–ต ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
All of this to produce three percent of US electricity demand --
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3%๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
only three percent of US electricity demand.
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์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹จ 3%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
As you can appreciate, this prompts all sorts of other questions.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
What are the health impacts of mountaintop-removal mining?
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๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
03:28
There are over a million people who live in counties where MTR takes place
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MTR์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
and millions more downstream and downwind.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ ค ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์—” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
What has been the response of industry and government
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”๋œ ์ดํ›„
03:40
when these issues are documented?
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:43
And again, what is the ethical obligation of science
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž์„ 
03:46
when faced with this disturbing situation?
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:50
I began to research this issue in 2006.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
I had just taken a job at West Virginia University.
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์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์งํ›„์˜€์ฃ .
03:56
Before then, I hadn't done any research related to coal.
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๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” ์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
But I started to hear stories
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํƒ„๊ด‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—
04:02
from people who lived in these mining communities.
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๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
They said that the water they drank was not clean,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์…จ๋˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:09
that the air they breathed was polluted.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์งˆ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚˜๋นด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
They would tell me about their own illnesses
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘
04:14
or illnesses in their family.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
They were worried about how common cancer was in their neighborhoods.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์•”์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ”ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
I met with many people in southern West Virginia
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์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€, ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ
04:22
and eastern Kentucky
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04:24
to listen to those stories and hear their concerns.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
I searched the scientific literature
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌธ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
and was surprised to learn that nothing had been published
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์„ํƒ„ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
04:31
on the public health effects of coal mining in the United States.
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๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Let me say that again --
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
nothing had been published on the public health effects
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ํƒ„ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
04:39
of coal mining in the US.
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๋ฌธ๊ฑด์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
So I thought, "I can make a new contribution,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๋ญ˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋“ ์ง€๊ฐ„์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ?
04:45
no matter what I find,
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04:47
to either confirm these concerns or to alleviate them."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€์ง€ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค."
04:51
I had no personal or organizational agenda.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Many of my colleagues initially were skeptical
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ํƒ„์ฑ„๊ตด๊ฐ„์—
04:58
that there would be any link between public health and mining.
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์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
They predicted that the health problems could be explained by poverty
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
05:05
or by lifestyle issues, like smoking and obesity.
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์„ค๋ช…๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํก์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด์š”.
05:09
When I started, I thought maybe they would be right.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:13
We started by analyzing existing databases
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์„ํƒ„์ฑ„๊ตด์„
05:15
that allowed us to link population health to mining activity
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์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
and to control statistically for age, sex, race, smoking, obesity, poverty,
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๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ธ์ข…, ํก์—ฐ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๋น„๋งŒ๋„, ๋นˆ๊ณค, ๊ต์œก, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜,
05:25
education, health insurance and others we could measure.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
We found evidence that confirmed the concerns of the residents,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
05:33
and we started to publish our findings.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
As a very brief summary,
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์•„์ฃผ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด,
05:38
we found that people who live where mountaintop removal takes place
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MTR์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ
05:41
have significantly higher levels of cardiovascular disease,
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ์‹ ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜, COPD๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ
05:46
kidney disease and chronic lung disease like COPD.
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ํ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
Death rates from cancer are significantly elevated,
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์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ 
05:53
especially for lung cancer.
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ํ์•”์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
We've seen evidence for higher rates of birth defects
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๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ๊ฒฐ์†์ฆ๊ณผ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
05:58
and for babies born at low birth weight.
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์›์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
The difference in total mortality equates to about 1,200 excess deaths
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MTR์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์•ฝ 1,200๋ช…์„ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
every year in MTR areas, controlling for other risks.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Twelve hundred excess deaths every year.
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๋งค๋…„ 1,200๋ช…์ด ๋” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Not only are death rates higher,
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์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜์„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:15
but they increase as the levels of mining go up
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์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ฑ„๊ตด์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
in a dose-response manner.
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์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณก์„ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
06:19
Next, we started to conduct community door-to-door health surveys.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
We surveyed people living within a few miles of MTR
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MTR ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ km์ด๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜
06:27
versus similar rural communities without mining.
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์„ค๋ฌธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Survey results show higher levels of personal and family illness,
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์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋น„์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ ,
06:34
self-reported health status is poorer,
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์ž๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ข‹๊ณ ,
06:36
and illness symptoms across a broad spectrum are more common.
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
These studies are only associational.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
06:44
We all know that correlation does not prove causation.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•  ์ˆœ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
These studies did not include data
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜
06:49
on the actual environmental conditions in mining communities.
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์‹ค์ œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So we started to collect and report on that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
We found that violations of public drinking-water standards
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด MTR์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์€
07:00
are seven times more common in MTR areas versus non-mining areas.
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณต๊ณต์Œ์šฉ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด 7์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ด์ƒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
We collected air samples
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:07
and found that particulate matter is elevated in mining communities,
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์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
especially in the ultra-fine range.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋“ค์ด์š”.
07:12
The dust in mining communities contains a complex mixture,
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์ฑ„๊ตด์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
but includes high levels of silica, a known lung carcinogen,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ์•”์˜ ์›์ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:20
and potentially harmful organic compounds.
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๋˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
We used the dust in laboratory experiments
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ทธ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:26
and found that it induced cardiovascular dysfunction in rats.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฅ์˜ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
The dust also promoted the development
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๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
07:32
of lung cancer in human in vitro lung cells.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ์•”์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
This is just a quick summary of some of our studies.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
The coal industry does not like what we have to say.
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์„ํƒ„ ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
Neither does the government in coal country.
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์„ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Just like the tobacco industry paid for research
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๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ์—…๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํก์—ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—
07:52
to defend the safety of smoking,
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๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:54
so the coal industry has tried to do the same
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์„ํƒ„ ์—…๊ณ„๋„ MTR์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”
07:56
by paying people to write papers claiming that MTR is safe.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Lawyers have sent me harassing demands under the Freedom of Information Act,
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์‹  ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋‚˜
08:05
eventually denied by the courts.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
I'd been attacked at public testimony at a Congressional hearing
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ•˜์› ์ฒญ๋ฌธํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘
08:11
by a congressman with ties to the energy industry.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์›์˜์›์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
One governor has publicly declared that he refuses to read the research.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
And after a meeting with a member of Congress,
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ํ•œ ํ•˜์›์˜์›์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
08:24
in which I specifically shared my research,
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๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ดํ›„์—๋„
08:26
I later heard that representative say they knew nothing about it.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
I worked with scientists at the US Geological Survey
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
on environmental sampling for more than two years.
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2๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฑ„์ทจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:36
And just as they were starting to publish their findings,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:38
they were suddenly instructed by their superiors
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์œ„์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
08:41
to stop work on this project.
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์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
In August of this year, the National Academy of Sciences
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์˜ฌํ•ด 8์›” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผํ•™์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ
08:47
was suddenly instructed by the federal government
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08:50
to stop their independent review
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์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
of the public health consequences of surface mining.
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์ง€๋ฉด์„ํƒ„์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:56
These actions are politically motivated, in my view.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜์  ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
But there is opposition from researchers, too.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งž๋Œ€์‘๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
At conferences or meetings, they express skepticism.
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ํšŒ๋‹ด์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
OK, we are all taught, as scientists, to be skeptical.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
They ask, "What about this possible explanation?"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋ฅผ "์ด๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?"
09:15
"Have you considered that alternative interpretation?"
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?"
09:18
They wonder, "There must be some confounder that we missed.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ต๋ž€์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Some other variable we haven't accounted for."
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."
09:25
"An in vitro study, what does that prove?"
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"์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ?"
09:28
"A rat study -- how do we know the same effects would be found in people?"
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"์ƒ์ฅ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ฃ ?"
09:34
Maybe so.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:36
Technically, you have to acknowledge that they could be right,
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์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
but you know, maybe these health problems
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด
09:42
are not the result of some unmeasured confound.
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์ธก์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ต๋ž€์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:46
Maybe they result from blowing up mountains
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์—์„œ
09:49
over people's heads.
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ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:00
There can always be doubt, if doubt is what you seek.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
10:03
Because we can never do that defining experiment.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ •์ง€์„ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Any next study must always be associational.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
10:10
So perhaps you can understand why I've started to wonder,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
how much evidence is enough?
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:15
I've published over 30 papers on this topic so far.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 30ํŽธ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์จ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
Along with my coauthors, other researchers have added to the evidence,
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๊ณต๋™์ €์ž์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
yet government doesn't want to listen,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋“ค์œผ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
and the industry says it's only correlational.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
10:28
They say Appalachians have lifestyle issues.
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์• ํŒ”๋ž˜์น˜์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
10:30
As though it had never occurred to us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:32
to control for smoking or obesity or poverty or education
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ํก์—ฐ, ๋น„๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๋‚œ, ๊ต์œก
10:35
or health insurance.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ์š”.
10:37
We controlled for all of those and more.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•ด์™”๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
There comes a point where we don't need more research,
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๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ์ ์ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
where we can't ask people to be unwilling research subjects
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
10:48
so we can do the next study.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
As scientists, we follow the data wherever it goes,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
but sometimes data can only take us so far
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:57
and we have to decide, as thinking, feeling human beings,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
11:00
what it means and when it is time to act.
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๋˜ ์–ธ์ œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
I think that is true, not only for MTR but for other situations
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MTR๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€
11:06
where evidence is strong and concerning but imperfect.
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๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
And when failing to act if you're wrong means people's lives.
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ํ‹€๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
It may seem strange that there is any controversy
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์‚ฐ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:20
over the health effects of mountaintop-removal mining.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
But somehow, this subject has wound up
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด์ฉ์ง€, ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”
11:26
in a scientific and political twilight zone
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ,
11:28
alongside the debate over climate change
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๋˜ ํก์—ฐ์ด ์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€
11:30
or the argument years ago
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ์ „ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๋‹คํˆผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
11:32
about whether or not smoking caused cancer.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์–ฝํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
In this twilight zone, much of the data seems to point to one conclusion.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
But the economics or the politics or the prevailing public view
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ํ•™ ๋˜ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ๋“ค์€
11:42
insist on the opposite conclusion.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
When you're a scientist and you think you have a valid insight
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ด๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:49
where the health of entire populations is at stake
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์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
11:51
but you find yourself trapped
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€์ •๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์˜ ํ•จ์ •์—
11:53
in this twilight zone of denial and disbelief,
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๋น ์ง„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ, ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:57
what is your moral and ethical obligation?
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12:01
Obviously, scientists are responsible for telling the truth as they see it,
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์„
12:05
based on evidence.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
Simply stated, we have an obligation to stand up for the data.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
It can be extremely frustrating to wait around for public opinion
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๊ณต์ค‘์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๋Š”
12:14
or political consensus to catch up to the scientific understanding.
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์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
But the more controversial the subject and the more frustrating the debate,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:22
the more critical it is for scientists to preserve our objectivity
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ
12:26
and our reputation for integrity.
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๋” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
Because integrity is the coin of the realm
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณผํ•™์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ
12:31
in scientific and public policy debate.
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ํ™”ํ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
In the long run,
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๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:35
our reputation for integrity is the most powerful tool that we have,
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์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‰ํŒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
even more powerful than the data itself.
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์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋„์š”.
12:42
Without an acknowledged integrity on the part of scientists,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ชฝ์ด ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:45
no amount of data will ever convince people
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์„
12:47
to believe painful or difficult truths.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
But when we cultivate and guard our reputation for integrity,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์ผ๊ตฌ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉฐ
12:56
when we patiently stand up for the data and keep doing the studies
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์ฐจ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
12:59
and keep calmly bringing the results to the public,
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์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ค‘์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:02
that's when we have our greatest impact.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Eventually, scientific truth does and will win out.
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๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
How many lives will be lost while we wait?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์ด ํฌ์ƒ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:16
Too many already.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
But prevail we will.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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