Can AI Catch Criminals at Sea? | Dyhia Belhabib | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

I am a scientist, and for a living,

我是科學家，

我謀生的工作是揭發、

I snitch on, profile and investigate ocean crime and its behavior,

剖析，和調查海上犯罪及其行為，

which for someone who A, cannot swim --

這種工作對於像我這樣 （A）不會游泳——

I sink like a needle,

我會像針一樣沉下去，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

and B, was born in a small landlocked Algerian village,

（B）出生在阿爾吉利亞內陸 小村莊的人，似乎是天方夜譚。

seems unlikely.

Yet here I was, a few years ago in the port of Dakar in Senegal,

然而，我就走到這一步了，幾年前，

我到塞內加爾的達喀爾港口調查

to investigate a Spanish-owned vessel

一艘屬於西班牙的船隻，

under the name The Asian Warrior.

它用的名稱是「亞洲戰士」。

The vessel was on Interpol's radar for illegal fishing

國際刑警會注意到它 是因為它非法捕撈

and had escaped Thai custody

且曾用「THAICHAN」這個非常 西班牙風的名字逃離了泰國的監管。

under the very Spanish name: THAICHAN.

The vessel was docked parallel to three other large ships

這艘船和另外三艘大船並排靠港， 我得穿過這些大船才能登上它。

that I needed to cross to board it.

But on the first ship, I already noticed three crewmen

但在第一艘船上， 我已經注意到三名船員

sitting on the floor, eating nothing but rice.

坐在地板上，只吃米飯。

Behind them, their sleeping chamber with cardboard in lieu of mattresses,

他們的寢室在他們身後，

他們用紙板代替床墊，

no blankets, and with a ceiling about as high as a bunch.

沒有被子，

天花板大概和長凳一樣高。

I could see lots of rust

我可以看到處都有生鏽 和堆積在灰水中的死魚。

and dead fish piled up in gray water everywhere.

I have spent time on ships.

我曾經在船上待過。

It gets cold at night,

晚上會變冷，

and if you don't have proper sleep,

如果你沒有睡好、 缺乏營養和乾淨的水，

nutrition and clean water, you will not make it.

你是撐不過去的。

我在那裡看到的徵象表示有犯罪 發生，所謂的現代奴隸制，

What I was seeing there were indicators of a crime

we call modern-day slavery or forced labor.

或強迫勞動。

Over the years,

多年來，我已經可以算出

I've counted nearly 50 different types of ocean crimes like this one,

近五十種像這樣的海上犯罪，

ranging from drunk driving or navigating

從酒醉駕駛或駕船

to illegal fishing,

到非法捕撈、

運毒、野生動物走私、

drug trafficking, wildlife smuggling,

terrorism and murder.

恐怖主義，和謀殺。

And most of these crimes happen out of sight of any authorities.

這些犯罪大部分都發生在 當局看不見的地方。

You can literally take a selfie of yourself

你真的可以自拍你自己

shooting someone in the high seas without any fear.

在公海開槍殺人，完全不用怕。

This is a photo that I took from a video,

這張照片是我翻拍自

a widely circulated video,

一支廣為流傳的影片，

that was showing people swimming in the ocean,

影片中的人在海中游泳，

being shot at from a boat while trying to escape.

他們試圖逃離時， 船上有人朝他們開槍。

The only reason we know of its existence

我們會知道它的存在，唯一的原因

is because the owner of the phone who took the selfie

是因為拍下自拍的手機主人

forgot it in a cab in Fiji,

把手機掉在斐濟的計程車上，

and the cab driver gave it to the authorities.

而計程車駕駛把它交給當局。

Oceans cover two thirds of the planet's surface.

地球表面有三分之二是海洋。

There are nearly 4.6 million vessels out there, and of that,

海上有近四百六十萬艘船，

而我們只能看到其中 2% 的船隻的活動。

we only have visibility into the activity of about two percent.

This lack of visibility is exploited by criminals

這種能見度不足的現象被罪犯利用，

and provides perfect cover for their illicit operations.

為他們的非法活動提供完美的掩護。

These unseen activities, in turn,

這些看不見的活動 反過來卻大大影響到

have huge impacts on what happens in our own backyards, on land.

我們自己的後院， 陸地上，所發生的事情。

In Vancouver, where I live,

在我居住的溫哥華，

money laundering from maritime drug trafficking

海上運毒的洗錢活動

has contributed immensely to increasing the cost of real estate.

是房地產成本增加的主要原因。

How?

怎麼造成的？很簡單。

It's quite simple.

方法如下。

Here's a recipe.

Gains from drug trafficking have to be laundered somehow

運毒所得的收益 必須通過某種洗錢方式

to be injected into legit markets.

才能注入合法市場。

And one of the best ways of doing that is buying real estate

而最好的洗錢方法之一 就是購買房地產

and inflating the price.

並操縱價格。

That's what the Chinese triads have done in the city,

在溫哥華，中國三合會就是 用這招將四十億美金注入

by injecting over four billion dollars into our real estate.

我們的房地產市場。

But it's also happening in other places like Missouri and Kansas,

但這情況也會發生在其他地方， 如密蘇里州、堪薩斯州，

and places known for their luxurious lifestyle, such as Dubai.

以及以奢華生活方式 聞名的地方，例如杜拜。

And it's not just real estate.

且不僅僅是房地產。

Take the drug crisis in the United States, here in our own backyards here,

以美國的藥物危機為例， 就在我們自己的後院，

where drug overdose is the number one cause of youth death,

藥物過量是青少年死因的第一名，

beating cancer and gun violence.

排名超越癌症和槍枝暴力。

In fact, illicit drug users in the United States

事實上，在美國，非法藥物使用者

spent 150 billion dollars on illicit drugs.

花了一千五百億美元在非法藥物上。

Drugs enter the country by land, by air and by sea.

藥物靠陸運、空運， 和海運進入美國。

Over 9.2 million shipping containers filled with narcotics

每年仍有超過九百二十萬個 裝滿毒品的貨櫃

still reach American coast, beaches and ports

抵達美國海岸、海灘，和港口。

every single year.

From Mexico, yes,

來自墨西哥，是的，

but also from other places in the world far away,

但也有來自世界上 其他很遙遠的地方，

like Myanmar in Southeast Asia and even Afghanistan.

比如東南亞的緬甸，

甚至阿富汗。

Current efforts like random patrolling

當前所做的努力，如隨機巡邏 或伺機使用人類智慧，

or the opportunistic use of human intelligence

do little to stop the flood of narcotics.

很難阻擋大量的毒品進入。

We still use these outdated policing techniques --

我們仍在使用這些過時的 維安技術——不，這不是 CSI——

no, it's not CSI -- and basic enforcement models,

和基本的執法模型，

while criminals are the ones who are actually using CSI.

真正在用 CSI 的反而是罪犯。

They are adept in using technology to always be ahead.

他們擅長使用技術來永遠保持領先。

The Spanish mafia uses autonomous submarines

西班牙黑手黨用自主潛艇

to provide logistical support to drug traffickers.

提供後勤支援給毒品走私者。

Embargo-violating fuel smugglers in the Indian Ocean

在印度洋，違反禁運的 燃料走私者會用衛星電話

will use sat phones to communicate their whereabouts to their clients.

告知客戶他們的所在地。

Pirates.

海盜，這很諷刺，因為當我說

It's quite ironic, because when I say I'm a crime fighter,

我打擊犯罪時，別人會說： 「你追捕海盜嗎？」

they say, "Do you chase pirates?"

Actually, pirates use satellite systems to detect vessels,

其實，海盜會用 衛星系統來偵測船隻，

chase them down and capture them for ransom.

追捕它們以索求贖金。

Intercepting drugs on transit before they can even reach our shores

在運輸途中攔截藥物， 不讓它們抵達我們的沿岸，

could help curtail the health crisis in the US

能協助減輕美國的健康危機，

and allow me to maybe one day, hopefully,

並且，希望有一天，能讓我

buy a house in Vancouver.

在溫哥華買房子。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And in order to do that,

為此，我們需要從被動執法轉為

we need to transition from reactive to proactive enforcement.

主動執法。

For example, we can create a criminal record for vessels,

比如，

我們可以建立犯罪記錄，記載 船隻、船隻所有人、船隻經營者。

their owners, their operators.

Yes, we still don't have that.

對，我們仍沒有這種記錄。

And strategize enforcement based on that intel.

並根據那些情資來進行 策略性的執法。

So my business partner Sogol and I, created Hava,

因此，我和我的商業合作夥伴 索戈爾創立了Hava，

a powerful artificial intelligence investigator

它是個強大的人工智慧調查工具，

that uses 650,000 keyword combinations

它使用到六十五萬個關鍵字組合，

in the 23 most spoken languages in the world

來自世界上最常使用的 二十三種語言，

to do one single thing:

旨在做一件事：

bust these criminals.

逮到這些罪犯。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

The program first looks for crimes online in all available databases,

這個程式首先會在線上找出犯罪，

會清查所有可得的資料庫， 從海岸巡防隊的簡單

ranging from simple press releases by coast guards to Interpol notices,

新聞稿到國際刑警組織的通報，

figures out who's involved,

查出涉案的人，

identifies their location, ship routes, identities

找出他們的所在、船隻航線、身份，

and criminal networks.

和犯罪網路。

To build the system or the tech,

為了建造這個系統，或說是技術，

we spoke to ethicists to reduce bias.

我們與倫理學家談過，以減少偏見。

We consulted with law enforcement to understand the gaps.

我們諮詢過執法機關以了解落差。

We even, I was going to say partnered,

我們甚至，我本來要說聯合，

we spoke to criminals to --

我們和犯罪談過，以——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Learn how they can get away with crime.

了解他們如何犯罪後逍遙法外。

If I wanted to be a criminal, I would be a really great one now.

如果我想犯罪，我現在 會是很棒的罪犯。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

整體的概念是採用 「關注船隻」的方法。

The whole idea is to adopt a vessel of concern approach.

It means we see it when a dangerous,

也就是說，我們能發現有 一艘危險且可能有犯罪的船隻

potentially criminal vessel is entering our waters,

進入我們的水域，或一家可疑的公司

or when a shady company wants to do business with us.

想跟我們做生意。

Right now we can see some of these ships,

現在我們可以看到一些這類船隻，

what they're doing, where they're going.

它們在做什麼、它們要去哪裡。

But we don't know what's happening on these ships

但我們不知道這些船隻 在做什麼或它們有何盤算，

or what they may be up to,

much like profiling a known person of interest --

很像是對已知的利益相關人士 進行側寫——那就是 CSI——

now that's CSI --

or knowing when a dangerous,

或者能知道何時有 可能很危險且會再犯的

potentially and repeat sex offender is back in town.

性犯罪者回到鎮上。

Hava gives us the ability to see, on a map, high-risk ships,

Hava 讓我們能夠在地圖上 看到高風險的船隻，

even when they look innocent on the surface.

甚至包括表面上看起來無辜的那些。

Using this approach in 2022,

2022 年，馬達加斯加 用這種方法來拒絕

Madagascar refused fishing licenses to Chinese vessels with a criminal record.

有犯罪記錄的中國船隻 申請捕魚許可證。

A number of Spanish companies are now in murky waters,

現在有許多西班牙公司陷入渾水中，

no pun intended,

沒有雙關的意思，

after their illegal fishing activities and labor offenses

因為今年早些時候在塞內加爾， 它們的非法捕撈和勞工違規被揭發。

were uncovered earlier this year in Senegal.

Hava also gives us information on networks

Hava 也會提供我們

以前沒有的網路或犯罪網路的資訊。

or criminal networks who did not have before.

And boy, we need them.

我們真需要這些資訊。

Take the vessel Fu Yuan Yu 831,

以福遠漁 831 為例，

which was caught in Indonesia on multiple charges

它因多項指控，在印尼被捕，

and was flying multiple flags.

還懸掛了多面旗幟。

The owner of the vessel, who was a Chinese elected congressman,

該船的所有人是中國當選國會議員，

他盡力掩飾他的涉案，

did his best to cover his involvement

by creating a very complicated ownership network for the vessel.

為這艘船創造了一個 非常複雜的所有權網路。

The Fu Yuan Yu 831, which came all the way from China,

從中國遠道而來的福遠漁 831

was apparently owned by a shell company based in Timor-Leste,

所有權很顯然是屬於 東帝汶的一間空頭公司，

which in turn was partly owned by a Chinese state-owned company.

該公司的部分所有權屬於 一家中國的國有企業。

And that's when that congressman comes into play.

那就是該國會議員 發揮其作用的時候。

Convoluted, right?

很迂迴吧？

But it's very common to use complicated networks to get away with crimes.

但使用複雜的網路 來逍遙法外是非常常見的。

We have been navigating solutions to maritime crimes for decades now,

數十年來，我們一直尋找 海上犯罪問題的解決方案，

and they tend to be one-size-fits-all.

這些解決方案通常 都是一招適用全部狀況。

Stop eating fish to save the ocean.

停止吃魚以拯救海洋。

Send more boats at sea to stop the flow of migrations.

派遣更多船隻到海上 阻止移民潮的流動。

Close down the borders and build walls to reduce drug trafficking.

卦閉邊界並建造高牆以減少運毒。

Yeah, they won't work.

是的，這些行不通。

In fact,

事實上，

maritime crimes such as illegal fishing and drug trafficking

過去十年中，海上犯罪如非法 捕撈和運毒已經變為三倍。

have tripled in the past 10 years.

Over the 15 years that I've been doing this work

在我與機構、漁民、罪犯等對象 合作一起做這項工作的十五年間，

with agencies, fishermen, criminals and many others,

technology helps to tackle crime to save time, save money,

科技能協助處理犯罪、

節省時間、節省金錢，

but also share knowledge and build bridges

但也能分享知識和搭起橋樑， 以達成共同目標：

to achieve the common goal of protecting our oceans,

保護我們的海洋、

our youth and our backyards.

我們的年輕人，以及我們的後院。

But it only ever worked when people were fully involved in the process.

但過程中需要大家 完全的投入才行得通。

Technology is powerful,

科技很強大，

but it lacks the nuanced understanding,

但它缺乏我們每個人腦中的 微妙理解、知識，和網路。

knowledge and networks stored in our individual human minds.

In the case of the investigation on the Spanish companies

在調查在塞內加爾 營運的西班牙公司時，

operating in Senegal,

technology showed us where the vessels were,

科技告訴我們船隻的所在、 它們運作的速度、它們的身分。

at what speed they were operating,

their identities.

But we still needed to talk to fishermen

但是，我們仍然得和漁民交談

to understand the unspoken political context

才能了解背後的政治背景，

in order for us to make sense of that.

來幫助我們理解這些資訊。

Technology needs us to fill the gaps and to limit misrepresentations and bias.

科技需要我們來填補落差， 並限制誤導和偏見。

In Thailand, interviews revealed that 25 percent,

在泰國，採訪顯示， 有 25%（即四分之一）的

that's a quarter,

of all fishing laborers were worked between 17 to 24 hours a day, nonstop.

漁業勞工一天要工作 十七到二十四小時，

沒得休息。

So when we catch an illegal fishing vessel or when we see it,

因此，當我們抓到或看到非法漁船，

and we are about to criminalize the crew and arrest them,

準備將船員視為罪犯逮捕時，

we always need to remember

我們一定得要記住，

that they may be in a situation of human trafficking

他們有可能

身處在人口販運或強迫勞動的情況。

or forced labor.

We always need a human approach

我們永遠都需要用 有人性的方法來補足科技，

to complement the technology to target the right criminals.

針對正確的罪犯。

Because what we see does not tell the whole story.

因為我們所見的並不是故事的全貌。

To meaningfully detect crime and stop it,

若要用有意義的方式 來偵測並阻止犯罪，

human creativity and technological progress

人類的創意和科技的進展

have to always go hand in hand.

永遠都得相輔相成。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）