Reflections from a lifetime fighting to end child poverty | Marian Wright Edelman

41,220 views ・ 2019-02-20

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00:12
Pat Mitchell: I know you don't like that "legend" business.
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Marian Wright Edelman: I don't.
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(Laughter)
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PM: Why not, Marian?
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Because you are somewhat of a legend.
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You've been doing this for a long time,
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and you're still there as founder and president.
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MWE: Well, because my daddy raised us and my mother raised us to serve,
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and we are servant-leaders.
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And it is not about external things or labels,
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and I feel like the luckiest person in the world
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having been born at the intersection of great needs and great injustices
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and great opportunities to change them.
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So I just feel very grateful
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that I could serve and make a difference.
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PM: What a beautiful way of saying it.
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(Applause)
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You grew up in the American South,
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and like all children,
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a lot of who you became was molded by your parents.
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Tell me: What did they teach you about movement-building?
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MWE: I had extraordinary parents. I was so lucky.
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My mother was the best organizer I ever knew.
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And she always insisted, even back then, on having her own dime.
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She started her dairy so that she could have her penny,
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and that sense of independence has certainly been passed on to me.
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My daddy was a minister, and they were real partners.
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And my oldest sibling is a sister,
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I'm the youngest, and there are three boys in between.
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But I always knew I was as smart as my brothers.
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I always was a tomboy.
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I always had the same high aspirations that they had.
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But most importantly, we were terribly blessed,
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even though we were growing up
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in a very segregated small town in South Carolina --
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we knew it was wrong.
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I always knew, from the time I was four years old,
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that I wasn't going to accept being put into slots.
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But Daddy and Mama always had the sense that it was not us,
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it was the outside world,
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but you have the capacity to grow up to change it,
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and I began to do that very early on.
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But most importantly, they were the best role models,
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because they said: if you see a need,
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don't ask why somebody doesn't do it.
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See what you can do.
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There was no home for the aged in our hometown.
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And Reverend Reddick, who had what we know now, 50 years later, as Alzheimer's,
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and he began to wander the streets.
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And so Daddy and Mama figured out he needed a place to go,
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so we started a home for the aged.
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Children had to cook and clean and serve.
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We didn't like it at the time,
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but that's how we learned that it was our obligation
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to take care of those who couldn't take care of themselves.
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I had 12 foster sisters and brothers.
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My mother took them in after we left home, and she took them in before we left home.
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And again, whenever you see a need, you try to fulfill it.
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God runs, Daddy used to say, a full employment economy.
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(Laughter)
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And so if you just follow the need,
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you will never lack for something to do or a real purpose in life.
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And every issue that the Children's Defense Fund works on today
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comes out of my childhood in a very personal way.
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Little Johnny Harrington, who lived three doors down from me,
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stepped on a nail; he lived with his grandmother,
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got tetanus, went to the hospital, no tetanus shots, he died.
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He was 11 years old.
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I remember that.
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An accident in front of our highway,
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turns out to have been two white truck drivers
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and a migrant family that happened to be black.
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We all ran out to help.
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It was in the front of a church, and the ambulance came,
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saw that the white truck drivers were not injured,
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saw the black migrant workers were,
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turned around and left them.
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I never forgot that.
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And immunizations was one of the first things
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I worked on at the Children's Defense Fund
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to make sure that every child gets immunized against preventable diseases.
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Unequal schools ...
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(Applause)
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Separate and unequal,
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hand-me-downs from the white schools.
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But we always had books in our house.
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Daddy was a great reader.
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He used to make me read every night with him.
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I'd have to sit for 15 or 20 minutes.
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One day I put a "True Confessions" inside a "Life Magazine"
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and he asked me to read it out loud.
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I never read a "True Confessions" again.
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(Laughter)
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But they were great readers.
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We always had books before we had a second pair of shoes,
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and that was very important.
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And although we had hand-me-down books for the black schools
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and hand-me-down everythings,
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it was a great need.
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He made it clear that reading was the window to the outside world,
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and so that was a great gift from them.
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But the reinforced lesson was that God runs a full employment economy,
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and that if you just follow the need,
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you will never lack for a purpose in life,
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and that has been so for me.
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We had a very segregated small town.
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I was a rebel from the time I was four or five.
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I went out to a department store
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and there was "white" and "black" water signs,
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but I didn't know that and didn't pay much attention to that,
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and I was with one of my Sunday school teachers.
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I drank out of the wrong water fountain,
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and she jerked me away, and I didn't know what had happened,
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and then she explained to me about black and white water.
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I didn't know that, and after that,
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I went home, took my little wounded psyche to my parents,
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and told them what had happened, and said, "What's wrong with me?"
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And they said, "It wasn't much wrong with you.
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It's what's wrong with the system."
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And I used to go then secretly and switch water signs
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everywhere I went.
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(Laughter)
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And it felt so good.
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(Applause)
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PM: There is no question that this legend is a bit of a rebel,
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and has been for a long time.
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So you started your work as an attorney and with the Civil Rights Movement,
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and you worked with Dr. King on the original Poor People's Campaign.
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And then you made this decision, 45 years ago,
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to set up a national advocacy campaign for children.
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Why did you choose that particular service, to children?
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MWE: Well, because so many of the things that I saw in Mississippi
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and across the South
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had to do with children.
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I saw children with bloated bellies in this country
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who were close to starvation,
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who were hungry,
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who were without clothes,
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and nobody wanted to believe
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that there were children who were starving,
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and that's a slow process.
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And nobody wanted to listen.
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Every congressman that would come to Mississippi,
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I'd say, "Go see," and most of them didn't want to do anything about it.
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But I saw grinding poverty.
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The state of Mississippi wanted, during voter registration efforts --
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and with outside white kids coming in to help black citizens register to vote --
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they wanted everybody to leave the state, so they were trying to starve them out.
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And they switched from free food commodities
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to food stamps that cost two dollars.
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People had no income, and nobody in America wanted to believe
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that there was anybody in America without any income.
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Well, I knew hundreds of them, thousands of them.
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And malnutrition was becoming a big problem.
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And so one of these days came Dr. King down
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on a number of things we were fighting to get the Head Start program --
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which the state of Mississippi turned down --
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refinanced.
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And he went into a center
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that the poor community was running without any help,
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and he saw a teacher carve up an apple for eight or 10 children,
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and he had to run out, because he was in tears.
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He couldn't believe it.
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But only when Robert Kennedy decided he would come --
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I had gone to testify about the Head Start program,
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because they were attacking.
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And I asked, please, come and see yourself,
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and when you come and see,
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see hungry people and see starving children.
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And they came, and he brought the press,
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and that began to get the movement going.
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But they wanted to push all the poor people to go north
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and to get away from being voters.
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And I'm proud of Mike Espy.
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Even though he lost last night, he'll win one of these days.
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(Applause)
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But you wouldn't have seen such grinding poverty,
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and the outside white kids who'd come in to help register voters
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in the 1964 Summer Project where we lost those three young men.
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But once they left, the press left,
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and there was just massive need,
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and people were trying to push the poor out.
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And so, you know, Head Start came,
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and we applied for it, because the state turned it down.
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And that's true of a lot of states that don't take Medicaid these days.
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And we ran the largest Head Start program in the nation,
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and it changed their lives.
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They had books that had children who looked like them in it,
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and we were attacked all over the place.
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But the bottom line
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was that Mississippi gave birth to the Children's Defense Fund
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in many ways,
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and it also occurred to me that children
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and preventive investment,
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and avoiding costly care
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and failure and neglect,
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was a more strategic way to proceed.
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And so the Children's Defense Fund
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was born out of the Poor People's Campaign.
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But it was pretty clear that whatever you called
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black independent or brown independent
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was going to have a shrinking constituency.
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And who can be mad at a two-month-old baby or at a two-year-old toddler?
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A lot of people can be.
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They don't want to feed them, neither, from what we've seen.
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But it was the right judgment to make.
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And so out of the privilege of serving
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as the Poor People's Campaign coordinator for policy
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for two years, and there were two of them,
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and it was not a failure,
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because the seeds of change get planted
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and have to have people who are scut workers and follow up.
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And I'm a good scut worker and a persistent person.
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And you know, as a result,
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I would say that all those people on food stamps today
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ought to thank those poor people in the mud in Resurrection City.
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But it takes a lot of follow-up, detailed work -- and never going away.
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PM: And you've been doing it for 45 years,
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and you've seen some amazing outcomes.
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What are you proudest of out of the Children's Defense Fund?
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MWE: Well, I think the children now have sort of become a mainstream issue.
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We have got lots of new laws.
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Millions of children are getting food.
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Millions of children are getting a head start.
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Millions of children are getting Head Start
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and have gotten a head start,
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and the Child Health Insurance Program, CHIP,
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Medicaid expansions for children.
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We've been trying to reform the child welfare system for decades.
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We finally got a big breakthrough this year,
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and it says, be ready with the proposals when somebody's ready to move,
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and sometimes it takes five years, 10 years, 20 years, but you're there.
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I've been trying to keep children out of foster care and out of institutions
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and with their families, with preventive services.
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That got passed.
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But there are millions of children who have hope,
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who have access to early childhood.
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Now, we are not finished,
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and we are not going to ever feel finished
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until we end child poverty in the richest nation on earth.
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It's just ridiculous that we have to be demanding that.
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(Applause)
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PM: And there are so many of the problems in spite of the successes,
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and thank you for going through some of them, Marian --
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the Freedom Schools,
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the generations of children now
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who have gone through Children's Defense Fund programs.
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But when you look around the world,
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in this country, the United States, and in other countries,
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there are still so many problems.
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What worries you the most?
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MWE: What worries me is how irresponsible we adults in power have been
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in passing on a healthier earth.
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And it worries me when I read the "Bulletin of Atomic Scientists"
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and see now that we are two minutes from midnight,
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and that's gotten closer.
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We have put our future
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and our children's future and safety at risk
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in a world that is still too much governed by violence.
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We must end that.
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We must stop investing in war and start investing in the young and in peace,
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and we are really so far away from doing that.
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(Applause)
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And I don't want my grandchildren
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to have to fight these battles all over again,
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and so I get more radical.
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The older I get, the more radical I get,
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because there are just some things that we as adults have to do
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for the next generations.
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And I looked at the sacrifices of Mrs. Hamer
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and all those people in Mississippi
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who risked their lives to give us a better life.
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But the United States has got to come to grips
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with its failure to invest in its children,
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and it's the Achilles' heel of this nation.
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How can you be one of the biggest economies in the world
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and you let 13.2 million children go live in poverty,
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and you let children go homeless
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when you've got the means to do it?
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We've got to rethink who we are as a people,
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be an example for the world.
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There should be no poverty.
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In fact, we want to say we're going to end poverty in the world.
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Just start at home.
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And we've made real progress,
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but it's such hard work,
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and it's going to be our Achilles' heel.
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We should stop giving more tax cuts,
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sorry folks, to billionaires rather than to babies
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and their health care.
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We should get our priorities straight.
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(Applause)
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That's not right, and it's not cost-effective.
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And the key to this country is going to be an educated child population,
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and yet we've got so many children
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who cannot read or write at the most basic levels.
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We're investing in the wrong things,
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and I wouldn't be upset about anybody having one billion,
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10 billion [US dollars],
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if there were no hungry children,
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if there were no homeless children,
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if there were no uneducated children.
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And so it's really about what does it mean to live
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and lead this life.
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Why were we put on this earth?
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We were put on this earth to make things better
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for the next generations.
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And here we're worrying about climate change
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and global warming.
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And we're looking at, again, I constantly cite --
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I look at that "Bulletin of Atomic Scientists" every year.
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And it says now: "Two minutes to midnight."
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Are we out of our minds, adults,
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about passing on a better a world to our children?
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That's what our purpose is, to leave a better world for everybody,
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and the concept of enough for everybody.
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There should be no hungry children in this world
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with the rich wealth that we have.
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And so I can't think of a bigger cause,
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and I think that I'm driven by my faith.
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And it's been a privilege to serve,
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but I always had the best role models in the world.
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Daddy always said God runs a full employment economy,
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and that if you just follow the need,
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you'll never lack for a purpose in life.
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And I watched the partnership -- because my mother was a true partner.
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I always knew I was as smart as my brothers, at least.
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And we always knew that we were not just to be about ourselves,
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but that we were here to serve.
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PM: Well, Marian, I want to say, on behalf of all the world's children,
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thank you for your passion,
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your purpose and your advocacy.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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