Is 'ough' the Trickiest Sound in English? | English Spelling & Prounciation Lesson

28,912 views ใƒป 2021-09-20

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:07
Hi. Look, I'm really sorry about this, but as you probably know,
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅ
00:12
the way we spell things in English is not always the way we say them.
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ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใง็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’็ถดใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ• ใฏใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
00:19
Take these four letters, for example, o u g h.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 4 ๆ–‡ๅญ— ใ‚’ไพ‹ใซใจใ‚‹ใจใ€o u g h ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:25
How do we pronounce them? Well, it all depends.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:29
Put a 't' at the end and we have'ought'.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ 't' ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€'ใ™ในใ' ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:33
So, o u g h is pronounced [aw]
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€o u g h ใฏ [aw] ใจ็™บ้Ÿณ
00:37
But put a 't' at the beginning and it's 'tough'.
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ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ 't' ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ ใจ 'tough' ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
o u g h is now pronounced [uff].
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o u g h ใฏ [uff] ใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:47
So far so bad!
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฒใฉใ„๏ผ
00:48
But now let's add one more letter to make 'though'.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ๆ–‡ๅญ—่ฟฝๅŠ  ใ—ใฆใ€ŒใŒใ€ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:51
o u g h is [o]
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o u g h is [o]
00:55
Again, one more letter, r, makes 'through'.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ๅญ— r ใง ใ€Œใ‚นใƒซใƒผใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:01
o u g h is [ew]
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o u g h is [ew]
01:04
Can we keep going?
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็ถšใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹๏ผŸ
01:05
Yes we can.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
ย  Let's add another letter, o, we have thorough.
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ๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€oใ€ ๅพนๅบ•ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
o u g h is now [u].
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o u g h ใฏ [u] ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:16
ย  OK, add one more letter and,
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OKใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ๆ–‡ๅญ—่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ€
01:19
actually that's it. We can't extend any further with just one letter.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใฃใŸไธ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠไผธใฐใ™ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:24
But you see the point,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่ฆ็‚นใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
01:25
ย  the same letters pronounced five different ways.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒ 5 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใง็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:30
Five!
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ไบ”๏ผ
01:31
ย  You know that's not the end of it.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ
01:34
Depending on what part of the English speaking world you come from,
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ใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžๅœใฎใฉใฎๅœฐๅŸŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใ‹ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ ใ€
01:37
there are around 11 different ways of pronouncing o u g h.
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o u g h ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹็ด„ 11 ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:43
Eleven!
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ๅไธ€๏ผ
01:45
Why is this?
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ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใชใฎ๏ผŸ
01:46
Well, a long time ago, the way we spelt things wasn't really fixed.
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ใšใฃใจๅ‰ใซใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’็ถดใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏไฟฎๆญฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.
01:52
So people wrote things down the way they thought they sounded.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:56
Gradually over time, the spellings became fixed,
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02:00
particularly after the printing press was invented in the 15th century.
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็‰นใซ 15 ไธ–็ด€ใซๅฐๅˆทๆฉŸใŒ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็ตŒ้Žใจใจใ‚‚ใซ็ถดใ‚ŠใŒๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:05
Unfortunately, although spellings were fixed,
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ ใ€็ถดใ‚Šใฏไฟฎๆญฃใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
02:09
something called The Great Vowel Shift was happening.
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The Great Vowel Shift ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:13
This was a period of about two hundred years
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด„ 200 ๅนดใฎๆœŸ้–“
02:15
when for a number of reasons, the way we pronounced vowels in English
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ใงใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็†็”ฑใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใฎ็™บ้Ÿณๆ–นๆณ•ใŒ
02:19
completely changed.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:21
I know, crazy, huh?
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็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ธใƒผใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:24
ย  So how does this help us today?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ็งใŸใกใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
02:29
Well, to be honest, not at all.
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ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใพใฃใŸใใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:33
But don't panic.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใใ€
02:35
There aren't actually that many o u g h words anyway,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ ๅคšใใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใชใ
02:39
and most of those are quite common. So you may already know them.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ™ใงใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใŒ
02:44
Are there any rules if you come across a word you don't know?
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ๅ‡บใฆใใŸๅ ดๅˆใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ‹?
02:50
Well, some guidelines, but not really rules.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:54
If a word ends in o u g h t then it is more than likely pronounced [awt]:
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ๅ˜่ชžใŒ o u g h t ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ [awt] ใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Š
03:01
thought, bought, brought, fought, ought, nought, sought.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:10
If it's two syllables and ends in o u g h,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ 2 ใคใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€o u g h ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹
03:14
it's probably [u]: thorough, borough.
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ [u]: ๅพนๅบ•ใ—ใŸใ€borough.
03:20
Other than that, the best way of finding out the pronunciation
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ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•
03:24
is to use a dictionary because with 11 different possibilities,
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ใฏ่พžๆ›ธใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚11 ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
03:28
you might guess the right one, but the odds are not great.
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ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚บใฏๅคงใใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:33
For example, and this is completely true, when researching this topic,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฟในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€
03:38
I came across an English word I hadn't seen before. S o u g h.
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่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใฎใชใ„่‹ฑๅ˜่ชžใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ S o u g hใ€‚
03:47
It's a verb which means to make a soft whistling sound
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้ขจ
03:51
like the wind blowing through the trees.
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ใŒๆœจใ€…ใฎ้–“ใ‚’ๅนใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฃ็ฌ›ใ‚’ๅนใใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:57
I said a soft whistling sound!
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็งใฏๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„ๅฃ็ฌ›ใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸ ๏ผ
04:03
That's better.
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ใใฎๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:06
ย  But how to pronounce it?
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ใงใ‚‚ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
04:08
Was it sough like dough, sough like cough, sough like rough,
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็”Ÿๅœฐใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ€ๅ’ณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ€ใƒฉใƒ•ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
04:16
sough like plough, sough like through, sough like hiccough?
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ๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ€ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚ฆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ€้€šใ‚ŠๆŠœใ‘ใŸใ‚ˆใ† ใซๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸใ€ใ—ใ‚ƒใฃใใ‚Šใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ—ใ‚’ใ‹ใ„ใŸ๏ผŸ
04:24
I guessed sough like cough.
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็งใฏๅ’ณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ’ณใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:27
Was it a good guess?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ๆŽจๆธฌใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
04:29
Nope!
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ใ„ใ„ใˆ๏ผ
04:30
Annoyingly it can actually be pronounced two different ways,
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ๅŽ„ไป‹ใชใ“ใจใซใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใฏ2ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใง็™บ้Ÿณใงใใพใ™
04:35
but neither of them the way I guessed.
64
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ใŒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ ็งใŒๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
04:38
If you want to know the correct way, you'll have to do what I did.
65
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ็งใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:42
Look it up. It's the best way. Bye.
66
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่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
04:48
You didn't really think I'd go without telling you.
67
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็งใŒไฝ•ใ‚‚่จ€ใ‚ใšใซ่กŒใใจใฏๆ€ใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ ใ€‚
04:51
If you've stayed this long. I think you deserve the answer.
68
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ใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ้•ทใใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ญ”ใˆใซๅ€คใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
It's sough like plough or even sough like rough.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้‹คใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒฉใƒ•ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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