Is Climate Change Slowing Down the Ocean? | Susan Lozier | TED

126,850 views ใƒป 2024-02-22

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: aknv tso ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:08
I'm going to start this morning
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:10
by telling you about a 12th century natural philosopher
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-12
00:13
named Adelard of Bath.
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ื‘ืฉื ืื“ืœืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืชโ€™.
00:16
Adelard compiled a list of unanswered questions
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ืื“ืœืืจื“ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช-ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
00:19
near the end of his long life.
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
00:21
Among the 76 questions in his treatise on nature
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 76 ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:25
were those that interest an oceanographer like me:
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™:
00:28
Why are the waters of the sea salty?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื?
00:31
Whence comes the ebb and flow of the tide?
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ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœ?
00:35
And why does the ocean not increase from the influx of the rivers?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื•?
00:40
Nine centuries later,
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ืชืฉืข-ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:41
oceanographers are asking questions unfathomable to Adelard.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื“ืœืืจื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
00:46
How will navigation routes change as sea and land ice continue to melt?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจื— ื”ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก?
00:51
How are marine ecosystems faring in these warming waters?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
00:55
And, will climate change cause the collapse
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
00:59
of the ocean overturning circulation?
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01:03
If that last one puzzles you, let me explain.
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ืื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ืืชื›ื, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
01:07
Ocean waters are constantly on the move.
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ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
01:10
Many of the ocean waters are local,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
01:12
like the surface currents of the North Atlantic you see here.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
01:15
But the ocean is also home to large currents
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:18
that travel from one ocean basin to the next,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื’ืŸ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•,
01:21
often thousands of kilometers away.
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ืฉืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
01:25
The largest of these is referred to as the โ€œocean overturning circulation.โ€
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” โ€œื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกโ€œ.
01:31
This current originates at high latitudes.
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ื–ืจื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
01:34
In the winter,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
01:35
when cold winds blow across the ocean,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช ืžื ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:38
warm surface waters are converted to cold waters.
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ืžื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.
01:42
That's the orange arrow turning blue.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:44
These cold waters are now denser than the waters underneath,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื˜ื”,
01:47
and so they sink and then spread at depth to distant parts of the globe
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:52
following that ribbon of blue.
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ื‘ืชื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:55
Eventually these waters upwell,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”,
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื.
01:57
meaning they return to the surface where they warm.
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01:59
And so now the blue ribbon turns back to orange,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื,
02:02
and they return to where they started completing the ocean overturning.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:07
Now, this ocean overturning redistributes heat on our planet.
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ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื–ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:11
In partnership with the atmospheric circulation,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ืช,
02:15
this fluid movement maintains a 30-degree-Celsius difference
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื–ื• ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 30 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
02:19
between the equator and the poles.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
02:22
Without these fluid motions,
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ืœื•ืœื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:23
that temperature difference would be 110 degrees Celsius
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ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 110 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
02:27
and not just over the ocean,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:29
inland as well.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
02:31
Polar latitudes would be completely frozen,
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ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:34
and the tropics, well the tropics would be even more sweltering.
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ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:39
But this overturning also impacts our climate
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:42
because when those waters sink,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื,
02:44
they carry with them the carbon dioxide they've gained
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื
ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆื‘ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื’ื–ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:48
by exchange with the atmosphere.
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02:50
And so as a result of this, as the decades have progressed,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืฉื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
02:55
the amount of carbon taken up or fluxed into the ocean
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื ืืกืคืช ืื• ืžื•ื–ืจืžืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:59
has been increasing
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:01
in tandem with the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide
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03:05
in the atmosphere.
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03:07
In fact, the ocean now stores 30 percent of the carbon dioxide
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื•ืฆืจ ื›ืขืช 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
03:12
released by humanity
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ืฉืคืœื˜ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:13
since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
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03:16
Now, this does mean that the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:21
are less than they would be otherwise, which is good news.
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ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:25
But that carbon uptake by the ocean increases ocean acidity,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขโ€œื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
03:29
which is not good news for marine species that build skeletons and shells.
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ื•ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
And it is certainly not good news for marine ecosystems in general.
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ื•ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:41
Now, as our ocean continues to warm and as ice continues to melt,
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืก,
03:47
both of which cause surface waters to become less dense,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:51
we fully expect that at some point, in winter,
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ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
03:54
those surface waters will not get dense enough to sink.
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ืžื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืข.
03:58
And at that point, we expect the overturning to slow.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช.
04:03
And if the overturning slows,
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ื•ืื ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืชืื˜,
04:05
well, there will be less carbon uptake by the ocean.
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ืชืงื˜ืŸ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขโ€œื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
04:08
But there will also be even more major disruptions to our climate
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ื•ื’ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
04:12
and weather patterns; we can expect stronger hurricanes,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:16
even more intense precipitation.
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ื•ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:19
Just about now, you might be wondering,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
04:22
how quickly might the overturning change?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช?
04:25
Well, for decades, oceanographers assumed that the overturning changed slowly
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœืื˜
04:30
on the time scales of tens of thousands of years, in concert with the ice ages.
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ื‘ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื—.
04:36
But a study in the 1990s of ice sheets,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—,
04:39
which hold bubbles of air from past climates,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
04:43
well, that study suggested that the overturning could change quickly,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืฉื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:47
within decades, maybe even within years.
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ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
04:51
And with that, the possibility of an abrupt collapse
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช
04:54
of the overturning circulation brought about by human-induced warming?
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขโ€œื™ ื”ืื“ื?
04:59
Well, at that point it became a very real possibility.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
05:03
Thankfully, advances in climate modeling
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
05:06
give us a much better idea today of that risk.
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:09
The black and gray lines that you see on this graph
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
05:13
are the model reconstructions of the past relatively steady overturning changes.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื-ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:19
The lines of various colors show you the future projections
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช,
05:23
of the overturning, based on different climate models
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:26
and different climate scenarios.
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05:29
I'm going to start with the good news.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ืก
05:31
And the good news is that the overturning is unlikely to collapse
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05:34
before 2100.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 2100.
05:36
Now, before anybody breathes a sigh of relief,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ืื ื— ื‘ื”ืงืœื”,
05:39
I will remind you that our children, our grandchildren, will likely see 2100.
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ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•, ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2100.
05:45
And really, none of us are out of the woods
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ืกื›ื ื”
05:47
because the overturning is likely to weaken over this century
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•
05:51
by between 11 percent and 34 percent.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 11 ืœ-34 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:55
And that weakening is enough to cause the disruptions that I mentioned earlier.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
06:00
Now back to those various lines of color.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:03
All future projections show a decline,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื”,
06:06
but they differ in how fast and by how much that decline will be.
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ืืš ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
06:10
And this is exactly where observations come in,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
06:13
because the longer we measure, the better our predictions will be.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:18
If Adelard had started measuring nine centuries ago,
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ืื ืื“ืœืืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
06:21
we would be way ahead of the game.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:23
Unfortunately, we only started measuring in this century
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:26
when we had the resources
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
06:28
and, frankly, the motivation to do so.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:32
One of those efforts is an international observing system
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
06:35
in the subpolar North Atlantic.
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OSNAP (ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืช-ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™)
06:37
OSNAP stretches from the Labrador coast to one side of Greenland,
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ืžืฉืชืจืข ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืจื“ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
06:41
and then again from the other side of Greenland,
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ื•ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“, ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“.
06:43
all the way over to the Scottish coast.
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06:46
Those red ribbons depict the surface currents,
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ืคืกื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื,
06:49
and those dark blue ribbons depict the deep currents
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ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื›ื”ื” ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
06:52
of the ocean overturning circulation.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:54
Every black vertical line you see is the mooring that stretches
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ื›ืœ ืงื• ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
06:59
from the sea surface to the sea floor,
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07:01
upon which instruments, shown as red dots,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ, ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
07:05
those instruments are on those moorings, and they're measuring the ocean currents,
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ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื’ื™ื ื” ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช.
07:09
the temperature and the salinity.
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07:12
Every other summer since 2014,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื– 2014,
07:14
research vessels like this one have traced the OSNAP line,
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ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื ืขื• ื‘ืงื• OSNAP
07:18
deploying instruments and taking measurements.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
07:21
Dozens of oceanographers from many different countries
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
07:24
have been on these cruises.
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืœื”.
07:26
Here's a former student of mine off the coast of Greenland,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
07:30
bringing in a rosette of bottles that have captured water samples
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ืฉืžืขืœื” ืฉื•ืฉื ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
07:34
in the deep ocean.
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07:36
OSNAP also allows us to use new technology,
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OSNAP ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
07:39
like this autonomous glider that, once deployed,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ,
07:43
will set off on a programmed course,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžืจืืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง.
07:45
taking measurements at depth.
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07:47
Every now and again,
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื”ื’ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
07:48
this glider will pop to the surface and relay its information
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ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื™ืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฃ.
07:51
to a passing satellite.
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07:53
You could be sitting in a cafe, enjoying your latte,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื” ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืื˜ื”,
07:57
all the while downloading data from this glider,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
08:01
which, for a seasick-prone oceanographer like me, is a godsend.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื—ืœืช-ื™ื, ื–ื• ืžืชื ื” ืžืฉืžื™ื .
08:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
08:08
However, it is true
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08:09
that conditions on these cruises are sometimes challenging.
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08:13
But I must admit that the views are almost always worth it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:18
Now, you can tell from a glance
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ
08:21
that our OSNAP data to date
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ืฉื ืชื•ื ื™ OSNAP ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”
08:23
do not tell us whether the overturning in this part of the ocean
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ืื™ื ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืื ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก
08:28
is currently increasing or decreasing.
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ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืื• ืคื•ื—ืชืช.
08:32
And the reason for that is the same reason
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”
08:35
that you cannot tell what the stock market will do in a year
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”
ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืื• ื’โ€™ื•ื ืก.
08:39
by looking at the Dow Jones Industrial Index for a week.
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08:43
There is noise in the market, and there is noise in the ocean.
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื™ืฉ ืจืขืฉ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืจืขืฉ.
08:49
But just as we have confidence that stocks are a good bet in the long run,
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ืืš ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
08:53
we have confidence that in the long run,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืชืคื—ืช ืื ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืžื.
08:56
the overturning will decline if our climate continues to warm.
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09:02
And with that confidence, we know that it's not enough for us to study
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื ื—ืงื•ืจ
09:06
the overturning in isolation.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:08
We need to understand how the overturning is impacting
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช
09:11
and being impacted by everything else going on in the ocean.
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ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
09:16
I just told you, the ocean is noisy.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืจื•ืขืฉ.
09:18
Well, the ocean is also connected.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื’ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
09:21
What's happening in one part of the ocean
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
09:23
affects what's going on in another part.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ.
09:26
And so to understand and to improve our estimates of the overturning,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช,
09:30
the warming, the freshening, the acidification,
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ื”ืจืขื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
09:33
we need to measure globally.
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09:35
And we are.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:36
This NOAA buoy is out there,
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ืžืฆื•ืฃ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” (NOAA)
09:38
measuring the exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere.
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ื ืžืฆื ืื™-ืฉื
ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
09:43
This one buoy is but a small part of a vast global measurement system
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ื”ืžืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
09:48
that looks like this.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš.
09:50
Every line or dot you see on this map is where there is a ship,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกืคื™ื ื”,
09:54
a mooring or buoy out in the ocean, taking measurements.
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ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืื• ืžืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
09:58
This multinational effort is the backbone of 21-century oceanography.
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ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
10:06
But we can do all those measurements of many things in many places.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:12
But to stem the warming, the freshening,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืจืขื ื•ืŸ,
10:15
the acidification, the sea level rise
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ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื
10:19
and to reduce the very real risk of an overturning slowdown or shutdown,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืื˜ืช ืื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช,
10:25
there's one solution.
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ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:27
We must work collectively
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
10:29
to reduce the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.
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ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:34
Adelard did not have everything figured out in the 12th century,
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ืื“ืœืืจื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12,
10:39
and we certainly don't here in the 21st.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ.
10:43
Answers to Adelard's questions were centuries in the making.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืœืืจื“ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
10:48
But to figure everything out on our end,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
10:51
we don't have nine centuries.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉืข-ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
10:53
We don't have nine decades.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
10:56
We probably have about nine years to get it right.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš.
10:59
And to get it right,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš,
11:01
it's just like everyone says,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
11:03
we need all hands on deck.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
11:05
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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