Your Right to Mental Privacy in the Age of Brain-Sensing Tech | Nita Farahany | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

Today, we know and track virtually nothing that’s happening in our own brains.

現今我們完全不了解也沒有去追蹤

自己腦內的狀況。

But in a future that is coming much faster than you realize,

但這一切在未來將會改變， 且這個未來將會

all of that is about to change.

來得比你預期的還要快很多。

We're now familiar with sensors in our smart watches to our rings,

現在我們很熟悉在智慧手錶 和戒指中有內建的感測器，

that track everything from our heartbeats to our footsteps, breaths,

什麼都能追蹤，從我們的 心跳到我們的步數、

呼吸、體溫，甚至睡眠。

body temperature, even our sleep.

Now, consumer neurotech devices are being sold worldwide

現在，世界各地都有販售 消費者神經科技裝置，

to enable us to track our own brain activity.

讓我們能夠追蹤自己的腦活動。

As companies from Meta to Microsoft,

隨著各大企業，從 Meta 到微軟、

Snap and even Apple

Snap，甚至蘋果

begin to embed brain sensors in our everyday devices

開始將腦感測器 置入我們日常的裝置中，

比如耳塞式耳機、頭戴式耳機、

like our earbuds, headphones, headbands, watches and even wearable tattoos,

頭帶、手錶，甚至可穿戴的紋身，

we're reaching an inflection point in brain transparency.

我們即將來到大腦透明度的轉折點。

And those are just some of the company names we're familiar with.

剛才舉例的只是大家熟悉的 企業，還有更多其他的。

There are so many more.

Consumer neurotech devices are moving from niche products

消費者神經科技裝置

正在從應用有限的利基產品

with limited applications

to becoming the way in which we'll learn about our own brain activity,

轉變成讓我們了解 自己腦活動的方式、

our controller for virtual reality and augmented reality.

我們操控虛擬實境 和擴增實境的控制器，

And one of the primary ways we'll interact

以及我們和所有

其他科技互動的主要方法之一。

with all of the rest of our technology.

Even conservative estimates of the neurotech industry

就連針對神經科技產業的保守估計

put it at more than 38 billion dollars by 2032.

都認為到 2032 年時市值 會超過三百八十億美金。

This new category of technology presents unprecedented possibility,

這種新類型的科技帶來了 前所未有的機會，

both good and bad.

有好的也有壞的。

Consider how our physical health and well-being are increasing

想想看，我們的身體健康持續提升，

while neurological disease and suffering continue to rise.

同時神經疾病和痛苦卻也不斷增加。

55 million people around the world are struggling with dementia,

全世界有五千五百萬人 為失智症所苦，

with more than 60 to 70 percent of them suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

當中有超過 60% 到 70% 患有阿茲海默症。

Nearly a billion people struggle with mental health

近十億人要面對心理健康方面的問題

and drug use disorders.

和藥物使用障礙。

Depression affects more than 300 million.

受憂鬱症影響的人有超過三億人。

Consumer neurotech devices could finally enable us

消費者神經科技裝置 終於讓我們可以認真

to treat our brain health and wellness

看待我們的大腦健康，

as seriously as we treat the rest of our physical well-being.

就像我們認真看待身體健康那樣。

But making our brains transparent to others

但把我們的大腦透明公開給別人看，

also introduces extraordinary risks.

也會帶來非常大的風險。

Which is why, before it's too late to do so,

這就是為什麼，在還沒太遲的時候，

we must change the basic terms of service for neurotechnology

我們必須要改變神經科技相關的

基本服務條款，以個人權利為重。

in favour of individual rights.

I say this not just as a law professor who believes in the power of law,

我不僅是以相信法律力量的 法律教授身分這麼說，

nor just a philosopher trying to flesh out norms,

也不僅是以試圖確立 規範的哲學家身分這麼說，

but as a mother who's been personally and profoundly impacted

還有母親的身分，

身為母親，我人生中神經科技的使用

by the use of neurotechnology in my own life.

對我有很切身的深刻影響。

On Mother's Day in 2017,

2017 年的母親節，

as my daughter Calista lay cradled in my arms,

我雙手抱著我的女兒卡莉斯塔時，

she took one last beautiful breath.

她做出了最後一次美麗的呼吸。

After a prolonged hospitalization,

住院很長一段時間之後，

complications following infections claimed her life.

感染造成的併發症要了她的命。

The harrowing trauma that she endured and we witnessed stretched into weeks.

我們目擊了她所承受的痛苦創傷，

這一切持續了數週，

And I was left with lasting trauma

我則留下了持久的創傷，

that progressed into post-traumatic stress disorder.

後來演變成創傷後壓力症候群。

Sleep escaped me for years.

很多年的時間，我都無法入眠。

As each time I closed my eyes, I relived everything,

每當我閉上我的眼睛，

我就會重溫這一切，從最初，

from the first moments that I was pushed out of the emergency room

我被推出急診室，

to her gut-wrenching cries.

到她讓人心碎的哭聲。

Ultimately, it was the help of a talented psychologist,

最終，幫助我的

是一位很有才的心理學家 所採用的暴露治療法

using exposure therapy,

and my use of neurofeedback

以及我自己使用神經反饋技術

that enabled me to sleep through the night.

讓我能在夜晚入睡。

For others who are suffering from traumatic memories,

對於其他為創傷記憶所苦的人，

an innovative new approach using decoded neurofeedback,

使用解碼神經反饋 （DecNef）的創新方法

or DecNef, may offer reprieve.

可能可提供暫時的緩解。

This groundbreaking approach uses machine-learning algorithms

這種開創性的方法

用機器學習演算法來辨識

to identify specific brain-activity patterns,

特定的大腦活動模式，

including those associated with traumatic memories.

包括和創傷記憶有關的那些模式。

Participants then play a game

接著受試者要玩一個遊戲，

that enables them to retrain their brain activity

讓他們能重新訓練他們的 大腦活動，改建立正向的關聯。

on positive associations instead.

If I had had DecNef available to me at the time,

如果我當時就能使用 DecNef，

I might have overcome my PTSD more quickly

我可能可以更快克服 我的創傷後壓力症候群，

且不需要重溫所有的聲音、

without having to relive every sound, terror and smell in order to do so.

恐懼，和氣味就能夠做到。

I'm not the only one.

我不是唯一的一個人。

Sarah described herself as being at the end of her life,

莎菈描述她自己 已經走到生命的盡頭，

no longer in a life worth living,

因為她嚴重且棘手的憂鬱症 讓她覺得不再值得活下去。

because of her severe and intractable depression.

Then, using implanted brain sensors

接著，她植入了大腦感測器，

that reset her brain activity like a pacemaker for the brain,

就像大腦裝了心律調節器一樣， 能重設她的大腦活動，

Sarah reclaimed her will to live.

莎菈重此找回了活下去的意志。

While implanted neurotechnology advances have been extraordinary,

雖然植入式神經科技的 進步非常不凡，

it's the everyday brain sensors

但其實嵌入在我們一般 技術中的日常大腦感測器

that are embedded in our ordinary technology

that I believe will impact the majority of our lives.

在我看來才最會影響到我們的生活。

Like the one third of adults

比如，有三分之一的成人

and nearly one quarter of children who are living with epilepsy

以及近四分之一的孩童患有癲癇

for whom conventional anti-seizure medications fail.

且傳統的抗癲癇藥物對他們無效。

Now, researchers from Israel to Spain have developed brain sensors

現在，從以色列到西班牙的 研究者都已經開發出大腦感測器

using the power of AI in pattern recognition

透過用人工智慧做模式辨識

and consumer electroencephalography

以及消費者腦電圖技術

to enable the detection of epileptic seizures minutes

在癲癇發作的幾分鐘前 到最多一小時前

to up to an hour before they occur,

就能先偵測出來，

sending potentially life-saving alerts to a mobile device.

將可能可以救命的警報 發送到行動裝置。

Regular use of brain sensors could even enable us

定期使用大腦感測器 甚至可以讓我們能夠偵測到

to detect the earliest stages

最具侵襲性的腦瘤的最初階段，

of the most aggressive forms of brain tumors, like glioblastoma,

比如膠質母細胞瘤，

where early detection is crucial to saving lives.

早期發現對於拯救 病人生命是至關重要。

The same could hold true for Parkinson's disease, to Alzheimer's,

同樣的道理也可以套用到 帕金森氏症、阿茲海默症、

traumatic brain injury, ADHD, and even depression.

創傷性腦損傷、

過動症，甚至憂鬱症。

We may even change our brains for the better.

我們甚至可以改善我們的大腦。

The brain training game industry,

大腦訓練遊戲產業的市值驚人，

worth a staggering 6.5 billion dollars in 2021,

2021 年的價值為六十五億美金，

was for years met with controversy

多年來該產業一直很爭議，因為

because of unsupported scientific claims about their efficacy.

其宣稱功效背後的科學 沒有證據支持。

But now some brain-training platforms like Cognizant have proven powerful

但現在，有些大腦訓練平台，

如 Cognizant， 已經證明能非常有效地

in improving brain processing speeds, memory, reasoning

改善大腦處理速度、 記憶力、推理能力，

and even executive functioning when played repeatedly over time.

甚至執行功能，透過 重複玩遊戲就能做到。

When paired with neurofeedback devices for learning reinforcement,

若和神經反饋裝置結合來增強學習，

就有可能顛覆我們學習 和適應改變的方式。

this could revolutionize how we learn and adapt to change.

Other breakthroughs could be transformational

其他的突破，也可能會 大大改變人類的體驗。

for the human experience.

現今大部分的人腦研究 根據非常少數的受試者

Today, most human brain studies

are based on a very small number of participants

engaged in very specific tasks in a controlled laboratory environment.

在受控制的實驗室環境中 進行非常特定的工作任務。

With widespread use of brain sensors,

若能普及運用大腦感測器，

the data we could have to learn about the human brain

我們能用來了解人腦的資料量 就會呈現指數增加。

would exponentially increase.

With sufficiently large datasets of long-term, real-world data

若有夠大的資料集，

長時間累積人類進行 日常活動的真實世界資料，

from people engaged in everyday activity,

we just might address everything from neurological disease and suffering

我們可能可以處理所有問題， 從神經疾病和痛苦，

to creating transformational possibilities for the human experience.

為人類體驗創造出更多 會帶來轉變的可能性，

But all of this will only be possible

但要讓這一切成真，

if people can confidently share their brain data

必須要讓大家能有信心分享 他們的大腦資料，不會害怕

without fear that it will be misused against them.

這些資料被濫用而對他們不利。

You see, the brain data that will be collected

要知道，這些裝置 所收集和產生的大腦資料

and generated by these devices

won't be collected in traditional laboratory environments

並不是在傳統實驗室環境中收集的，

or in clinical research studies run by physicians and scientists.

也不是在醫生和科學家 進行的臨床研究中收集的，

Instead, it will be the sellers of these new devices,

而是被銷售這些新裝置的業者收集，

the very companies who've been commodifying our personal data for years.

被這些年來將我們的個人資料 變成商品的那些企業收集。

Which is why we can't go into this new era naive about the risks

這就是為什麼當我們 步入這個新時代時，

不能天真看待這些風險， 也不能自鳴得意地面對

or complacent about the challenges

that the collection and sharing our brain data will pose.

收集和分享我們大腦資料時 會帶來的挑戰。

Scientific hurdles can and will be addressed in time,

我們能夠也會即時克服 科學方面的障礙，

but the social hurdles will be the most challenging.

但最具挑戰性的是社會方面的障礙。

Unlike the technologies of the past that track and hack the human brain,

和過去追蹤與駭入人腦的技術不同，

brain sensors provide direct access to the part of ourselves

大腦感測器讓別人能直接存取 我們自己有所保留的部分，

that we hold back,

that we don't express through our words and our actions.

那些沒透過言語和行為 表現出來的部分。

Brain data in many instances will be more sensitive

在許多情況下，大腦資料

會比過去的個人資料更敏感，因為

than the personal data of the past,

because it reflects our feelings, our mental states, our emotions,

這些資料反映出 我們的感覺、心理狀況、

情緒、好惡、慾望， 甚至我們的想法。

our preferences, our desires, even our very thoughts.

I would never have wanted the data that was collected

我絕對不會希望

在度過個人的喪親傷痛時的資料

as I worked through the trauma of my personal loss

to have been commodified,

被他人收集變成商品、 被分享出去、被分析。

shared and analyzed by others.

These aren't just hypothetical risks.

這些風險並不是假設性的。

Take Entertek, a Hangzhou-based company,

以杭州的天祥集團為例， 它就已經收集了

who has collected millions of instances of brain activity data

數百萬個大腦活動資料的實例，

as people have engaged in mind-controlled car racing,

資料來自於有人參與

用意念控制的賽車、睡覺、工作，

sleeping, working,

even using neurofeedback with their devices.

甚至是使用他們的裝置 來做神經反饋。

他們已經和其他企業進行合作，

They've already entered into partnerships with other companies

to share and analyze that data.

分享和分析那些資料。

Unless people have individual control over their brain data,

除非每個人都能掌控 自己的大腦資料，

it will be used for microtargeting or worse,

不然這些資料會被用來做 精準投放或更糟的事，

instead of treating dementia.

而不是治療失智症。

Like the employees worldwide

比如，世界各地都有些員工

who've already been subject to brain surveillance in the workplace

在工作場所被當作大腦監控的對象，

to track their attention and fatigue,

來追蹤他們注意力和疲勞，

to governments, developing brain biometrics,

有政府在發展大腦生物特徵辨識，

to authenticate people at borders,

以在邊界做身分驗證，

to interrogate criminal suspects' brains

還有審問刑事嫌疑犯的大腦，

and even weapons that are being crafted

甚至還有武器

可以被設計來讓人腦 無法運作或混淆。

to disable and disorient the human brain.

Brain wearables will have not only read but write capabilities,

大腦可配戴裝置將不只 能夠讀取，還能寫入，

creating risks that our brains can be hacked, manipulated,

讓我們的大腦面臨風險， 可能會被駭入、

and even subject to targeted attacks.

操控，甚至成為攻擊針對的目標。

We must act quickly to safeguard against the very real

我們必須快點做出 保護措施，對抗我們

and terrifying risks to our innermost selves.

最內在的自我要面臨的可怕真實風險。

Recognizing a human right to cognitive liberty

承認「認知自由」的人權 就是一種保護措施。

would offer those safeguards.

Cognitive liberty is a right from interference by others,

認知自由是一種免受 他人干擾的權利，

but it is also a right to self-determination

也是一種自我決定的權利，

over our brains and mental experiences to enable human flourishing.

對我們的大腦和心智體驗的 自主權，能讓人類繁榮。

To achieve this,

要實現它，

we need to recognize three interrelated human rights

我們必須要承認三項

相互關聯的人權， 並更新我們對它們的了解，

and update our understanding of them

to secure to us a right to mental privacy,

以確保我們擁有心智隱私權，

to safeguard us from interference with our automatic reactions,

保護我們的自動反應、 情緒，及思想

our emotions and our thoughts.

不被干預。

Freedom of thought as an absolute human right

思想自由這項絕對的人權

to protect us from interception,

能保護我們的思想

manipulation and punishment of our thoughts.

不被截取、操控，和懲罰。

And self-determination

還有自主權，

to secure self-ownership over our brains and mental experiences,

可以確保我們擁有

我們的大腦和心智體驗；

to access and change them if we want to do so.

如果我們想要存取和改變 它們時也可以辦得到。

There are important efforts already underway

已經有人在做重要的努力，

from the UN to UNESCO, in nations worldwide,

從聯合國到到聯合國 教科文組織，在世界各國，

over rights and regulations around neurotechnologies.

處理神經科技的權利和規定議題。

But those rights need to be better aligned

但那些權利必須要更密切 配合更廣泛的數位權利。

with a broader set of digital rights.

Cognitive liberty is an update to liberty in the digital age

認知自由是在數位時代的新版自由，

as an umbrella concept of human flourishing

它是種整體的概念，促進人類 在各種數位科技中的繁榮。

across digital technologies.

Because the right way forward isn't through metaverse rights

因為向前邁進的正確方式並非 透過元宇宙權利、人工智慧權利，

or AI rights

or neurotech rights and the like.

或神經科技權利等等。

It's to recognize that these technologies don't exist in silos,

重點在於了解這些科技並不單獨存在，

but in combination, affecting our brains and mental experiences.

它們結合在一起影響 我們的大腦和心智體驗。

We are literally at a moment before.

我們真的馬上就要面臨這些了。

And I mean a moment.

真的是馬上。

Consumer brain wearables have already arrived,

消費者腦部可配戴裝置已經問世了，

and the commodification of our brains has already begun.

且我們大腦被商品化的 現象已經開始了。

It's now just a question of scale.

現在要問的只是規模會多大而已。

We haven't yet passed the inflection point

我們還沒過轉折點，

where most of our brains can be directly accessed and changed by others.

轉折點指的是別人可以直接 存取和改變多數人的大腦。

But it is about to happen,

但這很快就會發生了，

giving us a final moment to make a change

我們還有最後一點點 時間可以做改變，

so that we don't look back in a few years' time

避免在幾年後我們 再回顧過去，只能悲嘆

and lament the world we've left behind.

我們留下的世界。

We can and should be hopeful and deliberate

我們可以也應該對我們現在

做出的選擇抱有希望並深思熟慮，

about the choices we make now

to secure a right to self-determination over our brains and mental experiences.

選擇去確保我們能擁有自己 大腦和心智體驗的自主權。

The possibilities, if we do so,

如果我們這麼做，能夠限制住

are limited only by our imagination.

可能性的，就只有我們的想像力了。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）