Richard Thompson Ford: A tailored history of who wears what -- and why | TED

54,966 views ใƒป 2021-12-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

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Transcriber:
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1565, ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืฆโ€™ืจื“ ื•ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืืจื•
00:13
In 1565, a man named Richard Walweyn was arrested in London
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ื›ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ โ€œื˜ืจืื ืง ื”ื•ื–
ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€œ.
00:19
for wearing what the authorities described
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:21
as a โ€œvery monstrous
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ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:24
and great outrageous pair of trunk hose.โ€
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โ€œื˜ืจืื ืง ื”ื•ื–โ€ ื”ื ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื,
ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก .
00:29
(Laughter)
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00:30
For those of you who don't already have a pair of these in your closet,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืชื›ื ืœืฆืจื•ืช.
00:33
trunk hose are these puffy trousers,
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00:35
and they were all the rage in men's fashion in Renaissance England.
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ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
00:41
But they could get you into trouble.
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00:43
Walweyn had his pants confiscated by the authorities
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ื›-, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜, โ€œื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืชโ€œ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:49
and exhibited in a public place,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ.
00:51
as, I quote, "an example of extreme folly."
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
00:56
(Laughter)
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00:57
Laws like this weren't unique to Tudor-era England.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ืกืคืจื“
01:01
In fact, the fashion police were hard at work all over Europe
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ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืœ ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™.
ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ,
01:05
at this period in history.
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01:07
In England, France, Spain
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
01:09
and in cities up and down the Italian peninsula.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช.
01:12
The authorities were passing laws about what people could wear,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:15
sometimes dozens in a single year,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ .
01:19
in order to keep up with ever changing fashions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื?
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืœ.
01:23
Now, OK, I imagine you're all thinking,
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01:26
well, that's an interesting history lesson.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:28
But what does it have to do with us today?
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01:31
That's like bloodletting or trial by ordeal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
01:35
It's not the sort of thing we do in today's enlightened society.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
01:41
But actually we do.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
01:43
In fact, even in the 21st century,
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01:45
people regularly lose their jobs,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
01:49
kids are sent home from school,
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01:51
people are kept off airplanes and other types of public transportation,
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015, ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ื“ืืŸ
01:54
and sometimes people are even jailed for what they're wearing.
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ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
02:00
A couple of examples.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™
02:01
In 2015, a high school student in Kentucky named Stephanie Dunn
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ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื”.
ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012,
02:07
was sent home from school
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02:08
for wearing a scandalously revealing top
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืืœื‘ืžื” ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื›ืœื
02:11
that revealed her collarbones.
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ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืฉ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืœื™ื.
02:15
And in 2012,
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02:17
an Alabama judge sentenced someone to jail
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โ€œืืชื” ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜โ€ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืžืจ,
โ€œื›ื™ ื”ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.โ€
02:22
for wearing sagging pants.
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02:25
"You are in contempt of court," the judge said,
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ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช
02:28
"because you showed your butt in court."
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ื•ืฆื“ืง ื’ื–ืขื™ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™.
ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
02:33
Iโ€™m a law professor, and I work on questions of civil rights
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ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
02:37
and racial justice and gender equity.
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02:39
And over the course of my career,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:41
I've been surprised at just how many legal disputes
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02:45
involve what people are wearing.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
02:48
And all of these lawsuits over dress and dress codes got me thinking
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ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช.
ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
02:53
that there's a lot more going on with our attire
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02:57
than just making a fashion statement.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฃ.
03:00
So I decided to look into the history of rules and laws around clothing
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื.
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”
03:07
to try to figure out what's really at stake.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื
03:09
And my research took me all the way back to the late Middle Ages.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:14
I found that these kinds of laws and rules
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03:16
really got started with the growth of cities
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืขืžื“, ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.
03:20
when strangers began to come together
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03:22
and needed a way to size each other up quickly and on sight.
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ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”
03:27
And fashion became a kind of shorthand for status and identity and belonging.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”
03:33
The elite used fashion
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืื• ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
03:35
in order to assert their social superiority
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03:37
and high status and position.
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03:40
And the average person used fashion
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ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื”,
03:42
as a way to challenge authority or to climb the social ladder.
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ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืื”.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืงื•ื–ื™ืžื• ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ืฆโ€™ื™,
03:48
Fashion was a type of credential,
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ืืžืจ ืคืขื, โ€œืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’โ€™ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ ืื“ื•ื.โ€
03:51
and wearing the wrong clothing could be considered a type of fraud.
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03:56
For instance, the Florentine patriarch, Cosimo de' Medici,
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ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”
03:59
once said, "One can make a gentleman from two yards of red silk."
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืจืง ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ
04:05
And this worry about the fraudulent use of fashion
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ืืช ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช,
04:08
led the elite to pass laws that held that only they could wear
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ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช, ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื™ ืื“ื•ื
ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”.
04:13
the most high status and luxurious fashions,
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04:16
so things like jewels, precious metals, fur and red silk
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:21
were restricted by law to the aristocracy and royalty.
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ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”
ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืชืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช,
04:28
And in a way, it's not all that different today.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:32
Even today, we used clothing and fashion
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04:35
as a way to signal identity and status and belonging,
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ืื• ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืขืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ
04:40
whether it's the expensive high fashions you might find on Madison Avenue
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04:44
or the edgy styles of an urban street culture.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
04:48
So maybe it's not surprising that we also judge each other in part
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:54
based on what we're wearing.
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04:56
The problem is that we're not always very good at it.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•.
05:00
We could make serious mistakes that can have real consequences.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืœืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื’โ€™,
05:05
So it works pretty good when weโ€™re dealing with people who are a lot like ourselves.
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:10
So I'm not bad at evaluating the wardrobes of college professors,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
05:16
lawyers, artsy types who live in big cities.
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ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
05:20
But we're not so good when it comes to dealing with people
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’โ€™, ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:25
from other walks of life.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
05:27
Here's an example.
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05:28
A former student of mine,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื” ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
05:30
who was the first in her family to attend college, told me this.
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05:33
She got a job interview, and she really wanted the job,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื,
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœื” ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืœืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
05:37
and so she wore her very best dress to the interview.
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05:42
Problem was when she got there,
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื,
05:44
the other people in the office thought her dress looked like a party dress,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘,
ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”.
05:50
so they thought she was dressed up to go clubbing afterwards,
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05:53
later in the evening,
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช
05:55
and wasn't that serious about the job.
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05:57
They misread her clothing and therefore they misread her motivations.
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ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช.
06:02
Another problem is that a lot of our ideas about professionalism
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื.
06:07
were established when large groups of people
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06:09
were excluded from the professions.
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ืจืง ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:11
And as a consequence, those groups have a harder time
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06:14
finding something that looks professional and is appropriate for them.
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ืœื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—
06:19
Just think of all the grief Hillary Clinton got about her pantsuits.
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06:23
Bill Clinton never had those problems.
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืžืจืงื ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื•ื— ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
06:26
And women of color often suffer under dress and grooming codes
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ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืชืœืชืœื™ื,
06:31
that were based on the hair texture common to white people.
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ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืจืงื ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
06:35
So a lot of workplace dress codes still forbid braids and locks,
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช.
06:39
styles that are well suited to the texture of African-American's hair.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื
06:43
And women in those workplaces face a cruel choice.
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ืื• ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื•.
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืœื™ื‘,
ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
06:49
They either need to straighten their hair with harsh chemicals
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื.
06:52
or cut most of it off.
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06:54
Thatโ€™s just insulting,
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06:56
and it requires the sacrifice of these types of women
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื
06:59
that other people never have to make in order to be considered professional.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื.
ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘.
07:05
And finally, some of our ideas about what's appropriate
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07:08
are based on stereotypes.
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:10
And so, for instance, a lot of workplace dress codes
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
07:13
still require women to wear high-heeled shoes.
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘.
07:17
And women from all over the world
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07:19
have started to push back against these kind of dress codes.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
07:21
So, for instance, a woman in London circulated a petition
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ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงืืŸ
ื”ืœื›ื• ื™ื—ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ
07:25
against workplace dress codes requiring high heels.
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ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื ืขืœื™ ืขืงื‘.
07:27
And it got all the way to Parliament.
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
07:29
Women at the Cannes Film Festival
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07:31
went barefoot in order to protest a dress code
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื #KuToo.
07:34
that would require them to wear high heels.
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ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืฆื” ืœ-MeToo#,
07:36
And women in Japan have actually started a social movement
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ืื‘ืœ #KuToo ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• โ€œื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
07:41
that has gotten the name #KuToo.
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ืื– ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
07:44
It's kind of a nod to #MeToo,
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07:46
but #KuToo means "shoe pain" in Japanese.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืืจืง ืฆื•ืงืจื‘ืจื’,
07:52
So, OK, at this point, you're probably thinking,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ืืคื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
07:55
wouldn't it be better if no one cared about any of this stuff?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ื”ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:59
You know, maybe we should all be like Mark Zuckerberg,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
08:02
who just wears a gray T-shirt every day.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš.
08:04
But here's what he said about why he wears that gray T-shirt.
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08:08
He said, "I'm not doing my job
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ืืคื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืโ€œ.
08:12
if I spend any of my energy on things that are silly or frivolous.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื•
08:17
And that's my reason for wearing a gray T-shirt every day."
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืœื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช
08:21
So that doesn't quite sound like somebody who doesn't care
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ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืกืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
08:25
about what people are wearing.
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08:27
Instead, it sounds like he's saying that people who dress fashionably
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื”ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช,
08:32
are silly and frivolous and aren't doing their jobs.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
08:37
That gray T-shirt, suddenly not a matter of indifference,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืจื™ืกื” ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืื”ื•,
08:41
it's become a signal of moral virtue and the work ethic.
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08:45
And that can just be a new kind of dress code.
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ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื”,
ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”.
08:49
In fact, on cue, when Marissa Mayer, the CEO of Yahoo!,
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ืคืจืฉืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืฉืช ื•ืžื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
08:53
wore a fashionable dress for a fashion magazine spread,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
08:57
the response was harsh.
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08:59
One commentator said she looks like she's relaxing and on vacation
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ืื– ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื
09:03
while everyone else is doing work.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
09:07
So pretending you don't care about what people wear
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘
09:12
can turn into just a more subtle and insidious form of dress code.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘
ืฉืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ.
09:18
And in fact, getting rid of the written dress code
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืืงืก
09:21
sometimes leads to an unwritten dress code
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ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019,
09:23
that's equally harsh or maybe even more restrictive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”:
09:27
So, for instance, the investment bank Goldman Sachs
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โ€œื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€œ.
09:30
got rid of its formal business dress code in 2019,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:35
but the management had to add this:
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
09:38
"We all know what is and is not appropriate for the workplace."
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โ€œืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ
09:43
(Laughter)
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ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืžืฆืื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:44
And as a consequence, some people started to think,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื.โ€
09:48
"Maybe getting rid of the dress code is some kind of a test
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•,
09:52
to smoke out people who aren't savvy enough
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09:54
to figure out what's appropriate all on their own."
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ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:57
And in fact, a lot of people in banking, after these dress codes went away,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื --
10:02
gravitated toward a new unwritten dress code
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ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจโ€™ื” ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œืžื™ื“ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื•ืจืโ€œ.
10:05
that was equally, if not more, uniform.
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10:08
In fact, there's an Instagram page --
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ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
10:10
you've seen these guys walking around town, right?
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ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
10:13
There's an Instagram page about it called the Midtown Uniform.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื ืื• ืœื ืžืชืื™ื.
10:16
There's no dress code,
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10:18
but everyone's wearing exactly the same thing
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื
10:21
out of fear of looking like someone
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10:23
who doesn't know what is or is not appropriate.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
10:27
So, you know,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
10:29
trying to pretend that we don't care about what people wear
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ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
10:33
when we so obviously do isn't the answer.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
10:37
And let's face it, sometimes it makes sense
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10:40
to draw conclusions from what people are wearing.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
10:44
But our gut reactions are often informed by stereotypes
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื“ื ื–ืจ,
10:50
and subconscious biases
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10:52
and limited experiences or limited perspectives.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”.
10:55
So whether it's writing a dress code or evaluating a stranger,
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:02
let's all try to check our biases before we call the fashion police.
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11:06
Thanks.
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11:07
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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