Can AI Catch Criminals at Sea? | Dyhia Belhabib | TED

翻译人员: Amelie Chen Qu 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

I am a scientist, and for a living,

我是一名科学家，为了谋生，

I snitch on, profile and investigate ocean crime and its behavior,

我偷偷摸摸、分析和调查 海洋犯罪及其行为，

which for someone who A, cannot swim --

首先对于一个不会游泳的人来说，

I sink like a needle,

我像针一样沉没，

(Laughter)

（笑声）

and B, was born in a small landlocked Algerian village,

其次作为一个出生在阿尔及利亚一个 内陆小村庄的人来说，

seems unlikely.

似乎不太可能。

Yet here I was, a few years ago in the port of Dakar in Senegal,

然而，几年前的我正在 塞内加尔的达喀尔港

to investigate a Spanish-owned vessel

调查一艘西班牙人拥有的

under the name The Asian Warrior.

名为“亚洲勇士”的船只。

The vessel was on Interpol's radar for illegal fishing

该船因非法捕鱼而 受到国际刑警组织的监视，

and had escaped Thai custody

under the very Spanish name: THAICHAN.

并以一个非常西班牙的名字 逃脱了泰国的拘押：THAICHAN。

The vessel was docked parallel to three other large ships

这艘船与另外三艘大型船平行停靠， 我需要穿过它们才能登上这艘船。

that I needed to cross to board it.

But on the first ship, I already noticed three crewmen

但是在第一艘船上， 我已经注意到三名船员

sitting on the floor, eating nothing but rice.

坐在地板上，只吃大米。

Behind them, their sleeping chamber with cardboard in lieu of mattresses,

在他们身后，他们的寝室 用纸板代替床垫，

no blankets, and with a ceiling about as high as a bunch.

没有毯子， 天花板差不多和几张床一样高。

I could see lots of rust

四处都可以看到灰色的水里 堆积着铁锈和死鱼。

and dead fish piled up in gray water everywhere.

I have spent time on ships.

我在船上度过了一段时间。

It gets cold at night,

晚上会变冷，

and if you don't have proper sleep,

如果你没有适当的睡眠、

nutrition and clean water, you will not make it.

营养和干净的水，你就活不下去。

What I was seeing there were indicators of a crime

在那里，我看到的是一种犯罪的迹象，

we call modern-day slavery or forced labor.

我们称之为“现代奴隶制”或“强迫劳动”。

Over the years,

这些年来，

I've counted nearly 50 different types of ocean crimes like this one,

我统计了将近 50 种不同类型的 海洋犯罪，包括酒后航行、

ranging from drunk driving or navigating

to illegal fishing,

非法捕鱼、

drug trafficking, wildlife smuggling,

毒品贩运、野生动物走私、

terrorism and murder.

恐怖主义和谋杀。

And most of these crimes happen out of sight of any authorities.

而且这些罪行大多是在 任何监管看不见的情况下发生的。

You can literally take a selfie of yourself

你可以肆无忌惮地拍张自己在公海

shooting someone in the high seas without any fear.

开枪射击某人的自拍照。

This is a photo that I took from a video,

这是我从一段视频中截取的照片，

a widely circulated video,

这是一段广为流传的视频，

that was showing people swimming in the ocean,

该视频显示人们在海里游泳，

being shot at from a boat while trying to escape.

在试图逃跑时遭到船上的枪击。

The only reason we know of its existence

我们知道它存在的唯一原因

is because the owner of the phone who took the selfie

是因为拍摄自拍照的手机的所有者

forgot it in a cab in Fiji,

把它落在了斐济的出租车上，

and the cab driver gave it to the authorities.

然后出租车司机把它交给了当局。

Oceans cover two thirds of the planet's surface.

海洋覆盖了地球表面的三分之二。

There are nearly 4.6 million vessels out there, and of that,

那里有将近 460 万艘船只 ，其中，

we only have visibility into the activity of about two percent.

我们只能看到大约 2％ 的活动。

This lack of visibility is exploited by criminals

这种缺乏透明度的情况被犯罪分子利用，

and provides perfect cover for their illicit operations.

为他们的非法活动提供了完美的掩护。

These unseen activities, in turn,

反过来， 这些看不见的活动对我们自己的后院，

have huge impacts on what happens in our own backyards, on land.

也就是陆地上发生的事情 产生了巨大影响。

In Vancouver, where I live,

在我居住的温哥华， 来自海上贩毒的洗钱

money laundering from maritime drug trafficking

has contributed immensely to increasing the cost of real estate.

极大地增加了房地产成本。

How?

如何做到的？

It's quite simple.

这很简单。

Here's a recipe.

是这么做的。

Gains from drug trafficking have to be laundered somehow

毒品贩运的收益必须通过某种方式进行洗钱

to be injected into legit markets.

才能注入合法市场。

And one of the best ways of doing that is buying real estate

而做到这一点的最好方法之一 就是购买房地产

and inflating the price.

并抬高价格。

That's what the Chinese triads have done in the city,

这就是中国三合会 在这座城市所做的事情，

by injecting over four billion dollars into our real estate.

向我们的房地产 注入了超过 40 亿美元。

But it's also happening in other places like Missouri and Kansas,

但这种情况也发生在 密苏里州和堪萨斯州等其他地方，

and places known for their luxurious lifestyle, such as Dubai.

以及以奢华生活方式闻名的地方， 例如迪拜。

And it's not just real estate.

而且不仅仅是房地产。

Take the drug crisis in the United States, here in our own backyards here,

以美国的毒品危机为例， 在我们自己的后院，

where drug overdose is the number one cause of youth death,

吸毒过量是年轻人死亡的头号原因，

beating cancer and gun violence.

超过了癌症和枪支暴力。

In fact, illicit drug users in the United States

实际上，美国的非法药物使用者 在非法药物上

spent 150 billion dollars on illicit drugs.

花费了 1500 亿美元。

Drugs enter the country by land, by air and by sea.

毒品通过陆路、 空运和海路进入该国。

Over 9.2 million shipping containers filled with narcotics

每年仍有超过 920 万个 装满毒品的集装箱

still reach American coast, beaches and ports

到达美国海岸、海滩和港口。

every single year.

From Mexico, yes,

是的，来自墨西哥，

but also from other places in the world far away,

但也来自世界其他遥远的地方，

like Myanmar in Southeast Asia and even Afghanistan.

例如东南亚的缅甸甚至阿富汗。

Current efforts like random patrolling

当前的举措，例如随机巡逻

or the opportunistic use of human intelligence

或偶尔使用人类智能， 对阻止毒品的泛滥无济于事。

do little to stop the flood of narcotics.

We still use these outdated policing techniques --

我们仍在使用这些过时的执法手段，

no, it's not CSI -- and basic enforcement models,

不，这不是CSI， 只是基本的执法模式，

while criminals are the ones who are actually using CSI.

但实际使用CSI的是罪犯。

They are adept in using technology to always be ahead.

他们善于使用技术来始终保持领先地位。

The Spanish mafia uses autonomous submarines

西班牙黑手党使用自动潜艇

to provide logistical support to drug traffickers.

为毒贩提供后勤支持。

Embargo-violating fuel smugglers in the Indian Ocean

印度洋违反禁运的燃料走私者

will use sat phones to communicate their whereabouts to their clients.

使用卫星电话将他们的下落告知客户。

Pirates.

海盗。

It's quite ironic, because when I say I'm a crime fighter,

这很具有讽刺意味， 因为当我说我是犯罪斗士时，

they say, "Do you chase pirates?"

他们会说：“你在抓海盗吗？”

Actually, pirates use satellite systems to detect vessels,

海盗使用卫星系统来探测船只，

chase them down and capture them for ransom.

追捕船只 并扣押它们以勒索赎金。

Intercepting drugs on transit before they can even reach our shores

在毒品到达我们的海岸之前 截获过境毒品，

could help curtail the health crisis in the US

可能有助于缓解美国的健康危机，

and allow me to maybe one day, hopefully,

希望有一天我能在温哥华买房。

buy a house in Vancouver.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And in order to do that,

为了做到这一点，

we need to transition from reactive to proactive enforcement.

我们需要从被动执法过渡到主动执法。

For example, we can create a criminal record for vessels,

例如，我们可以为船只、

their owners, their operators.

船主和运营商创建犯罪记录。

Yes, we still don't have that.

是的，我们还没有。

And strategize enforcement based on that intel.

并根据这些情报制定执法策略。

So my business partner Sogol and I, created Hava,

因此，我和我的商业伙伴 索戈尔（Sogol）创建了Hava，

a powerful artificial intelligence investigator

一个强大的人工智能调查员。

that uses 650,000 keyword combinations

它使用世界上 23 种最常用的语言中的

in the 23 most spoken languages in the world

65 万个关键词组合

to do one single thing:

来做一件事：

bust these criminals.

逮捕这些罪犯。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The program first looks for crimes online in all available databases,

该计划首先 在所有可用数据库中在线查找犯罪，

ranging from simple press releases by coast guards to Interpol notices,

从海岸警卫队的简单新闻稿 到国际刑警组织的通知，

figures out who's involved,

找出谁参与其中，

identifies their location, ship routes, identities

确定他们的位置，船只路线，身份

and criminal networks.

和犯罪网络。

To build the system or the tech,

为了构建系统或技术，

we spoke to ethicists to reduce bias.

我们与伦理学家进行了交谈，以减少偏见。

We consulted with law enforcement to understand the gaps.

我们咨询了执法部门以了解缺口。

We even, I was going to say partnered,

我们甚至……差点说“合作”，

we spoke to criminals to --

我们与罪犯“交谈”——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Learn how they can get away with crime.

了解他们如何逃脱犯罪。

If I wanted to be a criminal, I would be a really great one now.

如果我想成为罪犯， 我现在会是一个非常棒的人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The whole idea is to adopt a vessel of concern approach.

整个想法在于关注船只。

It means we see it when a dangerous,

这意味着当一艘危险的、

potentially criminal vessel is entering our waters,

可能犯罪的船只进入我们的水域时，

or when a shady company wants to do business with us.

或者当一家暗地不正当的公司 想与我们做生意时，我们就会看到这一点。

Right now we can see some of these ships,

现在我们可以看到其中一些船，

what they're doing, where they're going.

它们在做什么，它们要去哪里。

But we don't know what's happening on these ships

但是我们不知道这些船上发生了什么，

or what they may be up to,

也不知道它们可能在做什么，

much like profiling a known person of interest --

就像为一名嫌疑犯画像，

now that's CSI --

现在才是CSI——

or knowing when a dangerous,

或者知道危险的、

potentially and repeat sex offender is back in town.

潜在的和重复的性犯罪者何时回来。

Hava gives us the ability to see, on a map, high-risk ships,

Hava使我们能够 在地图上看到高风险船只

even when they look innocent on the surface.

即使它们表面看起来很无害。

Using this approach in 2022,

2022 年，通过这种方法，

Madagascar refused fishing licenses to Chinese vessels with a criminal record.

马达加斯加拒绝向有犯罪记录的 中国船只发放捕鱼许可证。

A number of Spanish companies are now in murky waters,

此后，许多西班牙公司 现在正在“浑水摸鱼”，

no pun intended,

我没想说双关语， 他们的非法捕鱼和劳工违法行为，

after their illegal fishing activities and labor offenses

were uncovered earlier this year in Senegal.

今年早些时候在塞内加尔被发现。

Hava also gives us information on networks

Hava还向我们提供了以前没有的

or criminal networks who did not have before.

人际网络或犯罪网络的信息。

And boy, we need them.

我们需要他们。

Take the vessel Fu Yuan Yu 831,

以“福远渔 831”为例，

which was caught in Indonesia on multiple charges

该船因多项指控在印度尼西亚被捕，

and was flying multiple flags.

悬挂多面旗帜。

The owner of the vessel, who was a Chinese elected congressman,

这艘船的所有者是政府代表，

did his best to cover his involvement

他竭尽全力掩盖自己的参与，

by creating a very complicated ownership network for the vessel.

为该船建立了一个 非常复杂的所有权网络。

The Fu Yuan Yu 831, which came all the way from China,

一路从中国过来的“福远渔 831”

was apparently owned by a shell company based in Timor-Leste,

显然归一家总部设在东帝汶的 空壳公司所有，

which in turn was partly owned by a Chinese state-owned company.

而空壳公司又 由一家中国国有公司部分拥有。

And that's when that congressman comes into play.

那就是那位政府代表发挥作用的时候。

Convoluted, right?

错综复杂，对吧？

But it's very common to use complicated networks to get away with crimes.

但是，使用复杂的网络逃脱犯罪 是很常见的。

We have been navigating solutions to maritime crimes for decades now,

几十年来， 我们一直在寻找海上犯罪的解决方案，

and they tend to be one-size-fits-all.

而且它们往往是一刀切的。

Stop eating fish to save the ocean.

停止吃鱼，拯救海洋。

Send more boats at sea to stop the flow of migrations.

向海上派出更多船只，阻止迁徙流动。

Close down the borders and build walls to reduce drug trafficking.

关闭边境，建墙，减少毒品贩运。

Yeah, they won't work.

是的，它们不起作用。

In fact,

实际上，在过去十年中， 非法捕鱼和毒品贩运等

maritime crimes such as illegal fishing and drug trafficking

have tripled in the past 10 years.

海上犯罪增加了两倍。

Over the 15 years that I've been doing this work

在过去 15 年里

我与机构、渔民、 罪犯和其他许多人合作中，

with agencies, fishermen, criminals and many others,

technology helps to tackle crime to save time, save money,

技术有助于打击犯罪， 从而节省时间、省钱，

but also share knowledge and build bridges

还可以分享知识、建立桥梁，

to achieve the common goal of protecting our oceans,

实现保护我们的海洋、

our youth and our backyards.

青年和后院的共同目标。

But it only ever worked when people were fully involved in the process.

但是，只有当人们充分参与这一过程时， 它才会奏效。

Technology is powerful,

技术固然强大，

but it lacks the nuanced understanding,

但它缺乏我们个人大脑中 储存的细致入微的理解、

knowledge and networks stored in our individual human minds.

知识和网络。

In the case of the investigation on the Spanish companies

在对在塞内加尔

运营的西班牙公司的调查中，

operating in Senegal,

technology showed us where the vessels were,

技术向我们显示了这些船只在哪里，

at what speed they were operating,

它们的运行速度如何，

their identities.

它们的身份。

But we still needed to talk to fishermen

但是，我们仍然需要与渔民交谈，

to understand the unspoken political context

以了解不言而喻的政治背景，

in order for us to make sense of that.

这样我们才能理解这一点。

Technology needs us to fill the gaps and to limit misrepresentations and bias.

技术需要我们填补空白、 限制虚假陈述和偏见。

In Thailand, interviews revealed that 25 percent,

在泰国，访谈显示 所有捕鱼劳工中有 25％，

that's a quarter,

即四分之一，

of all fishing laborers were worked between 17 to 24 hours a day, nonstop.

每天不间断地工作 17 至 24 小时。

So when we catch an illegal fishing vessel or when we see it,

因此，当我们抓到一艘非法 渔船或看到它时，

and we are about to criminalize the crew and arrest them,

我们即将将船员定为犯罪 并逮捕他们时，

we always need to remember

我们始终需要

that they may be in a situation of human trafficking

记住他们可能处于贩卖人口

or forced labor.

或强迫劳动的境地。

We always need a human approach

我们始终需要人性化的方法

to complement the technology to target the right criminals.

辅助技术锁定真正罪犯。

Because what we see does not tell the whole story.

因为我们所看到的 并不能说明全部情况。

To meaningfully detect crime and stop it,

为了有意义地侦查和制止犯罪，

human creativity and technological progress

人类创造力和技术进步

have to always go hand in hand.

必须始终齐头并进。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）