The Problem With Food and Climate — and How To Fix It | Jonathan Foley | TED

譯者: Wenjer Leuschel 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

It might surprise you to learn that the food we eat

您可能會感到驚訝地發現 我們吃的食物

and the farms that grow it,

和種植它的農場

and the landscapes we've cleared

以及我們清理的景觀

all contribute to climate change

都有助於氣候變化

and contribute in a really, really big way.

並以非常非常重大的 方式做出貢獻

Our job today is to figure out what we can actually do about it.

我們今天的工作是弄清楚 我們實際上可以做什麼

Well, this is also kind of a tricky topic,

好吧 這也是一個有點棘手的主題

in part because there are just so many variables at work and so many processes,

一部分是因為工作中有很多 變量和很多過程

but also it's a place of a lot of confusion and misinformation.

但它也是一個很多混亂和 錯誤信息的地方

So how are we going to move forward together

那麼 我們要 如何一起前進

and try to figure out something with clarity?

嘗試清楚地 找出一些東西？

Well, to do that, I like to listen to the data

好吧 為了做到 這一點我喜歡聽數據

and see what it tells us

看看它告訴我們什麼

and see what we can learn from it.

看看我們可以從中學到什麼

And the first thing the data tells us about our food system

數據告訴我們關於 我們的食物系統是

is that it's really, really big.

它非常非常地大

So let's take a look at this.

因此 讓我們 來看看這一點

This is the land that we use on Earth just to grow our crops, here in green.

這是我們在地球上只用來種植 農作物的土地 這裡是綠色的

Here's the land we use to graze our animals, here in red.

這是我們用來放牧 動物的土地 這裡是紅色的

Together, that's a huge amount of land.

在一起 這是巨大的土地

It's about 38 percent of all the land there is on Earth.

它約佔地球上 所有土地的 38％

To put that in perspective,

考慮到這一點

all the cities and suburbs on Earth

地球上所有城市和郊區覆

cover less than one percent of Earth's land.

蓋地球的土地 不到百分之一

This is 38.

這是 38%

Now, of this 38,

那麽 在這 38% 中

29 of it is used for animals.

其中 29% 用於動物

Either to graze or to grow animal feed.

無論是放牧或種植動物飼料

So we have a huge footprint of agriculture,

因此 我們擁有 巨大的農業足跡

and a lot of it is devoted to the animal part

而其中很大的地方 都是用於農業系統

of our agricultural systems.

的動物部分

So food dominates our planet

因此 食物主導了我們的地球

and animals dominate the food system today.

動物主導了 當今的糧食系統

That's just data.

這只是數據

That's just the truth.

這只是真相

So what does this mean?

那麼這意味著什麼？

It means that there's some massive environmental impacts

這意味著我們的食品系統純粹的

just from the sheer real estate of our food system.

房地產就會產生了一些 巨大的環境影響

And we have to acknowledge that

而且 我們必須承認

whether it's the role of agriculture in driving biodiversity loss

無論是農業在推動 生物多樣性損失

or water pollution

還是水污染

or degrading ecosystems all over the world.

還是在全球 生態系統下降的作用

It has a huge footprint.

它擁有巨大的足跡

And that footprint doesn't end just on land or in water.

而這種足跡不僅僅 在陸地或水中結束

It extends all the way to the atmosphere and our climate system.

它一直延伸到大氣 和我們的氣候系統

In fact, if you look at the emissions data from the IPCC,

事實上 如果您查看 IPCC 的排放 數據

we find that agriculture, land use

我們發現農業 土地使用

and the food system as a whole

和食品系統整體

contribute about 22 percent of global emissions.

佔全球排放 大約 22%

That's comparable to the emissions from electricity or from industry.

這與來自電力或 工業的排放量相當

So this is a pretty big player.

所以這是一個很大的参舆角色

Let's look under the hood and see what's involved in this.

讓我們看看引擎蓋下 看看這有什麼關係

Of this 22 percent of greenhouse gas emissions

在這 22％ 的 溫室氣體排放

coming from the food system,

來自食品系統中

there are four big players.

有四個大參與者

The first is deforestation.

第一個是森林破壞

That's about half of all those food emissions

這大約是所有食物 排放量的一半

at 11 percent of global emissions.

佔全球排放量的 11％

Eleven percent, that's a pretty big deal.

百分之十一 這是一個很大的事情

To put that in perspective,

考慮到這一點

the entire US economy emits 10 to 11 percent.

整個美國經濟 排放 10 至 11％。

Deforestation is even bigger,

森林破壞甚至更大

and we don't talk about this nearly enough.

我們幾乎沒有足夠 談論這個問題

Second is methane from livestock.

第二是畜產的甲烷

Now we hear a lot of jokes about what cows do

現在我們聽到很多 關於牛做

and all that kind of thing,

什麼等的笑話

but the science is actually really clear.

但科學實際上真的很清楚

Livestock are a huge emitter of methane,

畜牧業是甲烷的巨大排放量

and methane is a very big driver of climate change,

甲烷是氣候變化的 非常重要的驅動因素

and we have to make that connection.

我們必須建立這種聯繫

Third is basically industrial farming methods,

第三個基本上是 工業農業方法

especially overusing chemicals like fertilizers

尤其是過度使用 肥料等化學物質

and treating soil really badly.

並且處理土壤非常糟糕

We have to think about that too.

我們也必須考慮這一點

And then finally we have rice production,

最後我們有米產量

another methane producer at around two percent.

另一個甲烷 生產量約為 2%。

That's also going to be really important.

這也會是非常重要的

So the first order all of those emissions,

所以第一順序 所有

those 22 percent come from just those four things:

這些排放量的 22％ 僅來自這四件事：

deforestation, livestock,

森林破壞，畜牧業

industrial farming methods and rice.

工業種植方法和米

So we're going to have to look at all those in some detail.

因此 我們將不得不 詳細地查看所有這些

But that's not all.

但這還不是全部

Beyond these direct emissions of food, that 22 percent,

除了這些直接排放的 食物（22%）之外

there are some indirect ways the food system emits greenhouse gas as well.

食品系統還有一些間接 方式排放溫室氣體

For example, discarded food might end up in a landfill somewhere

例如 廢棄的食物 可能會被堆填區中

rotting and producing methane.

腐爛並產生甲烷

And that's counted over here in the industry column.

這在行業專欄中 就叠算起來了

And then we have to think about all the energy

然後 我們必須 考慮種植食物

and materials it takes to grow food,

所需的所有能量和材料

and then later to process, transport,

然後再加工 運輸

package and prepare it.

包裝和準備

That's counted elsewhere in the food system as well.

這也被計算總加在 食品系統的其他地方

So when we look at these data, it tells us that, yes,

因此 當我們查看這些 數據時 它告訴我們 是的

food releases 22 percent of greenhouse gases directly,

食物直接釋放 22％ 的溫室氣體

but when we add all the other sources, it grows to something like 34 percent,

但是當我們添加所有其他來源時 它會增長到 34％

roughly a third of all the greenhouse gases on Earth.

大約是地球上所有 溫室氣體的三分之一

So that means it's a third of the climate problem.

所以這意味著它是 氣候問題的三分之一

In other words,

換句話說

we cannot solve climate change

我們無法解決氣候變化

unless we also address the problems of food

除非我們同時解決 食物問題以及

alongside fossil fuels and energy.

化石燃料和能源的問題

So that's why we're here today,

所以 這就是為什麼我們今天來到這裡

to talk about why food and climate are so connected.

討論為什麼食物和氣候 如此相互關聯的原因

So we have a problem.

所以我們有一個問題

And that problem is getting bigger

而這個問題越來越大

because the emissions of food are rising.

因為食物的排放量正在增加

Even in countries like the United States,

即使在美國這樣的國家

where emissions of other greenhouse gases are going down,

其他溫室氣體的 排放量正在下降

in the US emissions, electricity are going down,

在美國的電力排放量 正在下降

in industry, they're going down.

在工業中 它們也正在下降

They're beginning to go down in buildings and transportation,

它們開始陷入 建築物和交通工具

but not in food.

但並不在食物中

They're still going up.

他們還在上升中

And that's true throughout the world.

這在世界各地都是真的

This is the most stubborn and difficult part of the whole climate puzzle.

這是整個氣候難題中 最顽固和最困難的部分

So we need to really take this seriously.

因此 我們需要真的認真對待這一點

So basically, we have a crisis in food and climate

因此基本上 我們在 食物和氣候方面遇到危機

because it's a huge emitter of greenhouse gases.

因為它是一個巨大的 溫室氣體排放量

It's getting worse.

情況越來越糟

And it's a problem where there's a lot of confusion

這是一個問題 這是一個很多混亂和

and kind of misinformation flowing around,

錯誤信息流動的問題

and we don't often know what to do.

我們經常不知道該怎麼做

So this is where we need a plan.

所以這就是我們需要計劃的地方

We need a science-based plan that helps us move forward

我們需要一個基於科學的 計劃 幫助我們向前

through the challenge of food and climate change.

邁進食品和氣候 變化的挑戰

Well, what's the first step of the plan?

那麼 計劃的第一步是什麼呢？

The first step of the plan, always, in climate change,

在氣候變化中 該計劃的第一步始終

is to cut the emissions.

是減少排放量

Always, whether it's electricity or industry or transportation.

永遠 無論是電力 還是工業 還是運輸

You always start by cutting the primary pollution.

你總是從減少 主要污染開始

Why?

為什麼？

Well, one analogy we often use is a bathtub.

好吧 我們經常使用的 一種類比是浴缸

If a bathtub is overflowing and pouring out into the floor

如果浴缸溢出 倒入地板

or damaging your house,

或損壞您的房子

what's the first thing you do?

那麼你第一件事是做什麼？

You turn off the faucet,

你關掉水龍頭

then you go look for the sponge to clean up the rest of the water.

然後去找海綿 來清理剩餘的水

So let's turn off the faucet of pollution

因此 讓我們關閉污染的水龍頭

and turn down these huge sources.

並關閉那些巨大的源頭

To do that, there are four key pillars we can follow to do it.

為此 我們可以遵循四個關鍵 支柱來做到這一點

The first is to be more efficient.

第一個是要提高效率

Just like insulating buildings or driving hybrid cars,

就像隔熱建築物 或駕駛混合動力汽車一樣

efficiency is a good place to start.

效率是一個好的起點

So within the food system, we have a lot of opportunities for efficiency,

因此 在食品系統中 我們有很多效率的機會

especially by cutting food waste and food loss.

尤其是通過減少 食物浪費和食物損失

And there's astonishing numbers here.

而且這裡有令人驚訝的數字

It turns out about 30 to 40 percent of all the food grown on Earth

事實證明 大約 30 到 40％ 在地球上種植的食物

is never eaten.

從未被食用

So that means that 30 to 40 percent of all the land and water

所以這意味著 種植食物

and greenhouse gases it took to grow food

所需的所有土地 水和 溫室氣體的 30％ 到 40%

weren't even necessary.

甚至是不必要的

So cutting food waste turns out to be a big lever in stopping climate change.

因此 減少食物浪費事實證明 是阻止氣候變化的重要槓桿

We also need to look at diets.

我們還需要考慮飲食

Now this one gets a little bit tricky and people don't like to talk about it,

現在這個問題變得有點 棘手 人們不喜歡談論它

but we're going to need to

但我們將需要這麼做

because it turns out some foods end up emitting

因為原來有些 食物最終排放比

a lot more greenhouse gases than others.

其他食物更多的溫室氣體

Just look at the top things on this list

只需看看 每磅食物的溫室氣體

of greenhouse gas emissions per pound of food.

排放清單中的頂級東西

What do they all have in common?

他們都有什麼共同點？

They're all animal products.

它們都是動物產品

And then look at beef at the top of the list.

然後看看列表 頂部的牛肉

It's literally off the chart.

這實際上是錯誤的

And it emits 100 pounds of greenhouse gases

它平均 每一磅牛肉

for one pound of beef on average.

排出 100 磅溫室氣體

Some of it is even more than that.

其中的一些甚至還不止於這一點

Now just stop and think about that for just one second.

現在只要停下來 思考一下

It turns out a pound of coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel there is,

事實證明一磅煤炭是 有史以來最髒的化石燃料

releases about four pounds of CO2,

釋放大約四磅的二氧化碳

but producing one pound of beef produces 100 pounds of greenhouse gas.

但生產一磅牛肉會 產生 100 磅溫室氣體

This makes beef the most climate-polluting substance

這使牛肉成為 你和我在生活中

you and I will normally encounter in our lives.

通常會遇到的 氣候污染物質

So this is kind of a big deal.

所以這是一個很大的事情

And that's one of the reasons among many,

這也是許多原因之一

that shifting diets towards more plant-rich options

將飲食轉向更多 植物豐富的選擇

is a good idea for climate.

是對氣候的好主意

Now, it doesn't mean everybody goes vegan tomorrow.

然而 這並不意味著明天每個人 都會轉型為素食主義者

Even small, targeted changes can make a big, big difference.

即使是小型、有針對性的 變更也可以產生巨大的差異

We also have to think about ways of protecting forests

我們還必須考慮 保護森林和其他

and other ecosystems from being cleared.

生態系統不被清除的方法

One of the things we have to be concerned about is commodity agriculture,

我們必須關注的 事項之一是商品農業

especially clearing forests for more beef, more soybeans,

尤其是清除森林 以獲得更多牛肉

which are used for animal feed, and palm oil.

更多用於動物飼料的 大豆和棕櫚油

Those are some of the biggest clearers of tropical rainforest,

那些是熱帶雨林中 最大的清水區之一

and we have to look for those all over the world.

我們必須在世界 各地尋找那些

And there are many ways we can stop deforestation

我們有很多方法 可以阻止森林破壞

and stop this clearing of forest.

並阻止這種森林的清除

We can work with Indigenous communities to protect their land into the future.

我們可以與原住民社區合作 在未來保護他們的土地

We can clean up global supply chains.

我們可以清理全球供應鏈

We can fix global carbon markets.

我們可以修復全球碳市場

Many, many things we can do here.

我們可以在這裡做很多事情

We also have to improve farming methods

我們還必須改善農業方法

so we don’t emit as much from the farmer’s field.

以免從農民的 田地排放太多

We can blend a lot of different techniques here,

我們可以在這裡融合 許多不同的技術

whether it borrows from organic agriculture or conventional

無論是從有機農業 還是傳統農業還是

or precision ag or whatever.

精密農業或任何其他產品

We can borrow lots of good ideas and find ways to reduce emissions.

我們可以借用很多好的想法 找到減少排放的方法

One of the things we'll have to do

我們必須做的一件事

is pay particular attention to fertilizers,

是特別 注意肥料

because they're a big, big polluter,

因為他們是一個很大的污染者

not only to the atmosphere but also to water.

不僅對大氣 而且對水也是

And some places in the world use way too much fertilizer,

世界上有些地方 使用過多肥料

more than the crops could ever actually use.

比農作物 實際使用的更多

And it turns out those areas shown in yellow

事實證明這些 以黃色顯示的區域

could dramatically lower their fertilizer use

可能會大幅降低 其肥料使用量

without affecting yields at all and improve emissions greatly.

而不會影響產量 並大大改善排放量

So there's some great opportunities here.

因此 這裡有一些很大的機會

And finally, we can fix the rest of the food system,

最後我們可以修復 其餘的食品系統

whether it's in transportation,

無論是運輸

refrigeration, packaging, cooking food, all of that.

製冷 包裝 烹飪 食物等等

And together, we have a whole system of solutions

我們共同擁有 整個解決方案系統

that improves efficiency,

可以提高效率

protect ecosystems from being cleared,

保護生態系統不被清除

improve the way we farm

改善我們的農業方式

and improve the rest of the food system.

以及改善其他食品系統

These are all put together as kind of an ensemble of solutions

這些都是將這些解決方案 整合在一起

and it works really, really well.

它的工作效果非常 真正非常好

Beyond cutting emissions,

除了減少排放外

we can also remove some carbon in the food system as well.

我們還可以去除 食品系統中的一些碳

But just like other sectors,

但就像其他行業一樣

we have to be a little bit careful about carbon removal.

我們必須在 去除碳方面要有點小心

It never takes the place of cutting emissions.

它永遠不能代替減排放

Why?

為什麼？

Well, in this case, because it starts off really, really small.

好吧 在這種情況下 因為它開始非常很小

All the carbon removal on land today

今天陸地上的所有碳

is less than a 10th of a percent in the ag system,

排放量在農業系統中 都不到百分之一

and we are emitting 22 percent.

而我們的排放 22％

So it's small.

所以它很小

Also, there's a limit to how much we can store in soils and vegetation

此外 我們可以存儲在 土壤和植被中的量

and how long we can store it.

以及我們可以存儲多久的時間也有限制

So we have to be careful there.

所以我們在那裡必須小心

And we also want to make sure

我們也希望確保

we never distract from the real job

我們從一開始就不會分散

of cutting emissions in the first place.

減少排放的真正工作的注意力

But nevertheless, we have some great opportunities to cut emissions

儘管如此 我們有一些 很大的機會來減少排放

and remove carbon and add these two new pillars.

和消除碳 並加入這兩個新支柱

For example, we can rewild old agricultural lands,

例如 我們可以重新 野生舊農地

bringing them back to nature,

將它們帶回自然

whether it's forests or prairies or coastal ecosystems,

無論是森林 草原 或沿海生態系統

or we can practice regenerative agriculture on our working lands

或者我們可以在 我們的工作土地上

and build up soil carbon and vegetation cover

進行再生農業 以儲存碳 並改善土壤健康

in ways that store carbon,

以真正改善

improve soil health,

水質的方式

and improve water quality in really great ways.

建立土壤碳 和植物覆蓋

So putting this all together,

所以把這一切整合起來

we have an enormous toolbox of solutions.

我們擁有一個龐大的解決方案工具箱

First, cutting emissions

首先 通過再生農業

and removing carbon through rewilding and regenerative agriculture.

和再造農業來減少 排放和去除碳

We have all these tools in this toolbox,

我們在這個工具箱中都有這些工具

and we should use them as a kind of combined effort,

我們應該將它們用作一種 合併的努力 作為工具箱

as a toolbox, as a portfolio.

作為一個投資組合

Because there's no silver-bullet solution

因為根本沒有一槍斃命的解決方案

to solving the food and climate dilemma at all.

來解決食品 和氣候困境

There just isn't one, I wish there was.

只是沒有一個 我希望有

But what we have to do is use this whole portfolio of solutions,

但是 我們必須使用 整個解決方案組合

have them work together and find a way forward.

讓它們一起作用 並找到未來的方法

So how are we going to move forward here?

那麼我們要如何在這裡前進？

Well, I think we actually have an incredible opportunity facing us today.

好吧 我認為今天我們實際上 面臨著一個令人難以置信的機會

While the food and climate crisis is an enormous challenge, of course,

雖然食物和氣候危機是 一個巨大的挑戰 但我當然

I also see it as an incredible opportunity.

也認為它是一個 令人難以置信的機會

And that opportunity is to build an entirely better food system.

而這個機會就是建立一個 完全更好的食品系統

We could have a food system that truly nourishes the world,

我們可以擁有一個真正 滋養世界的食品系統

today and into the future.

在今日和未來

We could have a food system that reduces pressure on nature

我們可以有一個食品系統 可以減少對大自然的壓力

and even help restore some of it.

甚至幫助恢復其中一些

And we could have a food system that actually stops climate change.

而且我們可以有一個實際 阻止氣候變化的食品系統

That's entirely possible and at our fingertips today.

這是完全可能的 今天就在我們的指尖上

And we could do all of this at the same time.

我們可以同時 做所有這些

And what's so beautiful today is this is already possible.

而今天如此美麗的 是這已經是可能的

None of this requires some new technology.

這些都不需要一些新技術

It requires us to change.

它要求我們改變

That's it.

就是這樣

And we just need to choose it.

我們只需要選擇它

But if we do, we can follow the science,

但如果我們這樣做 我們就可以跟隨科學

and we can collaborate across this whole range of solutions

並且我們可以在整個 解決方案中合作

and actually unlock a much better future.

實際上打開更美好的未來

Thank you very much.

非常感謝您的聆聽

(Applause)

（掌聲）