Complex Sentences in English Writing - Learn How to Make Complex Sentences

Hi, I’m Gina.

您好！我是Gina。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

歡迎來到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn how to make different types of complex sentence in English.

在本課程裡，您可以學習如何造不同 類型的英文複雜句。

Making complex sentences will help your English writing.

造複雜句會對您的英文寫作有所幫助。

By using a variety of complex sentence forms, your writing will become more versatile and

通過使用各種複雜句結構， 您的寫作將變得更加通用

elegant.

和優雅。

Using a range of complex sentences in your writing is also important if you’re preparing

如果您在準備參加一個英文寫作測驗，像是 雅思、托福或FCE等的話，在您的

for an English writing exam like IELTS, TOEFL, or FCE.

寫作中使用一系列複雜句也是十分重要的。

Before we start, two things.

在開始之前，有兩件事。

One: have you visited our website yet?

一：您訪問過我們的網站嗎？

If not, why not?

如果沒有，為什麼不呢？

We have free video lessons, listening lessons, quizzes, and also many professional teachers

我們有免費的影片課程、聽力課程、 測驗，還有很多專業老師

who offer online lessons.

提供線上課程。

Check it out: Oxford Online English dot com.

去看一下：Oxford Online English.com。

Two: we want to tell you about this lesson, who it’s for, what’s in it and what isn’t.

二：我們想告訴您這一課，它是給誰的， 裡面有什麼，沒有什麼。

This lesson will focus on grammar structures for forming complex sentences without using

本課程把重點放在不用 連詞造複雜句的

conjunctions.

語法結構上。

If you want to learn about using conjunctions to form complex sentences, you can watch our

如果您想學用連詞造複雜句， 您可以觀看我們的

video about linking words for IELTS writing.

有關雅思測驗寫作連接單字的影片。

There’s a link in the video description.

影片描述中有一個鏈接。

Also, using these structures requires that you have at least an intermediate knowledge

另外，用這些結構要求您至少 具有中等程度的英文

of English grammar.

語法知識。

This lesson assumes that you know how to form different verb forms and use relative clauses,

除其他事項外，本課程假設您知道 如何造不同的動詞時態

among other things.

並用相關子句。

This lesson is technical and contains a lot of information.

本課程是技術性的， 包含很多信息。

You might need to watch it in sections, and repeat sections several times.

您可能需要分單元觀看它， 並且重複看單元多次。

Finally, a warning!

最後，一個警告！

Using complex sentences can enhance your writing, but *only* if you have complex, coherent ideas

用複雜句可以加強您的寫作 能力，但是*僅*基於您有複雜、

behind them.

連貫的想法。

If your ideas are basic, or incoherent, using what you think are ‘advanced’ grammar

如果您的想法是基本的或不一致的， 用您認為是“進階”的語法

structures won’t help.

造句將無濟於事。

Okay, let’s start.

好的，我們開始吧。

Here’s how this lesson will work.

這是本課程的運作方式。

First, look at four sentences: Pause the video, read the sentences, and look

首先，看四個句子：暫停影片， 閱讀句子，然後

up any words you don’t know.

找您不知道的任何單字。

If you want to read more about tulip mania, there’s a link to a Wikipedia article in

如果您想讀更多有關鬱金香狂熱的資訊， 在影片的描述裡有一個指向

the video description.

維基文章的連接。

Ready?

準備好了嗎？

These sentences are all grammatically simple, meaning that they each have one main verb.

這些句子在語法上都很簡單，意思是 它們每個都有一個主動詞。

Now, you’ll see four different grammatical tools you can use to combine and add to these

現在，您會看到四種不同的語法工具， 您可用來組合並添加到句子裡

sentences to make them richer and more complex.

讓它們變得更豐富、更複雜。

Do you know what -ing participle clauses are, and how you can use them?

您知道ing分詞子句是什麼嗎， 以及您怎樣用它們？

If not, don’t worry; look at an example based on our first sentence:

如果沒有，請不要擔心，在我們 的第一句話看一個例子：

Here, you use a participle clause to connect two ideas.

在這裡，您用分詞子句 去連接兩個想法。

You can use an -ing participle clause to connect two ideas which happen at the same time, or

您能用一個ing分詞子句去連接兩個 同時發生的想法，或

to show cause and effect.

去顯示因果關係。

In this case, you could express the same idea using ‘because’, like this:

在這種情況下，您可以用“because”來 表達相同的想法，如下所示：

The -ing participle clause does not have a subject.

ing分詞子句沒有主題

In a sentence like this with two clauses, the -ing clause can *only* refer to the subject

在這種有兩個子句的句子裡，ing子句 *僅*可以在第二句裡

in the second clause.

指向主題。

You can’t have two subjects.

您不能有兩個主題。

When writing, make sure your sentence has a clear subject.

寫作時，請確保您的句子有 一個清晰的主題。

Don’t write something like this.

不要寫像這樣的東西。

Here, it isn’t clear what ‘it’ refers to.

在這裡，“它”指向什麼是不清晰的。

Let’s practise!

來練習吧！

Here are two ideas.

這裡有兩個想法句子。

Can you connect them using an -ing participle clause?

您可以用ing分詞子句 去連接它們嗎？

Pause the video and think about your answer.

暫停影片，然後思考您的答案。

Want a hint?

需要提示嗎？

Your answer should be quite similar to the example you saw before.

您的答案應該與您之前 看到的例句很相似。

Ready?

準備好了嗎?

Here’s the answer.

這是答案。

There’s one more way to use -ing clauses: you can use a perfect -ing form, with ‘having’

還有一種使用ing子句的方式：您可以 用ing的完成時態，用“having”

plus a past participle, to show that one thing happened before another.

加上過去分詞，去表達一件事 發生在另一件之前。

For example:

例如：

So, quick review: you can use -ing participle clauses to do three things.

那麼，快速複習：您可以用ing分詞 子句做三件事。

Do you remember them?

您還記得他們嗎？

One: use them to show that two actions happened at the same time.

一：用它們來表明同時發生的兩個動作。

Two: use them to show cause and effect.

二：用它們來表明因果關係。

Three: use them—with ‘having’ plus a past participle—to show that one thing happened

三：使用它們——用“having”加一個過去 分詞——表明一件事

after another.

發生在另一件事後。

Remember that you can always review a section if you need more time to work on it.

請記住，如果您需要更多時間， 您隨時可以複習任一單元。

Let’s move on to our next point.

我們進入下一個要點。

There are two kinds of participle clauses: -ing clauses and -ed clauses.

有兩種分詞子句： ing子句和ed子句。

Look at an example of two ideas linked with an -ed participle clause:

看一個用ed分詞子句連接兩個 想法的例句：

This links two ideas.

這連接兩個想法

You can use -ed participle clauses when you have two clauses with the same subject, and

在有兩個主題相同的子句時，您可以 用ed分詞子句，並且，

one of the clauses has a passive verb.

這些子句之一有一個被動動詞。

Like -ing clauses, -ed participle clauses do not have a subject in the participle clause.

像ing子句，ed分詞子句是沒有主題 在分詞子句裡的。

Let’s look at another example.

我們看另一個例句。

This time, you can try to make the complex sentence:

這次，您可以嘗試造復雜句：

Can you combine these two sentences with an -ed participle clause?

您可以用一個ed分詞子句 來連接兩個句子嗎？

Pause the video if you need time to make your answer.

如果您需要時間回答， 可以暫停影片。

Ready?

準備好了嗎?

Here’s the answer.

這就是答案。

Because the -ed clause doesn’t have a main verb, the verb tense information—‘had

因為ed子句沒有一個主動詞， 動詞時態信息"had been

been cultivated’—disappears in the -ed clause.

cultivated”在ed子句中消失。

However, no meaning is lost.

但是，並不意味著遺失了。

In these two sections, you’ve seen how to use -ing and -ed participle clauses to link

在這兩個單元裡，您已經了解怎樣 用ing和ed分詞子句來

two full, independent clauses.

連接兩個完整、獨立的子句。

However, there’s another way to use them.

但是，還有另一種使用它們的方法。

Look at an example: Can you see how this is different?

看一個例子： 您能看到這有什麼不同嗎？

In this case, you’re using the -ed participle clause not to replace an independent clause,

在這種情況下，您正在用的ed分詞 子句不能替換一個獨立子句，

but instead to replace a relative clause.

但可以替換一個關係子句。

Relative clauses are one of the most powerful ways to add and combine ideas in complex sentences.

關係子句是用於在複雜句裡添加和組合 想法的最強大的子句之一。

Let’s look in more detail!

我們看更詳細一點！

Relative clauses can do two things.

關係子句可以做兩件事。

One: you can use a relative clause to add information to a noun or noun phrase.

一：您可以用關係子句給名詞或 名詞片語添加信息。

Two: you can use a relative clause with ‘which’ to add information to a sentence or idea.

二：您可以用搭配'where“的關係子句 給句子或構想中添加信息。

Let’s look at an example of the first case: using a relative clause to add information

我們看看第一種情形的示例： 用關係子句給一個名詞

to a noun.

添加信息。

Here, you use a relative clause—‘which occurred in Holland’—to add information

在這裡，您用一個關係子句”which occurred in Holland"給名詞片語

to the noun phrase ‘tulip mania’.

“tulip mania”添加信息。

Relative clauses used like this can *only* describe the noun they come after.

像這樣用關係子句能*僅僅* 描述他們之後的名詞。

Don’t write something like this:

不要寫像這樣的東西：

If you’re using a relative clause to add information to a noun, the clause *must* come

如果您在用關係子句給名詞添加 信息，子句“必須”直接出現

directly after the noun or noun phrase.

在名詞或名詞片語之後。

You can use multiple relative clauses in the same sentence; for example:

您可以在同一句裡用多種 關係子句，例如：

Here, you add a second relative clause, with ‘when’, to add more information about

在這裡，您用“when”添加了第二個 關係子句，來給名詞

the noun ‘1637’.

“ 1637”添加更多信息。

Using multiple relative clauses like this allows you to structure your ideas in different

使用像這樣的多個關係子句 允許您以不同的方式來

ways.

構建您的想法。

For example, you could also write this: This might be useful if you want to add more

例如，您也可以這樣寫：這可能會 有用，如果您想在句子裡

information about ‘Holland’ later in the sentence, like this:

添加更多有關“Holland”的信息 ，像這樣：

Let’s practise!

開始練習吧！

Look at two ideas: Can you connect these two ideas using a relative

看兩個想法：您能用一個關係子句 把這兩個想法

clause?

連接起來嗎？

There are two possible answers.

有兩個可能的答案。

Pause the video and make your answer.

暫停影片並造您的答案。

Ready?

準備好了嗎？

Here are the two possibilities.

這是兩種可能性。

Did you get the right answer?

您回答正確嗎？

Even better, did you get both?

更好的是，兩個都對了嗎？

For an extra challenge, can you add a third idea?

有一個額外的挑戰，您可以添加 第三個想法嗎？

Here’s a hint: ‘1637’ appears twice, and you need to link the two instances.

提示在這：“1637”出現了兩次， 而您需要連接兩個實例。

Here’s the best way to do it: Let’s look at one more point here.

這裡是最好的方法：我們在這裡 再看一個要點。

You can also use a relative clause to add information or explanation to a whole idea.

您也可以使用關係子句來添加 信息或對整個想法的解釋。

Look at an example: Here, you’re using the relative clause to

看一個例子：在這裡， 您使用關係子句來

explain the whole idea of the first clause.

解釋第一個子句的整體想法。

You’re not just adding information to one noun phrase.

您不僅是給一個名詞 片語添加信息。

To use relative clauses in this way, you need to do two things.

要以這種方式用關係子句， 您需要做兩件事。

One: you can *only* use ‘which’ as the relative pronoun.

一：您*僅*能使用“which”作為 關係代詞。

Two: your relative clause must add an explanation or an opinion related to the idea before the

二：在必須在關係子句前加 一個與想法有關的說明

relative clause.

或一個觀點。

You can’t add factual information or details in this way.

用這種方式，您無法添加事實 信息或詳細信息。

Now, let’s look at one more way to form complex sentences.

現在，我們看看另一種造 複雜句的方式。

To be a good writer, you should make it clear which ideas are more important.

要當一個好寫手，您應該說清楚 哪些想法更重要。

In English, ideas which are close to the beginning of the sentence are more important than others.

在英文裡，接近句子開始的想法 比其他更重要。

So, if you want to emphasise an idea, you should find a way to move it to the beginning

因此，如果您想強調一個想法，您 應該找到一種方法來移動它到

of the sentence.

句子的開始。

You can do this by using ‘it’, like this: Here, you’re focusing on the year, 1637.

您可以通過使用“ it”來做到這一點，比如這個： 在這裡，您將重點放在1637年。

Often, you use this structure to focus on a factual detail, like a person, time, place

通常，您用這個結構來關注一個事實 細節，例如人、時間、地點

and so on.

等等。

You can also combine this with other structures you’ve seen in this lesson.

您也可以將其與您已經在本課程裡 看到的其他結構結合起來。

For example, you could add a relative clause to the end of this sentence, like this.

例如，您可以添加一個關係子句 到這句話的結尾，像這樣。

Look at a sentence.

看一個句子。

You want to emphasise the idea of ‘Holland’ or the idea of ‘1593’.

您想強調“荷蘭”或 “ 1593”的概念。

Can you write two different sentences, starting with ‘it’, to emphasise these two ideas?

您能寫兩個不同的句子，用“it” 開頭來強調這兩個概念嗎？

Pause the video and do it now.

暫停影片並馬上開始做。

Did you get your answers?

您有答案了嗎？

Take a look.

看一下。

In the first sentence, you’ll probably need to change the structure a little by separating

在第一句話裡，您可能要通過 用逗號從主句裡分離出

‘in 1593’ from the main clause using a comma.

“in 1593”的方式 來稍微改變結構。

Now, you’ve seen several ways to form complex sentence structures in English.

現在，您已經看到了幾種建構複雜 英文句結構的方法。

What should you do if you want more practice?

如果您想要更多練習，怎麼辦？

First, you can use a grammar book or other resources to practise the topics you’ve

首先，您可以使用一本語法書 或其他資源來練習

seen in this lesson.

在本課程裡看到的主題。

Look for chapters and exercises on -ing participle clauses, -ed participle clauses, relative

尋找有關ing分詞子句、ed分詞 子句、關係子句和

clauses, and cleft sentences.

分裂句的章節和練習。

‘Cleft sentences’ are also called ‘focusing clauses’ in some books and materials.

在一些書籍和資料裡，“Cleft sentences” 也稱為“focusing clauses”。

Secondly, remember that the ideas in this lesson are not the only way to connect ideas

其次，請記住在本課程裡的想法 並不是連接想法

into complex sentences.

到複雜句的唯一方法。

You should also learn how to use a range of conjunctions and linking phrases to build

您還應該學習如何使用一系列 連詞和連綴片語來

sentences.

構建句子。

Finally, practise writing, and try to use some of these ideas in your writing.

最後，練習寫作，並嘗試在 寫作裡去用一些這樣的想法。

Get good quality feedback to make sure that your writing is clear, well-organised and

獲得好的寫作品質回饋，來確定 您的寫作是清晰、

accurate.

有條理和準確的。

If you need help from a teacher, then our teachers can work with you to improve your

如果您需要老師的幫助，那麼 我們的老師可以和您一起來

English writing.

提高您的英文寫作。

You can take a discounted trial lesson on our website—look for the link under the

您可以在我們的網站試上一堂有折扣 的補習課——查找以下影片

video, or visit Oxford Online English dot com and click ‘get started’!

的連接，或訪問 Oxford Online English dot com ，然後點擊“get started”！

That’s all.

本節課就到這。

Thanks for watching!

感謝觀看！

See you next time!

下次見！