Is Climate Change Slowing Down the Ocean? | Susan Lozier | TED

128,188 views ใƒป 2024-02-22

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sarah Hong ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:08
I'm going to start this morning
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€
00:10
by telling you about a 12th century natural philosopher
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12์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
named Adelard of Bath.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฐ”์Šค์˜ ์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธด ์ƒ์• ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—
00:16
Adelard compiled a list of unanswered questions
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์•„์ง ๋‹ต์ด ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
near the end of his long life.
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00:21
Among the 76 questions in his treatise on nature
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ž์—ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 76๊ฐœ ์ค‘์—๋Š”
00:25
were those that interest an oceanographer like me:
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์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋งŒํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Why are the waters of the sea salty?
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ์™œ ์ง ๊ฐ€?
00:31
Whence comes the ebb and flow of the tide?
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๋ฐ€๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:35
And why does the ocean not increase from the influx of the rivers?
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๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:40
Nine centuries later,
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9์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„,
00:41
oceanographers are asking questions unfathomable to Adelard.
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ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
How will navigation routes change as sea and land ice continue to melt?
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ํ•ด๋น™๊ณผ ์œก์ง€์˜ ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:51
How are marine ecosystems faring in these warming waters?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ด์–‘ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:55
And, will climate change cause the collapse
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
00:59
of the ocean overturning circulation?
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์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
If that last one puzzles you, let me explain.
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01:07
Ocean waters are constantly on the move.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:10
Many of the ocean waters are local,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
like the surface currents of the North Atlantic you see here.
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01:15
But the ocean is also home to large currents
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
01:18
that travel from one ocean basin to the next,
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ํ”ํžˆ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
01:21
often thousands of kilometers away.
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ํฐ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
The largest of these is referred to as the โ€œocean overturning circulation.โ€
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์ด ์ค‘ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ โ€˜ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ์ˆœํ™˜โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
This current originates at high latitudes.
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์ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ„๋„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
In the winter,
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์ฐฌ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ์—
01:35
when cold winds blow across the ocean,
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01:38
warm surface waters are converted to cold waters.
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ํ‘œ์ธต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
That's the orange arrow turning blue.
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์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:44
These cold waters are now denser than the waters underneath,
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์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋ฌผ์€ ์ด์ œ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ์„œ
01:47
and so they sink and then spread at depth to distant parts of the globe
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์•„์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋จผ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ํผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
following that ribbon of blue.
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01:55
Eventually these waters upwell,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋ฌผ์€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
meaning they return to the surface where they warm.
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01:59
And so now the blue ribbon turns back to orange,
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์ด์ œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:02
and they return to where they started completing the ocean overturning.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Now, this ocean overturning redistributes heat on our planet.
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์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์—ญ์ „์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์—ด์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
In partnership with the atmospheric circulation,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜,
02:15
this fluid movement maintains a 30-degree-Celsius difference
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์ด ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์ ๋„์™€ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
02:19
between the equator and the poles.
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์„ญ์”จ 30๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์šด๋™์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:22
Without these fluid motions,
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02:23
that temperature difference would be 110 degrees Celsius
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์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์„ญ์”จ 110๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
and not just over the ocean,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œก์ง€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
inland as well.
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02:31
Polar latitudes would be completely frozen,
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๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:34
and the tropics, well the tropics would be even more sweltering.
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์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฌด๋”์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
But this overturning also impacts our climate
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
because when those waters sink,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์„ ๋•Œ
02:44
they carry with them the carbon dioxide they've gained
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
by exchange with the atmosphere.
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02:50
And so as a result of this, as the decades have progressed,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ,
02:55
the amount of carbon taken up or fluxed into the ocean
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:59
has been increasing
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03:01
in tandem with the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in the atmosphere.
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03:07
In fact, the ocean now stores 30 percent of the carbon dioxide
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ,
์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ 30%๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
released by humanity
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03:13
since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
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03:16
Now, this does mean that the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด
03:21
are less than they would be otherwise, which is good news.
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ํ•ด์–‘์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
But that carbon uptake by the ocean increases ocean acidity,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:29
which is not good news for marine species that build skeletons and shells.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
And it is certainly not good news for marine ecosystems in general.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Now, as our ocean continues to warm and as ice continues to melt,
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์ด์ œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด์„œ,
03:47
both of which cause surface waters to become less dense,
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ํ‘œ์ธต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
03:51
we fully expect that at some point, in winter,
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๊ฒจ์šธ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ํ‘œ์ธต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ
03:54
those surface waters will not get dense enough to sink.
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๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
And at that point, we expect the overturning to slow.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ์—ญ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And if the overturning slows,
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์—ญ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ํก์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
well, there will be less carbon uptake by the ocean.
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04:08
But there will also be even more major disruptions to our climate
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๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
and weather patterns; we can expect stronger hurricanes,
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
04:16
even more intense precipitation.
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๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Just about now, you might be wondering,
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์ด์ฏค ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
04:22
how quickly might the overturning change?
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ• ๊นŒ?
04:25
Well, for decades, oceanographers assumed that the overturning changed slowly
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „์ด
04:30
on the time scales of tens of thousands of years, in concert with the ice ages.
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
But a study in the 1990s of ice sheets,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น™์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
04:39
which hold bubbles of air from past climates,
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04:43
well, that study suggested that the overturning could change quickly,
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์—, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋…„ ์•ˆ์—๋„
04:47
within decades, maybe even within years.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
And with that, the possibility of an abrupt collapse
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
04:54
of the overturning circulation brought about by human-induced warming?
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:59
Well, at that point it became a very real possibility.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ ์ ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Thankfully, advances in climate modeling
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๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋•๋ถ„์—
05:06
give us a much better idea today of that risk.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
The black and gray lines that you see on this graph
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ์„ ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€
05:13
are the model reconstructions of the past relatively steady overturning changes.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
The lines of various colors show you the future projections
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์€
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ
05:23
of the overturning, based on different climate models
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05:26
and different climate scenarios.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
I'm going to start with the good news.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And the good news is that the overturning is unlikely to collapse
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด
2100๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
before 2100.
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05:36
Now, before anybody breathes a sigh of relief,
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์•ˆ๋„์˜ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
05:39
I will remind you that our children, our grandchildren, will likely see 2100.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋…€๋“ค, ์†์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ 2100๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And really, none of us are out of the woods
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
because the overturning is likely to weaken over this century
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์•ฝํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด
05:51
by between 11 percent and 34 percent.
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11%์—์„œ 34%์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
And that weakening is enough to cause the disruptions that I mentioned earlier.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝํ™”๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Now back to those various lines of color.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊น” ์„ ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
All future projections show a decline,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ „๋ง์€ ํ•˜๋ฝ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ,
06:06
but they differ in how fast and by how much that decline will be.
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ํ•˜๋ฝ์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
And this is exactly where observations come in,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ด€์ธก ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
because the longer we measure, the better our predictions will be.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ 9์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด,
06:18
If Adelard had started measuring nine centuries ago,
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06:21
we would be way ahead of the game.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
Unfortunately, we only started measuring in this century
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ค€๋น„๋œ ๊ธˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์•ผ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
when we had the resources
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06:28
and, frankly, the motivation to do so.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:32
One of those efforts is an international observing system
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ทน ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€์ธก ์ฒด๊ณ„(OSNAP)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
in the subpolar North Atlantic.
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06:37
OSNAP stretches from the Labrador coast to one side of Greenland,
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OSNAP์€ ๋ž˜๋ธŒ๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋žœ๋“œ ํ•œ์ชฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:41
and then again from the other side of Greenland,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—์„œ
06:43
all the way over to the Scottish coast.
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์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Those red ribbons depict the surface currents,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ ,
06:49
and those dark blue ribbons depict the deep currents
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์ง„ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ ๋Š” ์—ญ์ „ ์ˆœํ™˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
of the ocean overturning circulation.
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06:54
Every black vertical line you see is the mooring that stretches
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์€
ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•ด์ €๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ์ธ๋ฐ,
06:59
from the sea surface to the sea floor,
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07:01
upon which instruments, shown as red dots,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
07:05
those instruments are on those moorings, and they're measuring the ocean currents,
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๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ ์œ„์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:09
the temperature and the salinity.
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์™€ ์˜จ๋„, ์—ผ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2014๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฉ๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋งˆ๋‹ค,
07:12
Every other summer since 2014,
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07:14
research vessels like this one have traced the OSNAP line,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ OSNAP ์„ ์„ ์ซ“์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
07:18
deploying instruments and taking measurements.
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์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Dozens of oceanographers from many different countries
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ช…์ด ์ด ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
have been on these cruises.
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07:26
Here's a former student of mine off the coast of Greenland,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋žœ๋“œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ œ ์ด์ „ ํ•™์ƒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด
07:30
bringing in a rosette of bottles that have captured water samples
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๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
in the deep ocean.
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07:36
OSNAP also allows us to use new technology,
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๋˜ํ•œ OSNAP์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
like this autonomous glider that, once deployed,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด ์ž์œจ ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด๋”๋Š”
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
will set off on a programmed course,
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07:45
taking measurements at depth.
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07:47
Every now and again,
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์ด ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด๋”๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์™€
07:48
this glider will pop to the surface and relay its information
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์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์œ„์„ฑ์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
to a passing satellite.
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07:53
You could be sitting in a cafe, enjoying your latte,
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์นดํŽ˜์— ์•‰์•„ ๋ผ๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ,
07:57
all the while downloading data from this glider,
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๊ธ€๋ผ์ด๋”์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹ ์ด ์ฃผ์‹  ์„ ๋ฌผ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
08:01
which, for a seasick-prone oceanographer like me, is a godsend.
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08:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:08
However, it is true
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ—˜๋‚œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
that conditions on these cruises are sometimes challenging.
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08:13
But I must admit that the views are almost always worth it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€์ธก์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Now, you can tell from a glance
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ผํ• ๋ณด์•„๋„
08:21
that our OSNAP data to date
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ OSNAP ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š”
08:23
do not tell us whether the overturning in this part of the ocean
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์ด ํ•ด์—ญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด
08:28
is currently increasing or decreasing.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
And the reason for that is the same reason
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์šฐ์กด์Šค ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
08:35
that you cannot tell what the stock market will do in a year
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ํ•œ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ด์„œ๋Š” 1๋…„ ํ›„ ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด
08:39
by looking at the Dow Jones Industrial Index for a week.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
There is noise in the market, and there is noise in the ocean.
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์‹œ์žฅ์—๋„ ์žก์Œ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋„ ์žก์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
But just as we have confidence that stocks are a good bet in the long run,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
08:53
we have confidence that in the long run,
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๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด,
08:56
the overturning will decline if our climate continues to warm.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„๋„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
And with that confidence, we know that it's not enough for us to study
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ
์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
the overturning in isolation.
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09:08
We need to understand how the overturning is impacting
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—
09:11
and being impacted by everything else going on in the ocean.
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
I just told you, the ocean is noisy.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” ์žก์Œ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
Well, the ocean is also connected.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:21
What's happening in one part of the ocean
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
09:23
affects what's going on in another part.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
And so to understand and to improve our estimates of the overturning,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „, ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”, ์—ผ๋„ ์ €ํ•˜, ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:30
the warming, the freshening, the acidification,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
09:33
we need to measure globally.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ธก์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
And we are.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
This NOAA buoy is out there,
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์ €๊ธฐ NOAA ๋ถ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:38
measuring the exchange of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere.
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ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
This one buoy is but a small part of a vast global measurement system
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์ด ๋ถ€ํ‘œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
that looks like this.
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09:50
Every line or dot you see on this map is where there is a ship,
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์ด ์ง€๋„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ์€
09:54
a mooring or buoy out in the ocean, taking measurements.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•, ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
This multinational effort is the backbone of 21-century oceanography.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
But we can do all those measurements of many things in many places.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
But to stem the warming, the freshening,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”, ์—ผ๋„ ์ €ํ•˜,
10:15
the acidification, the sea level rise
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์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ ,
10:19
and to reduce the very real risk of an overturning slowdown or shutdown,
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”
10:25
there's one solution.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
We must work collectively
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
to reduce the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.
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10:34
Adelard did not have everything figured out in the 12th century,
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์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ 12์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:39
and we certainly don't here in the 21st.
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Answers to Adelard's questions were centuries in the making.
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์• ๋œ๋ผ๋“œ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
But to figure everything out on our end,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
10:51
we don't have nine centuries.
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9์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
We don't have nine decades.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 90๋…„์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์–ด์š”.
10:56
We probably have about nine years to get it right.
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์•„๋งˆ 9๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋‚จ์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:59
And to get it right,
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๋˜, ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
11:01
it's just like everyone says,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋“  ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
we need all hands on deck.
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11:05
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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