Why do we harvest horseshoe crab blood? - Elizabeth Cox

2,390,287 views ・ 2017-09-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Byol Joung κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
During the warmer months, especially at night during the full moon,
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λ”°λœ»ν•œ κ³„μ ˆ, 특히 보름달이 λœ¨λŠ” 밀이면
00:11
horseshoe crabs emerge from the sea to spawn.
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ΄ μ‚°λž€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ ν•΄μ•ˆκ°€λ‘œ μ˜¬λΌμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Waiting for them are teams of lab workers
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ„ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” 이듀은 연ꡬ싀 μ§μ›λ“€λ‘œ
00:18
who capture the horseshoe crabs by the hundreds of thousands,
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수 μ‹­λ§Œ 마리의 투ꡬ게λ₯Ό μž‘μ•„μ„œ
00:21
take them to labs,
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μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€λ‘œ 데렀가고
00:22
harvest their cerulean blood,
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투ꡬ게의 짙푸λ₯Έμƒ‰μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ±„μ·¨ν•œ λ’€,
00:25
then return them to the sea.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ°”λ‹€λ‘œ λŒλ €λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 일을 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
00:28
Oddly enough, we capture horseshoe crabs on the beach
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ν¬ν•œν•˜κ²Œλ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•΄λ³€μ—μ„œλ§Œ 투ꡬ게λ₯Ό μž‘λŠ”λ°μš”.
00:31
because that's the only place we know we can find them.
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해변이 투ꡬ게λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ μž₯μ†Œμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
00:35
A female horseshoe crab lays as many as 20 batches of up to 4,000 eggs
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μ•”νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²ŒλŠ” μ΅œλŒ€ 4,000개의 μ•Œμ„ 20λ²ˆμ— κ±Έλ € λ‚³μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
on her annual visit to the beach.
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맀해 바닀에 올 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€μš”.
00:43
When the eggs hatch,
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μ•Œμ΄ λΆ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄,
00:44
the juvenile horseshoe crabs often stay near shore,
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μ–΄λ¦° νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ€ ν•΄μ•ˆ κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ— λ¨Έλ¬Όκ³ ,
00:47
periodically shedding their shells as they grow.
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μžλΌλ©΄μ„œ μ •κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œ κ»μ§ˆμ„ λ²—μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Once they leave these shallow waters,
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얕은 물을 λ– λ‚˜κ²Œ 되면,
00:53
they don't return until they reach sexual maturity ten years later.
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10λ…„ ν›„ μƒμ‹ν™œλ™μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄ 질 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ λŒμ•„μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ§€μš”.
00:58
Despite our best efforts, we don't know where they spend those years.
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우리의 λ…Έλ ₯에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ˜ 행방을 μ•Œμˆ˜ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Though we've spotted the occasional horseshoe crab
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가끔씩 200m ν•΄μ €μ—μ„œ
01:05
as deep as 200 meters below the ocean's surface,
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투ꡬ게λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•  λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:09
we only see large groups of adults when they come ashore to spawn.
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μ‚°λž€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ ν•΄μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 올라올 λ•Œλ§Œ λ‹€ μžλž€ 투ꡬ게의 무리λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Horseshoe crab blood contains cells called amebocytes
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투ꡬ게의 ν”Όμ—λŠ” μœ μ£Όμ„Έν¬λΌλŠ” 것이 ν•¨μœ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
01:18
that protect them from infection by viruses,
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이것은 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 감염,
01:20
fungi,
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곰팑이,
01:21
and bacteria.
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그리고 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 투ꡬ게λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
Amebocytes form gels around these invaders
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μœ μ£Όμ„Έν¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΉ¨μž…μž μ£Όμœ„μ— 저을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ—¬
01:26
to prevent them from spreading infections.
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감염이 νΌμ§€λŠ” 것을 λ§‰μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
This isn't unusual.
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이것은 μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉλ³„ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:30
All animals have protective immune systems.
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λͺ¨λ“  동물듀은 방어적 면역체계λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:33
But horseshoe crab amebocytes are exceptionally sensitive
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 투ꡬ게의 μœ μ£Όμ„Έν¬λ“€μ€
01:37
to bacterial endotoxins.
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특히 κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†Œμ— λ―Όκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Endotoxins are molecules from the cell walls of certain bacteria,
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κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†ŒλŠ” λŒ€μž₯균을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
01:45
including E. coli.
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νŠΉμ • λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ²½μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ λΆ„μžλ“€λ‘œ
01:46
Large amounts of them are released when bacterial cells die,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 세포가 죽으면 κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†Œκ°€ λŒ€λŸ‰ λ°©μΆœλ˜μ§€μš”.
01:51
and they can make us sick if they enter the blood stream.
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그리고 이듀이 혈λ₯˜μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„ν”„κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Many of the medicines and medical devices we rely on can become contaminated,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ•½κ³Ό μ˜λ£ŒκΈ°κΈ°λ“€λ„ μ˜€μ—Όλ  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:58
so we have to test them before they touch our blood.
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κ·Έ 기기듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° 전에 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό ν•΄ 봐야 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:02
We do have tests called Gram stains that detect bacteria,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό κ°λ³„ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλž¨μ—Όμƒ‰μ΄λΌλŠ” ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:06
but they can't recognize endotoxins
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 없이도 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
02:09
which can be there even when bacteria aren't present.
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κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†Œλ₯Ό 감별할 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
So scientists use an extract called LAL
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ LALμ΄λΌλŠ” μΆ”μΆœλ¬Όμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
02:17
produced from harvested horseshoe crab blood
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œμ—μ„œ μ±„μ·¨ν•œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 이것은
02:20
to test for endotoxins.
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κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†Œλ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
They add LAL to a medicine sample, and if gels form,
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LAL을 μ‹œμ•½μ— λ„£μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 저이 ν˜•μ„±λ˜λ©΄
02:26
bacterial endotoxins are present.
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μ„Έκ· μ„± κ· μ²΄λ‚΄λ…μ†Œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:29
Today, the LAL test is used so widely
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  LAL ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 널리 쓰이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
that millions of people who've never seen a horseshoe crab
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투ꡬ게λ₯Ό ν•œλ²ˆλ„ λ³Έ 적이 μ—†λŠ” 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
02:35
have been protected by their blood.
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투ꡬ게의 ν˜ˆμ•‘ 덕뢄에 보호되고 μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:38
If you've ever had an injection, that probably includes you.
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주사λ₯Ό λ§žμ€ 적이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, κ·Έ 수백만λͺ… 쀑에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:44
How did horseshoe crabs end up with such special blood?
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그런 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ν”Όλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:47
Like other invertebrates,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬΄μ²™μΆ”λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ
02:49
the horseshoe crab has an open circulatory system.
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ€ 개방 μˆœν™˜κ³„λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
This means their blood isn't contained in blood vessels, like ours.
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 같은 핏쀄이 νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
Instead, horseshoe crab blood flows freely through the body cavity
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λŒ€μ‹ , 투ꡬ게의 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€ λͺΈμ†μ„ 자유둭게 ν˜λŸ¬λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³ 
03:01
and comes in direct contact with tissues.
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μ‘°μ§κΉŒμ§€ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹Ώμ§€μš”.
03:04
If bacteria enters their blood, it can quickly spread over a large area.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ— 침투되면, κΈ‰μ†λ„λ‘œ λ„“κ²Œ λ²ˆμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Pair this vulnerability
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 취약점과
03:11
with the horseshoe crab's bacteria-filled ocean and shoreline habitats,
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μ£Όμ„œμ‹μ§€κ°€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œ κ°€λ“ν•œ 바닀와 ν•΄μ•ˆκ°€μΈκ²ƒμ„ κ°μ•ˆν•˜λ©΄
03:16
and it's easy to see why they need such a sensitive immune response.
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μ™œ 이듀이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ―Όκ°ν•œ 면역체계가 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€ μ‰½κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
Horseshoe crabs survived mass extinction events
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ€ λŒ€λŸ‰λ©Έμ’… 사건듀에도 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
that wiped out over 90% of life on Earth and killed off the dinosaurs,
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지ꡬ 생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ 90%κ°€ μ“Έλ €λ‚˜κ°€κ³ , 곡룑듀도 λͺ¨λ‘ μ£½μ–΄λ²„λ Έμ§€λ§Œ
03:29
but they're not invincible.
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€λ§Œμ€ κ±΄λ“œλ¦¬μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
And the biggest disruptions they've faced in millions of years come from us.
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그리고 수백만 λ…„ λ§Œμ— κ°€μž₯ 큰 ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μž…λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 인간 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Studies have shown that up to 15% of horseshoe crabs
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연ꡬ결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, 15%의 νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ΄
03:39
die in the process of having their blood harvested.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ±„μ·¨λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λ§ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
And recent research suggests this number may be even higher.
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그리고 졜근 쑰사결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ 이 μˆ«μžλŠ” λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Researchers have also observed fewer females returning to spawn
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연ꡬ원듀은 μ‚°λž€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ˜¬λΌμ˜€λŠ” μ•”νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œμ˜ μˆ˜κ°€
03:51
at some of the most harvested areas.
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μ£Όμš” μ‚°λž€μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Our impact on horseshoe crabs extends beyond the biomedical industry, too.
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œμ—κ²Œ λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯은 μƒλ¬Όμ˜ν•™μ‚°μ—… κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Coastal development destroys spawning sites,
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ν•΄μ•ˆκ°€ κ°œλ°œμ€ μ‚°λž€μ§€μ—­μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³ ,
04:02
and horseshoe crabs are also killed for fishing bait.
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νˆ¬κ΅¬κ²Œλ“€μ€ λ‚šμ‹œ 미끼에 κ±Έλ € μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:06
There's ample evidence that their populations are shrinking.
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투ꡬ게의 κ°œμ²΄μˆ˜κ°€ 쀄어듀고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ¦κ±°λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Some researchers have started working
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일뢀 연ꡬ원듀은
04:11
to synthesize horseshoe crab blood in the lab.
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투ꡬ게의 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ ν•©μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
For now, we're unlikely to stop our beach trips,
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μ§€κΈˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œλŠ”, 투ꡬ게λ₯Ό 작으러 ν•΄μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 것이 계속될 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ,
04:18
but hopefully, a synthetic alternative will someday eliminate our reliance
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인곡적으둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ λŒ€μ²΄ 물질둜 μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 이상
04:23
on the blood of these ancient creatures.
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이 κ³ λŒ€ μƒλ¬Όμ²΄μ˜ 피에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ 되길 λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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