Can you solve the fantasy election riddle? - Dennis E. Shasha

1,734,723 views ใƒป 2021-03-25

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: DK Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
After much debate, the fantasy realm you call home
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ํ™˜์ƒ ์™•๊ตญ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋…ผ์„ ํ•œ ๋์—
00:10
has decided dragon jousting may not be the best way to choose its leaders,
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํˆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ 
00:15
and has begun transitioning to democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
The candidates are a giant orange troll and an experienced tree statesman.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰ ๋„๊นจ๋น„์™€ ์›์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
An all-powerful eyebrow has hired your companyโ€” The Dormor Polling Agencyโ€”
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์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์น์€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ, ๋„๋ชจ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์—
00:30
to survey the citizens of the land and predict who will win.
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜๋ขฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Thereโ€™s a lot riding on this:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
if you get it wrong, headsโ€” well, your headโ€”
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์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์ด
00:39
will quite literally roll.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋’น๊ตด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Your job is to go from door to door,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง‘์ง‘๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์„œ
00:44
asking voters whether they prefer the troll or the treefellow
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์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๊นจ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๊ณ 
00:48
and to use the results to project how the election will go.
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์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Your fellow citizens want you to succeed and would tell you the truth...
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
but thereโ€™s a problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Few are willing to admit they support the troll
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„๊นจ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
on account of his controversial life choices.
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์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:06
If you were to ask a troll supporter who she'll vote for,
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๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๊นจ๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•  ๊ฑด์ง€ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
01:09
thereโ€™s a good chance that sheโ€™ll claim to support the treeman,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
skewing your results.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:16
Youโ€™re about to begin your rounds when a stranger offers you some cryptic advice:
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์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ๋“ฏ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋“ฏํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
โ€œHereโ€™s the question that will save your neck: what have you got in your pocket?โ€
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๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์ž˜ ๋“ค์œผ์„ธ์š”.
์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
01:27
You reach into your pocket and pull out... a silver coin,
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์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ์†์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
which has the current kingโ€™s head on one side and his tail on the other.
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์•ž๋ฉด์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์™•์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด๊ณ  ๋’ท๋ฉด์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
How can you use it to conduct an accurate poll?
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
01:40
Pause here to figure it out yourself. Answer in 3
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ •๋‹ต 3์ดˆ ์ „
01:43
Answer in 2
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์ •๋‹ต 2์ดˆ ์ „
01:46
Answer in 1
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์ •๋‹ต 1์ดˆ ์ „
01:48
The trick here is to use the coin to add random chance
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋™์ „์„ ๋˜์ ธ์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์— ์šฐ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ—ค์„œ
01:52
to your interaction that will give troll supporters deniability.
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๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
In other words, youโ€™re looking for a system where when someone says โ€œtroll,โ€
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์ฆ‰ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋„๊นจ๋น„โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:01
it could either be because the coin somehow told them to,
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๋™์ „์„ ๋˜์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:05
or because they actually support the trollโ€”
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์ง„์งœ ๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:08
and youโ€™d have no way to tell the difference.
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์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Youโ€™ll also need to know how frequently the coin skewed the results,
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๋™์ „ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ
02:16
so you can account for it in your calculations.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
One solution is to have every pollee go into their house and flip the coin.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ „์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
If it lands heads, they should tell you โ€œtroll,โ€
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์•ž์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด โ€˜๋„๊นจ๋น„โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
whether or not they actually support him.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋„๊นจ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋“  ์•ˆํ•˜๋“  ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
02:32
If it lands tails, they should tell you their actual preference.
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๋’ท๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Hereโ€™s what happens:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
you poll 200 voters, and 130 say theyโ€™ll vote for the troll.
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200๋ช…์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 130๋ช…์ด ๋„๊นจ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
For about 50%, or 100 of them, the coin will have landed heads.
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50%, ์ฆ‰ 100๋ช…์€ ๋™์ „ ์•ž๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
So you can subtract 100 troll votes off his total,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์‘๋‹ต์ž ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž 100๋ช…์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด
02:53
and know the trollโ€™s real support is 30 to 70, and heโ€™s very likely to lose.
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์ง„์งœ ๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋Š” 30 ๋Œ€ 70์ด๊ณ  ๋„๊นจ๋น„๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ง€๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
03:00
The election comes around, but before the results can be certified
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์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
03:04
a third party candidate swoops in and burns the treefellow to a crisp.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
The freshly signed and deeply flawed constitution mandates that this challenger
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๊ฐ“ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
์ด ์•…๋‹น์ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
gets to take his victimโ€™s place in a new election.
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03:19
The Dormor Polling Agency sends you back out on the streets with your trusty coin.
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๋„๋ชจ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์ „์„ ๋“ค๋ ค์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Only this time no one is comfortable admitting their preference:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
supporting the troll is still shameful,
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๋„๊นจ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํƒํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
03:31
and nobody wants to express support of a dragon who murdered his way into the race.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ์‚ด์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:38
But your job is your job. How do you conduct an accurate poll now?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ .
์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:42
Pause here to figure it out for yourself. Answer in 3
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ •๋‹ต 3์ดˆ ์ „
03:45
Answer in 2
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์ •๋‹ต 2์ดˆ ์ „
03:48
Answer in 1
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์ •๋‹ต 1์ดˆ ์ „
03:52
This time, instead of masking just one candidate preference,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:56
you need some way to disguise both.
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๋‘ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
At the same time, you also need to leave space for some portion of the people
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
04:03
polled to express their true preference.
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์ง„์งœ ์ง€์ง€๋„๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:06
But a coin toss only has two possible outcomes... right?
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๋™์ „์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ฃ ?
04:12
Suppose you have everyone flip the coin twiceโ€”
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๋™์ „์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”.
04:16
now there are four possible results.
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์ด์ œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
You can tell the people who flip heads twice in a row
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค ์•ž๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
04:23
to report support for the troll;
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๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:25
those who get tails twice in a row to report dragon;
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค ๋’ท๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์šฉ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:29
and those with any other combination to declare their true preference.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
The chances of getting either two heads or two tails in a row
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค ์•ž๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค ๋’ท๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
04:39
are 50% times 50%โ€” or 25%.
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50% ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 50%, ์ฆ‰ 25%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
Subtracting that proportion of the total respondents
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๊ฐ ์ง€์ง€์ž์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ์”ฉ์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด
04:47
from each candidateโ€™s score should give you something close
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
to the real distribution.
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04:53
This time, 105 respondents announced themselves in favor of the troll
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๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋Š” 105๋ช…์ด๊ณ 
04:59
and 95 for the dragon.
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์šฉ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋Š” 95๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Out of the total, the coin will make 25%
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 25%์”ฉ์€ ๋™์ „ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
05:04
or 50 respond troll and another 50 respond dragon.
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์ฆ‰ ๋„๊นจ๋น„ ์ง€์ง€์ž 50๋ช…๊ณผ ์šฉ ์ง€์ง€์ž 50๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Subtracting 50 from each result reveals that voters seem to prefer the troll
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๊ฐ๊ฐ 50๋ช…์”ฉ ๋นผ๋ฉด
๋„๊นจ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์„ 55 ๋Œ€ 45๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋„ค์š”.
05:15
by a margin of about 55 to 45.
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05:19
Itโ€™s close, but as predicted, the troll wins the election,
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„๊นจ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
and you live to poll another day.
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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