How to track a tornado - Karen Kosiba

79,163 views ใƒป 2014-04-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
So, I think all good tornado talks need to start
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
00:09
with an awesome tornado shot.
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00:11
And this is not that awesome tornado shot.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
00:13
That was the first tornado I ever saw, it was really cool, really scary,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื™,
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“,
00:16
and I'm showing it to you guys
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:18
because that's why I got into the field in the first place.
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ืื–, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
00:21
So even though it's a bad photograph,
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00:22
it was really cool to be out there the first time.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
00:25
But now I'm taking real tornado footage.
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00:27
Fast forward a few years.
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ื ืจื™ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคื”,
00:28
This is a few years ago, during a field project called VORTEX2,
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ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ืงืจื VORTEX2,
00:32
where myself and a bunch of other scientists were out there,
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
00:35
surrounding tornadoes with different types of instrumentation
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00:37
and trying to figure out how tornadoes form.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
ืื–, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
00:40
It's a big question we're trying to answer.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
00:42
It sounds like a very basic one,
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00:43
but it's something we're still trying to figure out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:46
We're also still trying to figure out what the winds are like near the surface.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:49
We know what the winds are like above building level,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
00:52
but we really don't know what they're like at the surface
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:55
and how that relates to what we're seeing above building level.
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ืื–, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืชื ืขืœ,
00:58
Most tornadoes form from what we call supercell thunderstorms.
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ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืืœื•
01:01
Supercell thunderstorms are what you commonly think of
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
01:04
as tornado-raising storms.
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01:05
They're big, rotating thunderstorms
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ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช
01:07
that happen a lot of times in the midsection of the United States.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
01:10
But the problem is that even though they're rotating up above,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”
01:14
it doesn't mean they're rotating at the surface.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:16
And when we look at these storms
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:18
and at these pictures and at the data we have,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืฉื™ ืœื ื•
01:20
they all kind of look the same.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™
01:22
And it's really problematic
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01:23
if we're trying to make tornado forecasts or warnings,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืื• ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
01:25
because we only want to warn or forecast about the storms
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืจืง ืžื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช
ืื• ืœืชืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช
01:28
that are going to actually make a tornado.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
01:30
One of the big, critical distinguishing features, we think, between these storms,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช.
01:35
is something about the rear-flank downdraft.
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01:37
So these big rotating thunderstorms have this downdraft
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ืื–, ืœืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”,
01:40
that wraps around the rear edge of it,
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01:42
hence the "rear-flank" downdraft.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื— ืขื•ื˜ืคืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
01:44
But we think how warm that is, how buoyant that air is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื ื–ื”,
ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:47
and then also how strong the updraft it's wrapping into,
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ื•ืื– ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืœืชื•ื›ื•
ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื
01:51
makes a big difference on whether or not it's going to make a tornado.
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ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืื• ืœื.
01:54
There's a lot more that goes into it --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ื”
ื•ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
01:56
I'll tell you about that in a second.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•,
01:58
Once you actually get a tornado, again, the problem that we have
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:01
is getting measurements near the surface.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:03
It's really hard to get measurements near the surface --
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
02:06
most people don't want to drive into tornadoes.
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02:08
There are a few exceptions; you might have seen them on TV shows.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
02:11
But most people don't want to do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:13
Even getting instrumentation in the path of the tornado is pretty tricky, too.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
02:17
Because, again, you don't want to be that close to a tornado
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ.
02:20
because sometimes the winds around the tornado are strong as well.
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ืื–, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
02:23
So getting information, that critical location,
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02:25
is key for us because, again, we don't know
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:27
if the winds that we're seeing above ground level,
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ืื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:30
way above building level,
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ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
02:31
actually map to the surface,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืžืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:32
if they're stronger, weaker, or about the same
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ืื ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืื• ืื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:35
as what we're seeing above buildings.
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02:37
The way we get at answering a lot of these questions --
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื”, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื˜ื—,
02:40
and I'm an observationalist; I love to get out in the field,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•,
02:43
and collect data on tornadoes --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
02:44
we compile a lot of observations.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืจื“ืืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:46
I work with this group who operates mobile radars,
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02:48
and they're exactly what they say -- basically, a radar
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื:
ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืจื“ืืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:51
on the back of a big blue truck,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
02:52
and we drive up really close to tornadoes to map out the winds.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื,
02:55
We map out the precipitation.
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02:57
We map out all these different things that are going on
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:00
in order to better understand the processes in these storms.
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03:03
And that bottom there, that's what a tornado looks like
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื,
ื›ื›ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื ืจืื”
03:05
when you're looking at it with a mobile radar, and really close.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื ืจื“ืืจ ื ื™ื™ื“
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื ืจื“ืืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
03:09
Also, what we do is a lot of modeling,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื,
03:11
so we do a lot of computer models and simulations,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื•ืช
03:14
because the atmosphere is governed by the laws of physics.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
03:17
So we can model the laws of physics
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03:18
and see where the tornado might go,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืœืš,
03:20
where the storm might go,
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ืœืืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืœืš,
03:22
how strong the winds are near the surface
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
03:24
and not actually have to go out in the field.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื˜ื—.
ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื’ื ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื
03:26
But of course, we want to have both observations and modeling
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข.
03:29
to move forward with the science.
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ืื–, ื–ื”, ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
03:31
So, I showed you that video earlier that went real quick, too.
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03:34
This is what it looks like, looking at it with a radar.
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื ืจื“ืืจ.
ืื– ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช,
03:37
So you saw it visually,
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03:38
but this is what I get really excited about when I see now in the field,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื–ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
03:42
stuff that looks like this.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
03:43
The really exciting thing about looking at stuff like this
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:46
is that we caught this storm from when it didn't make a tornado
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืคืกื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
ืœืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ
03:49
to when it made a tornado and intensified
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื—.
03:51
and when it dissipated.
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03:52
This is the one of the rare data sets that we have out there
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ืื–, ืื– ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืืžืช ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
ืฉืื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
03:55
that were able to study the entire life cycle of a tornado.
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03:58
I talked about how we think that rear-flank downdraft is important
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ืช,
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
04:02
because it tilts, there's a lot of spin in the atmosphere,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:05
but the problem with all this spin in the atmosphere
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:07
is it needs to be oriented vertically,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื›ื™
04:09
because that's what tornadoes are doing,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืขื•ืฉื”,
04:11
and it needs to orientated vertically near the ground.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
04:14
So we think this rear-flank downdraft just pulses.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืคื•ืœืกื™ื.
ื•ื”ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
04:17
And these pulses in this rear-flank downdraft, we think,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:19
are very important for converging that rotation,
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ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
04:22
but also getting that rotation into the right place.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:25
Other things we've learned
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
04:26
is that we have gotten a bunch of fortuitous measurements
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•
04:29
in the path of the tornadoes and very near the surface.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
04:31
And we found out
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข
04:33
that the winds near the surface are actually pretty comparable
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 30,40 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
04:36
to what we're seeing 30, 40 meters above ground level.
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04:38
So there's not a big reduction in what we're seeing above the surface
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข
ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
04:42
to what we're seeing at house level.
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04:43
And that was a pretty surprising finding for us,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื ื•
04:46
because we kind of assumed that the winds decrease
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ืฉื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื—ืชื•ืช ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
04:49
pretty substantially near the surface.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
04:51
I'm going to end with this real quick.
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04:52
And this is not my last tornado I ever saw,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
04:55
but I really like this image,
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04:56
because this was taken with one of those mobile radars I was talking about.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื” ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื“ืืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•, ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ,
05:00
This is a tornado, not a hurricane,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”
05:02
and this is what it looks like when you're really close to it.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
05:05
And I find this amazing,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:06
that we can actually take technology this close to these types of storms
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช,
05:09
and see these inner workings.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”,
05:11
And for those of you who look at tornado images often,
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05:14
you can see there's a lot going on -- there's rain spiraling,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื™ืฉ ื’ืฉื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ื›ืช
05:17
and you can actually see the debris cloud associated with this tornado.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื”ื–ื”,
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:20
I look forward to the future and future technologies
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05:22
and being able to learn a lot more about these storms,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:25
as the world advances,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื“ื,
05:26
as you guys contribute to the science
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื“ืข,
05:28
and we're able to really learn more about how tornadoes form.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ.
05:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื!
05:32
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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