Could We Treat Alzheimer's with Light and Sound? | Li-Huei Tsai | TED

63,875 views ใƒป 2022-03-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
Hello, everyone.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
00:06
It is a tremendous pleasure to be here
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
00:10
to share with you my story.
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
00:13
Youโ€™ve all heard of brainwaves.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื—.
00:16
For a long time, neuroscientists didn't know what they meant.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื.
00:22
But we slowly come to understand their purpose.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื˜ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื.
00:27
The brain generates waves with different paces or frequencies
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:32
to transmit information and thoughts
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
00:36
by coordinating the activity of nerve cells.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘.
00:41
These waves are a little like the effect
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืงืฆืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”
00:45
of the orchestra conductor waving a baton
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ืฉืœ ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืžื ื™ืฃ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜
00:49
to keep the musicians synchronized.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื.
00:54
I'm going to talk today
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:56
about the waves that have the so-called gamma frequency.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชื“ืจ ื’ืžื.
01:01
These gamma waves are particularly important
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ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:05
for synchronizing brain activity to process new information
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ืœืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ
01:10
from the senses and for learning and memory.
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:15
You might be surprised to learn
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
01:17
that when these gamma waves are weaker than they should be,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
01:23
this may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
01:28
Indeed, my laboratory and others have shown
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื•
01:32
that in people with Alzheimer's
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ืฉืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
01:35
and in laboratory mice that model the disease,
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ื•ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
01:41
gamma waves at the frequency of 40 hertz
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ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ื‘ืชื“ืจ ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืจืฅ
01:44
have reduced power and synchrony than they should be.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:50
So back in 2015,
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ืื– ื‘-2015,
01:53
we got an idea.
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ื”ืขืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
01:55
What if we artificially boosted these waves?
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ืฉืžื” ืื ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
02:00
Would that affect Alzheimer's disease?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ?
02:04
We have to know the answer because we are an aging society.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ื“ืงื ืช.
02:10
As we have made progress in treating many other health problems,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:15
we've begun living long enough to develop others.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:20
In the last 20 years,
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ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:22
the Alzheimer's Association estimates
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ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
02:26
deaths from heart disease declined by about seven percent.
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ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื›-7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:31
But the number of deaths from Alzheimer's disease
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
02:35
increased 145 percent.
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ืขืœื” ื‘-145 ืื—ื•ื–.
02:40
One in three seniors in the US dies [from] Alzheimerโ€™s disease
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืžืช ืžืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
02:45
or another dementia, they say.
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ืื• ื“ืžื ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
02:48
And more than 11 million people
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:51
provide unpaid care
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ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื
02:53
for their loved ones with Alzheimer's.
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ืœื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื ืขื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
02:57
So this means that probably most of us in this room
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:02
have known and loved someone with Alzheimer's.
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื•ืื”ื‘ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
03:08
I am no exception.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:11
One day when I was four,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข,
03:15
I went out with my grandmother.
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืขื ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™.
03:18
And when I looked up to her to say,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ืืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ,
03:20
"Let's go home,"
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โ€œื‘ื•ืื™ ื ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,โ€
03:22
She said, "Home.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, โ€œื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
03:26
Where is home?"
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช?โ€
03:30
So to see if we could treat Alzheimer's disease
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
03:34
by changing brainwaves,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:37
we tried out different approaches.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:40
By working with my colleagues,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™,
03:42
Emery Brown and Ed Boyden at MIT,
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ืืžืจื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘-MIT,
03:45
we figured out that we could entrain
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ
03:49
or stimulate increased gamma waves
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
03:53
by simply showing mice lights blinking at that frequency.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:58
This really works.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:00
Showing mice 40-hertz flickering light --
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืจืฅ --
04:05
and we demonstrated later,
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:07
placing of 40-hertz buzzing sound -- creates a 40-hertz disco
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ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื–ืžื–ื•ื ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืจืฅ -- ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื• ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืจืฅ
04:13
that increases the power and synchrony
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ
04:17
of these waves across the brain.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:22
The effect reaches key parts of the brain,
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:24
such as the prefrontal cortex,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื-ืžืฆื—ื™ืช,
04:27
where we do planning and reasoning
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:30
and the hippocampus where we create memories.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:36
So the light and sound stimulation approach
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ืื– ื’ื™ืฉืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ
04:40
seems cool and flashy.
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ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”.
04:44
Literally.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืงื”
04:46
But what amazes the most is that it produced profound
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ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
04:51
and widespread benefits
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04:53
in mice engineered to model this disease.
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ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ืœืžื“ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
04:58
Mice exposed to gamma light and sound stimulation
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ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืื•ืจ ื’ืžื ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืงื•ืœ
05:02
had major reductions in protein build-ups,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
05:05
amyloid plaques and tau tangles
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืš ื˜ืื•
05:08
that are hallmarks of Alzheimer's progression.
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ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
05:12
The stimulation preserved more of the connections
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ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉื™ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงืฉืจื™ื
05:16
or synapses that bind nerve cells into circuits.
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืœืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
05:22
More cells survived, so the brain decayed less.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ืฉืจื“ื•, ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:27
The brain naturally has open spaces known as ventricles.
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ืœืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืจื™ื.
05:33
And in the brain of mice left untreated,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื•,
05:37
these ventricles became very big.
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ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
05:41
But in the brain of mice exposed to gamma-wave stimulation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื,
05:46
these ventricles are closer to the size of healthy mice.
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ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
05:51
And consistent with all of these physical differences,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:55
Alzheimer's mice exposed to light and sound stimulation
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืจ ื•ืงื•ืœ
05:59
show better performance on learning and memory tests
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ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
06:03
than untreated mice did.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
06:07
We are still studying why stimulating gamma waves works.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:13
But we have made some key observations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—.
06:17
The brain has immune cells known as microglia
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื”
06:22
that are supposed to maintain health by removing waste.
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
06:27
These cells change their form and activity
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื
06:31
following gamma wave stimulation.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื.
06:35
We've also seen that the blood vessels in the brain
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
06:39
respond to the stimulation.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™.
06:42
These vessels widen their diameters to increase blood flow, for instance.
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ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
06:49
This improved circulation may play a key role
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืชื—
06:53
in flushing out waste as well.
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ื’ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืคืกื•ืœืช.
06:58
So, mice are nice.
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ืื– ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.
07:01
But people are the point.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.
07:05
So my group and others have begun testing
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ืื– ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
07:09
gamma light and sound stimulation in humans.
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ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ืžื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
07:13
We've developed a delivery device
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื”
07:16
that our volunteers can use in their homes.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
07:20
Itโ€™s a poster-sized light box with a speaker underneath
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ื–ื• ืงื•ืคืกืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืขื ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืช
07:25
to produce synchronized 40-hertz sensory stimulation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืจืฅ.
07:30
A little tablet in the middle allows them to play videos
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ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื
07:34
when they are getting stimulated.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™.
07:38
Recently, we have begun to see data
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
07:42
emerge from these pilot clinical studies.
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
07:47
Annabelle Singer, a former member of our MIT team
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ืื ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช MIT ืฉืœื ื•
07:51
and now a professor at Georgia Tech,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ื˜ืง,
07:54
recently published encouraging results
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ืคื™ืจืกืžื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
07:57
showing that gamma light and sound stimulation
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ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืจ ื’ืžื ื•ืงื•ืœ
08:00
entrains stronger gamma waves in people.
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ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:05
And their brains show increased connectivity and synchrony.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจืื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
08:11
My group has made some similar findings,
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
08:14
including signs of preservation of brain volume
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืคื— ื”ืžื•ื—
08:19
and cognitive improvement.
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
08:22
A private company we co-founded, Cognito Therapeutics,
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืงืžื ื• ื™ื—ื“, ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื• ืชืจืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงืก,
08:26
has also seen benefits in human testing,
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ืจืืชื” ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
08:30
including reduced brain atrophy and improvement in mental functioning.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™.
08:39
While we still have more work to do
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ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:42
to determine the full clinical efficacy,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื”,
08:46
we have provided a lot of evidence that this approach appears safe.
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ืกื™ืคืงื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
08:52
Our participants use their devices consistently
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ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™
08:57
and tolerate gamma wave stimulation well.
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ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื.
09:00
Unlike a drug,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื”,
09:02
this stimulation is completely non-invasive
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ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™
09:06
and has minimal side effects,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช,
09:08
which could make this approach very accessible.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.
09:13
We are now working to launch a new study
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ
09:17
of whether gamma-wave stimulation can effectively delay
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื›ื‘
09:22
the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
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ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
09:27
Given the prevalence of Alzheimerโ€™s disease in our aging population
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื“ืงื ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:32
and how safe this gamma light and sound stimulation approach appears to be,
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื’ื™ืฉืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ืื•ืจ ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•.
09:39
I sometimes dream of a gamma society
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืžืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’ืžื
09:43
where we integrate gamma wave stimulation into our daily environment
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:48
through our lighting or even our video entertainment.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœื ื•.
09:54
Maybe we will have a better world
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:57
and a brighter future
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ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:59
if we can keep our brainwaves,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
10:02
and therefore our mind and memory, well stimulated.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• , ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
10:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:15
Chris Anderson: Thank you so very much.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
10:17
I actually would have so many questions,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช,
10:20
but the clock is not our friend.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:22
I'm going to ask you one.
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืš ืื—ืช.
10:27
The cause of Alzheimer's,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
10:29
like, the implication of what you're saying,
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืช ืื•ืžืจืช,
10:31
is that it's possible that an actual causal factor
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžืžืฉื™
10:34
is this falloff in the gamma brainwaves.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:39
Is that how you see it or what is the picture?
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ื”ืื ื›ืš ืืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”?
10:42
Li-Huei Tsai: You know, obviously,
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ืœื™ ื”ื•ืื™ ื˜ืฆืื™: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:44
the causes for Alzheimer's disease are very complex.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
10:46
There are a lot of genetic factors and environmental factors.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
10:50
But one thing is that this compromise of the gamma waves
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืžื
10:54
happens very early in the course of the disease.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
10:58
And you know, as I alluded to earlier,
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืžื–ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
11:02
it has tremendous effects on many different cell types,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
11:07
many different functions in the brain.
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ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
11:09
So it is very likely
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ืื– ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
11:12
that these impaired gamma waves leads to the build up
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ืฉื’ืœื™ ื’ืžื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช
11:16
of the protein aggregates and pathology.
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ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื’ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:21
But I would also like to mention
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ
11:22
that this impairment of these other cell types
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ืฉื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื”
11:26
and other processes in the brain
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
11:29
can also impact the strength of the gamma waves.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืžื.
11:34
So if you think about the pathophysiology of the disease,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืชื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
11:38
it's like a runaway train that eventually crashes.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื”ืจืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจืกืช.
11:43
So I think that this light and sound approach,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ืงื•ืœ,
11:47
what it does is to give a break of this process
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืชืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืœื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
11:52
and give the brain an opportunity to heal.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืคื.
11:55
CA: So you are not necessarily arguing that gamma-ray therapy
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ื›.ื: ืื– ืืช ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื
11:58
would be a complete prevention of Alzheimer's,
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ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื ื™ืขื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
12:01
but that it could, in combination with other things
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:05
it could play an absolutely critical role.
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ืœ.ื”.ื˜: ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
12:07
LHT: It depends on when do you start the treatment.
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12:09
So if you start early --
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ืื– ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื --
12:11
so thatโ€™s why we are now testing
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืขืช
12:13
whether this approach can delay the incidence of the disease.
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ื”ืื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
12:19
CA: If you start early enough, you really believe,
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ื›.ื: ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื”,
12:22
that alone could delay materially the onset of Alzheimer's.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
12:25
LHT: We'll see, we're starting a clinical trial.
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ืœ.ื”.ื˜: ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™.
12:28
CA: Thank you so much, thank you for your work.
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ื›.ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš.
12:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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