How to Live With Fire | Oral McGuire | TED

翻译人员: Xinyun Zheng 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

I'd like to acknowledge and pay my respect

我想向阿尼希纳贝民族

to the Anishinaabe Nation

及其三火理事会、

and its Council of Three Fires,

渥太华、奇珀瓦

the Ottawa, the Chippewa,

和波塔瓦托米人民

and the Potawatomi peoples.

致以感谢和敬意。

I am grateful to be here on your sacred ancestral lands.

我很感激来到你们神圣的祖传之地。

Do you see fire as friend or foe?

你认为火是朋友还是敌人？

In Australia, we have a growing issue around fire that challenges us

在澳大利亚，我们面临的火灾问题 日益严重，

every fire season.

每个火灾季节都会给我们带来挑战。

And because of our changing climate,

而且，由于我们不断变化的气候，

there are now other places in the world

现在世界上还有其他地方

that are confronted with this same challenge.

也面临着同样的挑战。

My story is about my personal and cultural relationship with fire.

我的故事是关于我与火的个人 和文化关系。

It has been a life-long relationship

这是一段终身的关系，

and as a Mangarda Balladong Nyungar,

作为一个来自来自澳大利亚西南角的

a person from the southwest corner of Australia,

Mangarda Balladong Nyungar，

I acknowledge fire not only as a friend

我承认火不仅是朋友，

but as a part of my being and my spirit.

也是我存在和精神的一部分。

However, I have also seen firsthand how big a threat fire is.

但是，我也亲眼目睹了 威胁之火的规模。

During the Black Summer of 2019 and 2020,

在2019年和2020年的黑色夏季，

the east coast of Australia burned like never before.

澳大利亚东海岸以 前所未有的方式被烧毁。

And the whole world saw.

全世界都看见了。

The smoke that was huge

巨大的烟雾

drifted across the southern Pacific Ocean

飘过南太平洋，

all the way to Chile and Argentina.

一直流向智利和阿根廷。

And there were glaciers in New Zealand

新西兰还有一些冰川由于同样的烟雾

that turned brown from that same smoke.

而变成了棕色。

Paradoxically, Australia needs fire.

矛盾的是，澳大利亚需要大火。

My people applied the right fire

几千年来，我的人民

diligently and expertly for millennia.

勤奋、专业地使用了正确的火力。

It shaped the evolution and the DNA

它塑造了进化以及

of the landscape and of nature itself.

地形和自然本身的 DNA 。

The elder in this shot

这张照片中的老人

gently reached down and lit the grass

轻轻地向下伸手点燃了

and the ground that we were standing on.

草地和我们站立的地面。

As the fire slowly trickled, he said to us,

当火势慢慢蔓延时，他对我们说：

"Go and stand near a tree and observe what you see."

“去站到一棵树旁边并 观察你所看到的。”

What we saw was amazing.

我们所看到的太神奇了。

There were all these various insects and critters clambering up the tree trunk,

所有这些不同的昆虫 和小动物爬上树干，

escaping the slow-moving fire.

逃离了缓慢移动的火势。

The elder then said to us,

然后长老对我们说：

"This is the best indication that our burn is the right fire."

“这是最好表明我们的燃烧 是正确的火的迹象。”

Fire has a sacredness when it is applied through our cultural lore.

当通过我们的文化传说应用火焰时， 它具有神圣性。

What manifests during the cultural burning

在文化焚烧过程中，

is a spiritual enlivening of nature,

体现的是大自然的精神活力，

where country is renewed and the spirit of the land is awakened.

国家焕然一新，土地精神被唤醒。

Kaarl-ngariny is our sacred practice of burning country.

Kaarl-ngariny 是我们烧毁祖国的神圣习俗。

Country, or ancestral lands, in my language is “Boodja.”

在我的语言中，国家或祖先的土地是 “Boodja”。

This is me applying kaarl-ngariny on my sacred lands,

这是我在我的圣地 Nyungar Boodja

Nyungar Boodja.

上使用 kaarl-ngariny。

Nyungar Boodja is 200,000 square kilometers in size.

Nyungar Boodja 的面积为 20 万平方公里。

This map shows the 14 language groups of my people,

这张地图显示了 我的人民的14个语言群体，

the Nyungar nation.

即纽加尔民族。

My language group is Ballardong.

我的语言群体是 Ballardong。

Boodja gives my people identity, connectedness and spirit.

Boodja 赋予我的人民身份、 联系和精神。

This is Aboriginal Australia.

这是澳大利亚原住民。

At the time of first contact,

在第一次接触时，

there were over 800 First Nations language groups

有 800 多个原住民语言群体

and 250 distinctly Indigenous nations.

和 250 个独特的土著民族。

Pre-colonization and for 65,000 years,

殖民前和 6 万 5 千年来，

our lands were managed by cycles of creation

我们的土地都是

through our First Law ways.

通过我们的第一定律的创造周期来管理的。

However, since 1788, Boodja has been suffering

但是，自 1788 年以来， Boodja 一直

from the introduced destructive cycles of colonialism,

遭受殖民主义、发展主义、

developmentalism,

资本主义和工业化等

capitalism and industrialization.

引入的破坏性循环之苦。

These have all contributed significantly to climate change on my Boodja.

这些都对我的 Boodja 上的 气候变化做出了重大贡献。

Part of my relationship with fire

我与火的关系中的一部分

included me having an 18-year-long career

包括我在珀斯长达18年

as a professional firefighter in Perth.

作为消防员职业生涯。

It is here that I learned a deep respect for the destructive force of fire

正是在这里，我学到了 对火的破坏力

and its awesome power.

及其强大力量的深切敬意。

Since fire was considered our enemy,

由于火被视为我们的敌人，

as fierys, we were trained to control it.

就像火焰一样，我们受训练来控制它。

So we learned about fire behavior and fire management.

因此，我们了解了起火原理 和火灾管理。

I would have attended over 2,000 bush fires

我本会参与到 2,000

many of which resulted from controlled burns getting out of control

多场丛林大火救援， 其中许多是受控火情失控

and becoming wildfires.

变成野火造成的。

As a professional firefighter,

作为一名专业消防员，

I learned that our mission is to protect property and save life.

我了解到我们的使命 是保护财产和拯救生命。

But as First Nations and traditional custodians of our lands,

但是，作为原住民 和我们土地的传统守护者，

our two key principles for applying the right fire

我们正确使用火力的两个关键原则

is to put Boodja first

是将 Boodja 放在首位

and to keep nature balanced.

和保持自然平衡。

We cannot keep countries safe by burning everything indiscriminately

我们无法通过 不分青红皂白地烧毁所有东西

to the ground.

来保护国家的安全。

The ground is sacred, and we must protect and preserve it.

这片土地是神圣的， 我们必须保护和维护它。

This is the result of a controlled or prescribed burn.

这是受控或人工防火的结果。

It was carried out by DBCA,

它由西澳大利亚

an agency in Western Australia that manages parks and wildlife.

一家管理公园和野生动物的机构 DBCA 实施。

This type of burning occur

这种燃烧发生在

when incendiary devices are dropped from aircraft

飞机上投下燃烧装置 ，

in order to take out as much bushland as possible

以便在最短的时间内摧毁

in the shortest amount of time.

尽可能多的丛林时。

This burning is destructive to nature and to Boodja.

这种燃烧 对自然和 Boodja 都具有破坏性。

The burn marks on this jarrah tree,

这棵贾拉（jarrah）树是我们 非常神圣的物种之一

one of our very sacred species, is 10 foot high.

上面的烧伤痕迹高达10英尺。

This is not consistent with our cultural lore

这与我们的文化传说

and standards for applying fire.

和用火标准不一致。

The dark charring indicate the intensity of the heat

深色的烧焦表示高温

and the height of the flames.

的强度和火焰的高度。

You can see that this landscape is devastated from this controlled burn.

你可以看到，这种受控的烧毁 摧毁了这片景观。

I remember a Nyungar elder in my community

我记得我的社区里有一位 Nyungar 长老

once very angrily referred to this type of burning

曾经非常愤怒地将这种焚烧

and the people that carry it out as “legal arsonists.”

和进行烧毁的人称为 “合法纵火犯”。

Right across Australia, and in many parts of the world,

在澳大利亚乃至世界许多地方，

the very real impact of climate change and wildfires

气候变化和野火的真实影响

are destroying nature in many ways.

正在以多种方式摧毁自然。

We must today provide care for Mother Earth like never before.

今天，我们必须以前所未 有的方式为地球母亲提供关爱。

As Nyungar people, our fight to stay connected to our sacred lands

作为 Nyungar 人， 我们与神圣土地保持联系的斗争

取决于我们修行

is dependent on our ability and freedom to practice kaarl-ngariny.

kaarl-ngariny 的能力和自由 。

Kaarl-ngariny requires us to be able to read country,

Kaarl-ngariny 要求我们 能够读懂乡村，

keeping Boodja healthy keeps us healthy.

保持 Boodja 的健康可以让我们保持健康。

This is kaarl-ngariny, the right fire, as it is applied in Queensland,

这是正确的火种 kaarl-ngariny，

northern Australia.

它适用于澳大利亚北部的昆士兰州。

This is what a healthy, clean burn looks like.

这就是健康、 干净的烧伤的样子。

When we burn the right way,

当我们以正确的方法烧毁时，

we know country will regenerate in balance.

我们知道国家将恢复平衡。

The balanced health is dependent on how and when fire is applied.

生命值的平衡 取决于开火的方式和时间。

Remember the right fire at the right time,

记住，在正确的时间

in the right place.

和正确的地点放火。

Cultural burns are different across differing ecological regions.

不同生态区域的文化烧伤是不同的。

This is a cool burn in Victoria, in southeastern Australia.

在澳大利亚东南部的维多利亚州， 这是一场很酷的烧伤。

The principles of how, why and when to burn

在所有地区和所有原住民群体中， 如何、为什么

remain consistent across all regions

和何时烧毁的原则

and amongst all First Nations groups.

仍然是一致的。

Fire is medicine for country.

火是国家的良药。

It heals the land and it cleanses it,

它治愈了这片土地，净化了这片土地，

and it renews the spirit of Boodja.

它重振了Boodja的精神。

In 2008, my family took possession of 2,100 acres

2008 年，我的家人获得了 位于西澳大利亚州小麦带地区

in our ancestral lands

祖传的 2,100 英亩

in the wheatbelt region of western Australia.

土地的所有权。

This country had been badly overcleared,

这个国家严重过度清理、

overgrazed, overfertilized and overcropped.

过度放牧、过度施肥和过度耕作。

Our vision, which we saw as our responsibility,

我们的愿景

was to heal this land.

是治愈这片土地，我们认为 这是我们的责任。

So we set out to plant native endemic species of plants

因此，我们着手种植本地 特有植物，

which in turn attracted all sorts of other native birds, animals,

这反过来又吸引了各种 其他本地鸟类、动物、

flowers and grasses to also return.

花卉和草的回归。

My brothers and I and our children have been practicing kaarl-ngariny

我和我的兄弟以及我们的孩子

on this Boodja now for 15 years.

在这片 Boodja上练习 kaarl-ngariny 已有 15 年了。

This is the same photo seven years later.

这是七年后的同一张照片。

Today, the trees in the foreground are so large,

如今，前景中的树木非常大，

they restrict the view of this landscape.

它们限制了这种景观的视野。

The right fire at the right time is very good for our environment.

在正确的时间正确开火对我们的环境 非常有益。

It's very good for Boodja and it's very good for us.

这对 Boodja 非常有好处， 对我们也非常有好处。

This is it today.

就像是如今看到的这样。

A big part of what helped us achieve our goal,

帮助我们实现目标， 即漫长的目标，很大一部分

our patient ambition,

归公于将 kaarl-ngariny 应用于

was the application of kaarl-ngariny across our landscape.

我们的整个地区。

Kaarl-ngariny is an important element

Kaarl-ngariny 是我们的原住民再生土地

of our First Nations regenerative land management model.

管理模式的重要组成部分。

This regenerative land management model

这种再生土地管理模式

is a contemporary version of our traditional practice

是我们关爱国家的传统做法

of caring for country.

的当代版本。

Seeing country in a holistic sense

从整体角度看待国家，

and understanding how it is a part of us

理解它如何成为我们的一部分

and we are a part of it

以及我们是其中的一部分，

is important in the practice of caring for country.

对于关爱国家的实践非常重要。

Fire management in Australia is critical to the biodiverse

澳大利亚的火灾管理 对我们土地的生物多样性

and ecological health of our land.

和生态健康至关重要。

When ecological health is poor or nonexistent,

当生态健康状况不佳或不存在时，

biodiversity and spirit is also poor or nonexistent.

生物多样性和精神也会 很差或根本不存在。

Therefore, to heal the spirit of our lands,

因此，为了治愈我们土地的精神，

we must protect,

我们必须保护、

conserve and regenerate the biodiversity and ecology of Boodja everywhere.

储存和再生世界各地 Boodja 的 生物多样性和生态系统。

Fire can be either a very important ally

在正确的时间、正确的地点

or a massively destructive threat,

管理和使用正确的火，

if we don't commit to manage and apply the right fire

火可以成为非常重要的盟友，

at the right time in the right place.

反之，火则是破坏性的威胁。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）