Complex Sentences in English Writing - Learn How to Make Complex Sentences

英语写作 - 复杂句

Hi, I’m Gina.

您好！我是Gina。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

欢迎来到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn how to make different types of complex sentence in English.

在本课程中，您可以学习怎样造不同 类型的英语复杂句。

Making complex sentences will help your English writing.

造复杂句会对您的英语写作有所帮助。

By using a variety of complex sentence forms, your writing will become more versatile and

通过使用各种复杂句结构， 您的写作会变得更加通用

elegant.

和优雅。

Using a range of complex sentences in your writing is also important if you’re preparing

如果您在准备参加一个英语写作测验，像是 雅思、托福或FCE等的话，在您的

for an English writing exam like IELTS, TOEFL, or FCE.

写作中使用一系列复杂句也是十分重要的。

Before we start, two things.

在开始之前，有两件事。

One: have you visited our website yet?

一：您访问过我们的网站吗？

If not, why not?

如果没有，为什么不呢？

We have free video lessons, listening lessons, quizzes, and also many professional teachers

我们有免费的视频课程、听力课程、 测验，还有很多专业老师

who offer online lessons.

提供在线教学。

Check it out: Oxford Online English dot com.

去看一下：Oxford Online English.com。

Two: we want to tell you about this lesson, who it’s for, what’s in it and what isn’t.

二：我们想告诉您这一课，它是为了什么， 里面有什么，没有什么。

This lesson will focus on grammar structures for forming complex sentences without using

本课程把重点放在不用 连词造复杂句的

conjunctions.

语法结构上。

If you want to learn about using conjunctions to form complex sentences, you can watch our

如果您想学用连词造复杂句， 您可以观看我们的

video about linking words for IELTS writing.

有关雅思测验写作连接单词的视频。

There’s a link in the video description.

视频描述里有一个连接。

Also, using these structures requires that you have at least an intermediate knowledge

另外，用这些结构要求您至少 具有中等程度的英语

of English grammar.

语法知识。

This lesson assumes that you know how to form different verb forms and use relative clauses,

除其他事项之外，本课程假设您知道 如何造不同的动词时态

among other things.

并使用相关从句。

This lesson is technical and contains a lot of information.

本课程是技术性的， 包含很多信息。

You might need to watch it in sections, and repeat sections several times.

您可能需要分单元看这个课程， 并且重复看几次。

Finally, a warning!

最后，一个警告！

Using complex sentences can enhance your writing, but *only* if you have complex, coherent ideas

用复杂句可以加强您的写作 能力，但是*仅*基于您有复杂、

behind them.

连贯的想法。

If your ideas are basic, or incoherent, using what you think are ‘advanced’ grammar

如果您的想法是基本的或不一致的， 用您认为是“高级”的语法

structures won’t help.

造句将无济于事

Okay, let’s start.

好吧，我们开始。

Here’s how this lesson will work.

这是本课程的运行模式。

First, look at four sentences: Pause the video, read the sentences, and look

首先，看四个句子：暂停视频， 阅读句子，然后

up any words you don’t know.

找任何您不认识的单词。

If you want to read more about tulip mania, there’s a link to a Wikipedia article in

如果您想读更多有关郁金香狂热的信息， 在视频的描述里有一个指向

the video description.

维基文章的链接。

Ready?

准备好了吗？

These sentences are all grammatically simple, meaning that they each have one main verb.

这些句子在语法上都很简单，意思是 它们每个都有一个主动词。

Now, you’ll see four different grammatical tools you can use to combine and add to these

现在，您会看到四种不同的语法工具， 您可以用来组合并添加到句子里

sentences to make them richer and more complex.

让它们变得更丰富、更复杂。

Do you know what -ing participle clauses are, and how you can use them?

您知道ing分词从句是什么吗， 以及您怎样用它们？

If not, don’t worry; look at an example based on our first sentence:

如果没有，请不要担心，在我们 的第一句话看一个例子：

Here, you use a participle clause to connect two ideas.

在这里，您用分词从句 去连接两个想法。

You can use an -ing participle clause to connect two ideas which happen at the same time, or

您能用一个ing分词从句去连接两个 同时发生的想法，或

to show cause and effect.

去显示因果关系。

In this case, you could express the same idea using ‘because’, like this:

在这种情况下，您可以用“because”来 表达相同的想法，如下所示：

The -ing participle clause does not have a subject.

ing分词从句没有主题。

In a sentence like this with two clauses, the -ing clause can *only* refer to the subject

在这种有两个从句的句子里，ing从句 *仅*可以在第二句里

in the second clause.

指向主题。

You can’t have two subjects.

您不能有两个主题。

When writing, make sure your sentence has a clear subject.

写作时，请确保您的句子有 一个清晰的主题。

Don’t write something like this.

不要写像这样的东西。

Here, it isn’t clear what ‘it’ refers to.

在这里，“它”指向什么是不清晰的。

Let’s practise!

来练习吧！

Here are two ideas.

这里有连接各个想法。

Can you connect them using an -ing participle clause?

您可以用ing分词从句 去连接它们吗？

Pause the video and think about your answer.

暂停视屏，然后思考您的答案。

Want a hint?

需要提示吗？

Your answer should be quite similar to the example you saw before.

您的答案应该与您之前 看到的例句很相似。

Ready?

准备好了吗?

Here’s the answer.

这是答案。

There’s one more way to use -ing clauses: you can use a perfect -ing form, with ‘having’

还有一种使用ing从句的方式：您可以 用ing的完成时态，用“having”

plus a past participle, to show that one thing happened before another.

加上过去分词，来表达一件事 发生在另一件之前。

For example:

例如：

So, quick review: you can use -ing participle clauses to do three things.

那么，快速复习：您可以用ing分词 从句做三件事。

Do you remember them?

您还记得它们吗？

One: use them to show that two actions happened at the same time.

一：用它们来表明同时发生的两个动作。

Two: use them to show cause and effect.

二：用它们来表明因果关系。

Three: use them—with ‘having’ plus a past participle—to show that one thing happened

三：使用它们——用“having”加一个过去 分词——表明一件事

after another.

发生在另一件事后。

Remember that you can always review a section if you need more time to work on it.

请记住，如果您需要更多时间， 您随时可以复习任一单元。

Let’s move on to our next point.

我们进入下一个要点。

There are two kinds of participle clauses: -ing clauses and -ed clauses.

有两种分词从句： ing从句和ed从句。

Look at an example of two ideas linked with an -ed participle clause:

看一个用ed分词从句连接两个 想法的例句：

This links two ideas.

这连接两个想法。

You can use -ed participle clauses when you have two clauses with the same subject, and

在有两个主题相同的从句时，您可以 用ed分词从句，并且，

one of the clauses has a passive verb.

这些从句之一有一个被动动词。

Like -ing clauses, -ed participle clauses do not have a subject in the participle clause.

像ing从句，ed分词从句是没有主题 在分词从句里的。

Let’s look at another example.

我们看另一个例句。

This time, you can try to make the complex sentence:

这次，您可以尝试造复杂句：

Can you combine these two sentences with an -ed participle clause?

您可以用一个ed分词从句 来连接两个句子吗？

Pause the video if you need time to make your answer.

如果您需要时间回答， 可以暂停视屏。

Ready?

准备好了吗?

Here’s the answer.

这是答案。

Because the -ed clause doesn’t have a main verb, the verb tense information—‘had

因为ed从句没有一个主动词， 动词时态信息"had been

been cultivated’—disappears in the -ed clause.

cultivated”在ed从句里消失。

However, no meaning is lost.

但是，并不意味着遗失了。

In these two sections, you’ve seen how to use -ing and -ed participle clauses to link

在这两个单元里，您已经了解怎样 用ing和ed分词从句来

two full, independent clauses.

连接两个完整、独立的子句。

However, there’s another way to use them.

但是，还有另一种使用他们的方法。

Look at an example: Can you see how this is different?

看一个例子： 您能看到这有什么不同吗？

In this case, you’re using the -ed participle clause not to replace an independent clause,

在这种情况下，您正在用的ed分词 从句不能替换一个独立从句，

but instead to replace a relative clause.

但可以替换一个关系从句。

Relative clauses are one of the most powerful ways to add and combine ideas in complex sentences.

关系从句是用于在复杂句里添加和组合 想法的最强大的从句之一。

Let’s look in more detail!

我们看更具体一点！

Relative clauses can do two things.

关系从句可以做两件事。

One: you can use a relative clause to add information to a noun or noun phrase.

一：您可以用关系从句给名词或 名词短语添加信息。

Two: you can use a relative clause with ‘which’ to add information to a sentence or idea.

二：您可以用搭配“where“的关系从句 给句子或构想里添加信息。

Let’s look at an example of the first case: using a relative clause to add information

我们看第一种情形的示例： 用关系从句给一个名词

to a noun.

添加信息。

Here, you use a relative clause—‘which occurred in Holland’—to add information

在这里，您用一个关系从句”which occurred in Holland"给名词短语

to the noun phrase ‘tulip mania’.

“tulip mania”添加信息。

Relative clauses used like this can *only* describe the noun they come after.

像这样用关系从句能*仅仅* 描述他们之后的名词。

Don’t write something like this:

不要写像这样的东西：

If you’re using a relative clause to add information to a noun, the clause *must* come

如果您在关系从句给名词添加 信息，从句“必须”直接出现

directly after the noun or noun phrase.

在名词或名词短语之后。

You can use multiple relative clauses in the same sentence; for example:

您可以在同一句里用多种 关系从句，例如：

Here, you add a second relative clause, with ‘when’, to add more information about

在这里，您用“when”添加了第二个 关系从句，来给名词

the noun ‘1637’.

“ 1637”添加更多信息。

Using multiple relative clauses like this allows you to structure your ideas in different

使用像这样的多个关系从句 允许您用不同的方式来

ways.

构建您的想法。

For example, you could also write this: This might be useful if you want to add more

例如，您也可以这样写：这可能会 有用，如果您想在句子里

information about ‘Holland’ later in the sentence, like this:

添加更多有关“Holland”的信息， 像这样：

Let’s practise!

开始练习吧！

Look at two ideas: Can you connect these two ideas using a relative

看两个想法：您能用一个关系从句 把这两个想法

clause?

连接起来吗？

There are two possible answers.

有两个可能的答案。

Pause the video and make your answer.

暂停视屏并做您的答案。

Ready?

准备好了吗？

Here are the two possibilities.

这是两种可能性。

Did you get the right answer?

您回答正确吗？

Even better, did you get both?

更好的是，两个都对了吗？

For an extra challenge, can you add a third idea?

有一个额外的挑战，您可以添加 第三个想法吗？

Here’s a hint: ‘1637’ appears twice, and you need to link the two instances.

提示在这：“1637”出现了两次， 而您需要连接两个实例。

Here’s the best way to do it: Let’s look at one more point here.

这里是最好的方法：我们在这里 再看一个要点。

You can also use a relative clause to add information or explanation to a whole idea.

您也可以用关系从句来添加 信息或对整个想法做解释。

Look at an example: Here, you’re using the relative clause to

看一个例子：在这里， 您用关系从句来

explain the whole idea of the first clause.

解释第一个从句的整体想法。

You’re not just adding information to one noun phrase.

您不仅是给一个名词 短语添加信息。

To use relative clauses in this way, you need to do two things.

要以这种方式来使用关系从句， 您需要做两件事。

One: you can *only* use ‘which’ as the relative pronoun.

一：您*仅*能使用“which”作为 关系代词。

Two: your relative clause must add an explanation or an opinion related to the idea before the

二：必须在关系从句前加 一个与想法有关的说明

relative clause.

或一个观点。

You can’t add factual information or details in this way.

用这种方式，您无法添加事实 信息或详细信息。

Now, let’s look at one more way to form complex sentences.

现在，我们看看另一种造 复杂句的方式。

To be a good writer, you should make it clear which ideas are more important.

要当一个好写手，您应该说清楚 哪些想法更重要。

In English, ideas which are close to the beginning of the sentence are more important than others.

在英语里，接近句子开始的想法 比其他更重要。

So, if you want to emphasise an idea, you should find a way to move it to the beginning

因此，如果您想强调一个想法，您 应该找到一种方法来移动它到

of the sentence.

句子的开头。

You can do this by using ‘it’, like this: Here, you’re focusing on the year, 1637.

您可以通过使用“ it”来做到这一点，比如这个： 在这里，您将重点放在1637年。

Often, you use this structure to focus on a factual detail, like a person, time, place

通常，您用这个结构来关注一个事实 细节，例如人、时间、地点

and so on.

等等。

You can also combine this with other structures you’ve seen in this lesson.

您也可以将其余您已经在本课程里 看到的其他结构结合起来。

For example, you could add a relative clause to the end of this sentence, like this.

例如，您可以添加一个关系从句 到这句话的结尾，像这样。

Look at a sentence.

看一个句子。

You want to emphasise the idea of ‘Holland’ or the idea of ‘1593’.

您想强调“荷兰”或 “ 1593”的概念。

Can you write two different sentences, starting with ‘it’, to emphasise these two ideas?

您能写两个不同的句子，用“it” 开头来强调这两个概念吗？

Pause the video and do it now.

暂停视屏并马上开始做。

Did you get your answers?

您有答案了吗？

Take a look.

看一下。

In the first sentence, you’ll probably need to change the structure a little by separating

在第一句话里，您可能要通过 用逗号从从句里分离出

‘in 1593’ from the main clause using a comma.

“in 1593”的方式 来稍微改变结构。

Now, you’ve seen several ways to form complex sentence structures in English.

现在，您已经看到了几种建构复杂 英语句子结构的方法。

What should you do if you want more practice?

如果您想要更多练习，怎么办？

First, you can use a grammar book or other resources to practise the topics you’ve

首先，您可以使用一本语法书 或其他资源来练习

seen in this lesson.

在本课程里看到的主题。

Look for chapters and exercises on -ing participle clauses, -ed participle clauses, relative

寻找有关ing分词从句、ed分词 从句、关系从句和

clauses, and cleft sentences.

分裂句的章节和练习。

‘Cleft sentences’ are also called ‘focusing clauses’ in some books and materials.

在一些书籍和资料里，“Cleft sentences” 也称为“focusing clauses”。

Secondly, remember that the ideas in this lesson are not the only way to connect ideas

其次，请记住在本课程里的想法 并不是连接想法

into complex sentences.

到复杂句的唯一方法。

You should also learn how to use a range of conjunctions and linking phrases to build

您还应该学习如何使用一系列 连词和连缀短语来

sentences.

造句。

Finally, practise writing, and try to use some of these ideas in your writing.

最后，练习写作，并尝试在 写作里去用一些这样的想法

Get good quality feedback to make sure that your writing is clear, well-organised and

获得好的写作质量回馈，来确定 您的写作是清晰、

accurate.

有条理和准确的。

If you need help from a teacher, then our teachers can work with you to improve your

如果您需要老师的帮助，那么 我们的老师可以和您一起来

English writing.

提高您的英文写作。

You can take a discounted trial lesson on our website—look for the link under the

您可以在我们的网站试上一堂有折扣 的补习课——查找以下视频

video, or visit Oxford Online English dot com and click ‘get started’!

的链接，或访问 Oxford Online English dot com ，然后点击“get started”！

That’s all.

本节课就到这。

Thanks for watching!

感谢观看！

See you next time!

下次见！