How tech companies can help combat the pandemic and reshape public health | Karen DeSalvo

翻译人员: Nan Yang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

Whitney Pennington Rodgers: Before we really dive in

惠特尼·彭宁顿·罗杰斯： 在我们正式开始

to talking specifically about Google's work

深入探讨有关谷歌

in the contact tracing space,

在接触跟踪领域的工作之前，

let's first set up the relationship between public health and tech.

让我们先来聊一聊 公共卫生和科技的关系。

You know, I think a lot of people,

我相信很多人听到“谷歌”，

they hear "Google," and they think of this big tech company.

就会想到这是个大型科技公司。

They think of a search engine.

他们会想到搜索引擎，

And there may be questions about

然后可能会有疑问，

why does Google have a chief health officer?

为什么谷歌会有一个首席健康官？

So could you talk a little bit about your work

那么能不能 简单介绍一下你的工作，

and the work your team does?

以及你团队的工作？

Karen DeSalvo: Yeah. Well, maybe I'm the embodiment

凯伦·迪沙佛（Karen DeSalvo）： 好的。我想我的职位就是

of public health and tech coming together.

公共卫生和科技的结合吧。

My background is, I practiced medicine for 20 years,

我有 20 年医疗领域的从业经历，

though a part of my work has always been in public health.

不过我的工作中 总有一部分与公共卫生有关。

In fact, my first job, putting myself through college,

事实上，我的第一份工作 是在麻省州立实验室，

was working at the state laboratory in Massachusetts.

这份工作资助我念完了大学。

As the story will go with Joia [Mukherjee] we're reconnected again,

随后，乔亚·穆克吉（TED 同期 另一位访谈对象）和我又通过麻省

a Massachusetts theme.

重新联系上了。

And I, across the journey of the work that I was doing

我在从医的整个过程中

for my patients

为病人们提供信息

to provide them information

和适当的护理，

and the right care and meet them where they were medically,

并在医疗方面满足他们的需求。

translated into the work

我把这些经验应用到了

that I did when I was the Health Commissioner in New Orleans

之前在新奥尔良州担任卫生专员

and later when I had other roles in public health practice,

以及之后在公共卫生领域 其他职务的工作中，

that really is about thinking of people and community

实际上这是在思考 不同居住环境中的人们和社区，

in the context in which they live and how we provide the best information,

以及我们如何提供

the best resources,

在文化和语言上相适应的，

the best services that are culturally and linguistically appropriate,

最好的信息，

meet them where they are.

资源和服务。

And when the opportunity arose to join the team at Google,

当我有机会加入谷歌的团队时，

I was really thrilled,

我真的很兴奋，

because one of the things that I have learned across my journey

因为我在工作生涯中 学到的一件事就是，

is that having the right information at the right time

在正确的时间得到正确的信息

can make all the difference in the world.

能够改变世界。

It can literally save lives.

能切实地拯救生命。

And billions of people come to Google every day

数十亿人每天都使用谷歌

asking for information,

查询信息，

and so it is a tremendous opportunity to have that right information

这正是为人们提供正确信息

and those resources to people

和资源的绝佳机会，

so that they can make good choices,

以使得他们能做出好的选择，

so that they can have the right information,

得到正确的信息，

so that they can participate in their own health,

参与到自身的健康管理中来，

but also, in the context of this historic pandemic,

但是同时，也能在 这个历史性疫情的背景下，

be a part of the broader health of the community,

成为更广泛的社群健康的一部分，

whether it's to flatten the curve or keep the curve flat as we go forward.

无论是要把曲线压平， 还是在日后保持曲线的平缓。

WPR: And so it sounds like that there is this connection, then,

惠特尼： 那么听起来公共卫生

between public health and what Google's work is

和谷歌的工作之间的联系在于

in thinking about public education and providing information.

考虑公共教育并且提供信息。

And so could you talk a little bit about that link

那么你能谈一谈

between public health and public education and Google?

公共卫生、公共教育 和谷歌的联系吗？

KD: Definitely.

凯伦：当然可以。

You know, the essential public health services

基本的公共卫生服务

include communication and data,

包括了交流和数据，

and these are two areas where tech in general, but certainly Google,

在这两个领域中， 绝大多数科技公司，尤其是谷歌，

has an opportunity to partner with the public health system

有机会更广泛的参与到

and with the public for their health more broadly.

公共卫生系统和公共健康中来。

You know, going back to the earlier days of this pandemic,

回到疫情早期，

towards the end of January,

在一月底时，

Google first leaned in to start to put information out to the public

谷歌率先开始向公众发布

about how to find resources in their local community,

有关如何从疾病防治中心（CDC） 或其他权威渠道

from the CDC or from other authoritative resources.

获取本地社区资源的信息。

So on the search page, we put up "knowledge panels,"

于是在搜索页面上， 我们放上了“知识板块”，

is the way that we describe it,

我们是这样描述它的，

and we did develop an SOS alert,

然后我们开发了 一个 SOS 警报系统，

which is something we've done for other crises,

在针对其它危机时 也做过相同的处理。

and in this particular historic crisis,

然后在这次历史性的危机中，

we wanted to be certain that when people went on to search,

我们希望确保 当人们去搜索信息时，

that there was authoritative information,

能搜索到权威的信息，

which is always there but certainly very prominently displayed,

这些信息会一直 显示在非常明显的位置上，

and do that in partnership with public health authorities.

并且我们是与公共卫生部门 合作进行的。

So we began our journey really very much in an information way

所以我们以信息为中心的方式 展开了我们的工作，

of making certain that people knew how to get the right information

以确保人们在正确的时间

获取正确的信息，从而拯救生命。

at the right time to save lives.

I think the journey for us over the course of the last few months

我想，这项工作 在过去的几个月中

has been to continue to lean in on how we provide information

一直侧重于 与当地公共卫生部门

in partnership with public health authorities in local areas,

合作提供信息的方式，

directing people in a certain state to their state's health department,

指导人们找到 自己所在州的卫生部门，

helping people get information about testing.

帮助人们获取有关检测的信息。

There's also been, though,

我们还希望向医疗保健社区 提供一整套资源，

a suite of resources that we wanted to provide to the health care community,

无论是否针对可能无法使用 PPE（个人防护设备） 的

whether that was for health care providers that may not have access to PPE,

医疗保健提供者。

for example,

举个例子,

we did a partnership with the CDC Foundation.

我们和 CDC 基金会达成了合作。

Though the scale of the company

公司的规模以及

and the opportunity for us to partner with public health

我们与公共卫生部门合作的机会，

around things like helping public health understand if their blunt policies

让我们能够帮助 公共卫生部门了解

around social distancing to flatten the curve

他们通过社会距离 拉平确诊病例曲线的强硬政策

were actually having an impact on behavior in the community.

真实地在影响着我们社区的行为。

That's our community mobility reports.

那就是我们的“社区流动性报告”。

We were asked by public health agencies all across the world,

世界范围内的公共卫生机构

including some of my colleagues here in the US,

包括我在美国的同事们 都曾问过我们，

could we help them have a better evidence-based way to understand

是否有更好的循证方法 来帮助他们去了解

the policies around social distancing or shelter in place?

社交距离或居家防疫政策？

Which I think we'll talk about more later.

这些我们会在稍后 进一步讨论。

In addition to that sort of work, also been working to support public health

除此之外，还有一些工作 能为公共卫生提供支持，

in this really essential work they're doing for contact tracing,

也是非常重要的， 就是接触者追踪，

which is very human-resource intensive,

这是需要很多人力参与的，

very complex,

很复杂，

incredibly important to keep the curve flat

但也是拉平确诊病例曲线

and prevent future outbreaks,

和防范未来爆发的 极其关键性的一点，

and give time and space for health care and, importantly, science

以此为卫生部门， 尤其是科学争取时间和空间，

to do the work they need to do to create treatments

去做他们需要完成的工作， 寻找治疗方案，

and, very importantly, a vaccine.

以及，尤其重要的， 就是疫苗的开发。

So that work around providing an additional set of digital tools,

所以提供一系列数字化工具，

exposure notification for the contact tracing community,

向接触者跟踪社区 发出接触通知这些工作

is one of the other areas where we've been supporting the public health.

是我们一直在提供支持的 公共卫生的另一个方面。

So we think, as we've thought about this pandemic,

所以，正如我们预想的那样， 在这场疫情中，

it's support the users, which is the consumer.

要支持我们的用户， 也就是我们的消费者。

There's also a health care system and a scientific community

我们也有

跟健康卫生系统

where we've been partnering.

和科学组织合作。

And then, of course, public health.

对我来说，惠特尼，

And for me, I mean, Whitney, this is just a wonderful opportunity

这正好给了大型科技公司参与到 公共卫生基础建设一个绝佳的机会。

for Big Tech to come together with the public health infrastructure.

Public health, as Joia was sort of articulating before,

正如乔亚之前所说， 公共卫生工作，

is often an unsung hero.

一直是无名英雄。

It saves your life every day, but you didn't know it.

它每天都挽救着我们的生命， 而我们却对此毫无觉察。

And it is also a pretty under-resourced part of our health infrastructure,

它同时也是医疗基础设施中 资源短缺的一部分，

在全球范围内都是如此， 尤其是在美国。

globally, but especially in the US.

It's something I worked on a lot before I came to Google.

这就是在来到谷歌之前 我做的大部分工作。

And so the opportunity to partner

所以现在有机会去合作，

and do everything that we can as a company

尽一家公司的职责，

and, in this case, with contact tracing in partnership with Apple

比如与苹果公司合作的 接触者追踪项目，

to create a very privacy-promoting, useful, helpful product

共同开发一个更加保护隐私 且实用有效的产品，

that is going to be a part of the bigger contact tracing

成为扩大接触者追踪的一部分，

is something that we feel really proud of

这让我们非常骄傲，

and look forward to continuing to work with public health.

并且期待能继续 与公共卫生部门合作。

In fact, we were on the phone this morning with a suite of public health groups

事实上，今天早上我们和 几个全国范围的公共卫生组织

进行了电话会议，

from across the country,

再一次倾听了他们提出的问题。

listening again to what would be helpful questions that they have.

当我们考虑推广这个系统时，

And as we think about rolling out the system,

这就是过去这几个月中 我们在谷歌所采取的行动，

this is the way that we've been for the last many months at Google,

and I'm just really ...

我真的——

我在几个月前 才刚刚加入了谷歌，

I landed at a place just a few months ago -- I just started at Google --

where we can have an impact on what people know

在这里我们可以对 全世界人们的认知

产生影响。

all across the world.

And I'll tell you, as a public health professional and as a doc,

我想说，作为一名 公共卫生专家以及一名医生，

这就是最重要的事之一。

that is one of the most critical things.

People need to have the right information

人们需要正确的信息，

so they can help navigate their health journey,

这样他们就可以 掌控自己的健康状况。

but also especially in this pandemic because it's going to save lives.

特别是在疫情期间， 因为正确的信息可以拯救生命。

惠特尼： 说得太好了，谢谢你。

WPR: That's great. Thank you.

So, to talk more about this contact tracing system

那么，为了进一步了解 这套接触者追踪系统

and the exposure notification app,

和接触通知应用，

we've read so much about this.

我们已经读到很多相关内容。

Could you describe this, a little bit about how the app works,

可不可以给我们介绍一下 这款应用是怎么工作的，

what exactly are users seeing,

用户具体能看到什么内容，

what information is being collected?

有哪些信息会被收集？

请简单介绍一下 这款应用的功能。

Just give us sort of a broad sense of what this app does.

KD: Yeah.

凯伦：好的。

Let me just start by explaining what it is,

那我就从解释它是什么开始吧，

and it's actually not even an app,

严格来说，它不能算是一款应用，

it's just an API.

而只是一个 API（应用程序接口）。

It's a system that allows a public health agency

这是一个可以允许 公共卫生机构

自行开发应用程序的系统，

to create an app,

也仅有这个可以 连接到手机系统的接口

and only the API, this doorway to the phone system,

is available to public health.

是对公共卫生部门开放的。

So it's not designed for any other purpose

所以，它除了在 新冠疫情下的接触者追踪中

than to support public health and the work that they're doing

支持公共卫生和相关工作，

in COVID-19 in contact tracing.

并没有其它用途。

The second piece of this is that we wanted to build a system

第二个部分是， 我们想要创建的这个系统

that was privacy-promoting,

是保护隐私的，

that really put the user first,

能够真正做到 把用户放在第一位，

gave them the opportunity to opt into the system

让他们既可以 选择进入这个系统，

and opt out whenever they wanted to do that,

也可以在任何时候 退出这个系统，

so they also have some control over how they're engaging

所以他们在参与这过程中 有部分控制权，

and using their phone, basically,

基本上，也是通过手机

as a part of keeping the curve flat around the world.

为世界范围内拉平疫情曲线 做出了贡献。

The system was developed in response to requests that we were getting

这个系统是针对 这样一种需求而开发的：

我们如何运用科技， 尤其是智能手机，

about how could technology, particularly smartphones,

实现接触者追踪？

be useful in contact tracing?

And as we thought this through and talked with public health experts

我们在考虑这一点的同时， 也和公共卫生方面的专家，

学者和隐私方面的专家讨论过，

and academics and privacy experts,

it was pretty clear that obviously contract tracing is a complex endeavor

显而易见的是， 接触者追踪是个复杂的工作，

that does require human resources,

是要很多人力资源的，

because there's a lot of very particular things

因为作为接触者追踪的一部分，

that you need to do in having conversations with people

有很多特殊的事件

需要你和当事人交流。

as part of contact tracing.

On the other hand,

另一方面，

there's some opportunity to better inform the contact investigators

我们有机会更好地 告知接触调查人员

with things like, particularly, an exposure log.

一些信息，特别是接触日志。

So one of the things that happens when the contact tracer calls you

所以当负责追踪接触者的 工作人员打电话给你，

or visits you is they ask,

或是来到你家拜访，问道，

"Hey, in the last certain number of days,"

“你好，在过去的某些天里，”——

and in the case of COVID, it would be a couple days before symptoms developed,

对于新冠来说， 可能是在出现症状的几天前——

“能告诉我们你做过什么吗？

"Hey, tell us the story of what you've been involved in doing

so that we can begin to think through where you might have been,

那我们就可以推测 你可能到过什么地方，

to the grocery or to church or what other activities

是去过杂货店、教堂， 还是参加了什么活动，

and with whom you might have been into contact."

都和什么样的人有过接触。”

There's some amount of recall bias in that for all us,

我们所有人都会 多多少少有些回忆偏差，

like we forget where we might have been,

比如我们可能会忘记 我们去过的地方，

and there's also an amount of anonymous contact.

还有就是会有很多 与陌生人的接触。

So there are times when we're out in the world,

我们总会有机会去到外面，

on a bus or in a store,

乘坐巴士或者进入一家商店，

and we may have come into prolonged and close contact with someone

我们可能会和某个人 进行长时间的近距离接触，

and wouldn't know who they were.

但并不知道他们是谁。

And so the augmentation

所以接触通知系统

that the exposure notification system provides

提供的扩充内容

is designed to fill in those gaps

就是设计来填满这些空白，

并且让公共卫生更快的知道

and to expedite the notification to public health

谁被确定为阳性，

of who has a positive test,

because the person would have notified,

因为如果这个人接到了通知，

they trigger something that notifies public health,

卫生部门就会通知 整个公共卫生系统，

and then to fill in some of those gaps in the prior exposure.

然后填补之前接触链中的空白。

What it does not do is it does not use GPS or location to track people.

它并没有使用 GPS 或是定位去追踪人们。

So the system actually uses something different

这个系统其实 用的是不一样的技术，

called Bluetooth Low Energy,

叫做低功耗蓝牙，

which is privacy-preserving,

能够保护隐私，

it doesn't drain the battery

且并不耗电，

and it makes it more also interoperable

而且会在苹果和安卓系统之间

between both Apple and the Android system

实现更好的兼容。

so it's more useful, not only in the US context,

所以它除了在美国的环境下 能够很好地发挥作用，

but globally.

也同样适用于全球。

So we built this system in response to some requests

我们开发这个系统的目的是

to help augment the contact-tracing systems.

完善接触者追踪系统。

We wanted to do it in a way that was user-controlled

我们希望以一种用户可控 和保护隐私的方式

and privacy-preserving

来做到这一点，

and had technological features

其技术特点

that would allow public health to augment the exposure log

能够帮助公共卫生部门 补充和完善接触日志，

in a way that would accelerate the work that they needed to get done

以提高工作效率，

to interrupt transmission -- keep the R naught less than one --

阻断传播——把 R0 值 （传染指数）控制在 1 以下，

and do that in a way that we would also be able to partner with public health

同时也能让我们 与公共卫生部门合作，

to think about risk scoring.

去思考风险评估。

We could talk more about any of these areas that you want,

我们可以进一步讨论 一些其他方面的问题，

but I think maybe

但是我想，惠特尼，

也许我最想说的一件事，

one of the most important things that I want to say, Whitney,

就是苹果和谷歌非常感恩——

is how grateful Apple and Google are --

I'll take a moment to speak for my colleagues at Apple --

我想要在此 代表苹果的同事们——

to the great partnership from public health across the world

感谢全世界的公共卫生部门，

and to academics and to others

学者，还有其他

who have helped us think through how this can be,

为我们提供好的建议，

how the exposure notification system

考虑接触通知系统如何能够

fits into the broader contact tracing portfolio,

嵌入到更广泛的接触跟踪策略中，

and how it does it in a way that really respects and protects privacy

如何真正尊重 和保护人们的隐私，

and also is useful to public health.

并且为公共卫生 提供帮助的那些人。

We're still on this journey with them,

我们依旧和与他们 在这条征途上并肩前行，

and I really believe that we're going to be able to help,

我相信我们能够提供帮助，

and I'm looking forward to being a part of the great work

我也期待参与到 这份伟大的工作中，

that public health's got to do on the front lines every day,

公共卫生系统的工作人员 每天在前线进行的工作，

老实说，

been doing, frankly,

也是需要加强的工作。

but needs to be able to step up.

WPR: That's great, and thank you for that really detailed explanation.

惠特尼：真是太棒了， 谢谢你给了特别详细的解释。

克里斯也上线了， 他带来了观众的一些问题，

And you know, we actually have Chris here with some questions from our community,

来听听他想说什么。

so why don't we turn there really quickly.

Chris Anderson: Yep. Questions pouring in, Karen.

克里斯·安德森：好的。 凯伦，我带来了很多问题。

Here's one from Vishal Gurbuxani.

有一个问题来自 维沙尔·古尔巴萨尼（Vishal Gurbuxani）。

呃。。。古尔布。。。

Uh ... Gurbu --

I've pronounced that horribly wrong, but make up your own mind.

我的发音实在是太糟糕了， 就假装我念的是正确的吧。

维沙尔，我们可以稍后联系， 然后你告诉我怎么念。

Vishal, we'll connect later and you can tell me how to say that.

凯伦：非常棒的姓氏，我喜欢。 像是个拼字游戏的单词。

KD: Fabulous last name. I love that. That's a Scrabble word.

克里斯：考虑当下的情况，

CA: "Given where we are today,

how should employees think about returning to work,

面对这么多冲突的信息，

with so many conflicting messages?"

员工应该如何处理复工的问题？

凯伦：这是我最近几个月 工作中的一部分。

KD: This has been an important part of my work for the last few months.

I joined Google in December, and all this started happening.

我在 12 月加入了谷歌， 紧接着疫情就爆发了。

The pandemic in the world first began in November

在全球范围内， 疫情最初是在 11 月开始的，

but it got very hot in many parts of the world

但接下来的短短几个月中，

就在世界各地陆续爆发了，

in the last few months,

and we've been thinking a lot about how to protect Googlers

我们一直在思考 怎么去保护谷歌的员工，

but also protect the community.

还有整个社区。

I've been talking a lot about what we've done externally.

我们已经聊了许多 谷歌对外的工作。

You know, internally, Google made a decision

谷歌内部很早就做出了

to go to work-from-home pretty early.

We believed that we could.

居家办公的决定，

我们相信我们能够做到。

We believed that in all the places across the world where we have offices,

我们相信在世界各地的 谷歌办公室，

that the more we could not only model

我们不光可以成为一种模范，

but frankly just be a part of flattening the curve,

更能够为拉平疫情曲线 做出一部分贡献，

that we would be good citizens.

成为好的公民。

所以相当于我们一直是。。。

So we have been fairly ...

我不知道哪个词更适合些， 保守的，或者是自信的，

I don't know if the right word is conservative or assertive, about it,

因为我们希望 确保我们所作的一切

because we really wanted to make sure that we were doing everything we could

可以让人们能够居家防疫， 并且保持社交距离。

just to get people to shelter in place and socially distance.

A lot of other companies have been doing the same,

许多其他公司也做了同样的事情，

and I think the choices that people are making

我想人们做的决定

are going to be predicated on a whole array of factors:

将基于很多因素：

the rates of local transmission;

社区传染率；

governmental expectations;

政府的预期；

the ability to work from home;

在家办公的可行性；

the individual characteristics of the workers themselves,

员工自己的个人特性，

how much risk they might have or how much risk it would be

他们工作时会有多少感染风险，

for them to bring that back into their household

或者说有多少把病毒 从工作岗位带回家的风险，

if they have people living in their household

如果员工家里有其他家庭成员，

who would be at increased risk from morbidity, mortality,

他们感染新冠的几率更高， 死亡率更高，

from suffering and death, from COVID.

遭受痛苦和死亡的风险更大。

So these are individual and local considerations.

这些都是个人或局部的考虑。

I think for us as a company, we want to, as we've talked about publicly,

我想，我们作为一个公司—— 因为现在讨论的是公众——

我们想要继续参与 解决公共卫生问题，

we want to continue to be a part of the public health solution

也就是保持社交距离，

around social distancing,

and so that for us means continuing to encourage work-from-home

所以对我们来说就要

继续鼓励我们的员工 在家办公，

for our employees

只有在必要情况下 才会让员工回到工作岗位。

and really only be in if it's essential that people are in the workplace.

我们已经公开说过 将这一措施持续数月。

And we've said publicly that we're going to be doing that for many months to come.

Now, here's one thing I do want to say,

我还想提一件事情，

which is,

那就是，

working from home has definite benefits,

在家办公绝对是有很多益处的，

not only for the pandemic,

不止是针对这场疫情，

but for some people, time for commute, etc.

也针对一些需要花很多时间 在通勤上的人们，等等。

I think we're already learning there are some downsides,

我想，我们也已经看到了 一些长期居家的弊端，

and there are generic downsides,

也是一些普遍的局限性，

even just not from work-from-home but school-from-home

不光来自在家办公， 还包括在家上课，

and just being at home,

以及只是呆在家里，

which is: social isolation is real.

那就是：社交孤立。

It causes depression.

它会导致抑郁。

It has physical impacts on people's bodies;

它会对人们的身体健康 带来负面影响；

there's science around this.

这些已经被科学证实了。

So as the world is weighing,

那么当全球都在承担压力，

甚至在这场疫情之后，

even beyond the pandemic,

when we've achieved herd immunity

当我们实现了群体免疫，

因为我们已经能给全世界接种了

because we've been able to vaccinate the world

能产生免疫力的有效疫苗，

with a functioning vaccine that creates immunity,

我想可能很多工作岗位

I think probably a lot of workplaces

会继续鼓励员工在家办公。

are going to want to encourage work-from-home.

但是我希望我们能记住， 人类的一部分是社会，

But I just want us also to remember that part of humanity is community,

and so we'll have to be thinking through how we balance those activities.

我们必须去考虑 如何平衡各种活动。

CA: And, of course, there are huge swathes of the economy

克里斯：是的，当然， 还有很大一部分经济体，

that can't work from home.

不适合家庭办公，

We're a lucky few who can.

我们是少数能做到的幸运儿。

And speaking of which, here's a question from Otho Kerr.

说到这里，有个来自 奥索·科尔（Otho Kerr）的问题，

"Vulnerable communities seem to be receiving

“弱势群体似乎正在被灌输

a disproportionate amount of misinformation.

大量错误信息。

What is Google doing

谷歌正在采取哪些行动

to help make sure these communities are receiving accurate news

去帮助这些群体 接受正确的信息，

而不是虚假的信息？”

rather than fake news?"

KD: You know, vulnerable communities is where I have spent

凯伦：弱势群体是我职业生涯中

most of my career focused.

最关注的一部分。

I think with many things that we've learned as a society

我想，我们作为一个社会群体，

在这场疫情中学到的很多事情

in this pandemic

were things that we, frankly, should have known.

老实说，是早就应该知道的。

And before I get to the information, I'll just talk about access to services,

在谈到信息这个话题之前， 我想先谈谈获得服务的途径，

which is to say, and to brag, I guess, on my hometown of New Orleans.

就是说——我忍不住想 赞美一下我的家乡新奥尔良——

在那里，我们很早 就学到的其中一件事是，

One of the early things that New Orleans learned,

or remembered or whatever,

或者说记住的，

就是免下车测试 只在你有车的情况下才有意义。

was that drive-through testing only works if you have a car.

所以如果只能步行到达， 检测点需要设置在附近的街区。

So you need walk-up testing, and it needs to be in the neighborhood.

We need to meet people where they are,

我们需要去人们所在的地方 和他们见面，

and it's thematic of all the work that we did after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans

我们在新奥尔良卡特里娜飓风后 所做的主要工作，

就是重建卫生保健和 公共卫生基础设施，

was to build back a health care and public health infrastructure

that was community-oriented, built with community not for community.

是面向社区的，和社区共同建立， 而不只是为了社区建立。

Of all the many things that I really do hope last from this pandemic,

我真心希望这场疫情 能带来的诸多教训中，

one of them, though, is that we're being much more conscious

能有一样，就是我们 能更加有意识地

of building with especially vulnerable communities

与弱势群体一同 去建立并且制定

and building out policies and processes

各种包容性的

that are as inclusive as possible.

政策和流程。

For Google information, we start with,

说到谷歌，

我们可以先从 搜索平台谈起，比如说，

on the search platform, for example,

添加知识板块，

adding up knowledge panels,

that we spend time making sure are linguistically and culturally appropriate.

我们要确保这些内容 在语言和文化上是恰当的。

We tend to start globally,

我们倾向于在全球范围内，

with global authoritative groups like the World Health Organization

和全球权威组织合作， 比如世界卫生组织，

or the National Health Service or CDC,

国家卫生服务中心或疾控中心，

and then we begin to build down to more focused jurisdictions.

然后再开始建立 更集中的司法管辖区。

On other platforms that we have like YouTube,

在我们其它的平台上， 比如 YouTube，

we've built out special channels

我们建立了特别频道，

where we do, because it's a platform and we can host content,

在那里我们可以托管内容，

we've partnered with creatives --

我们和创作者们合作——

we call them, I don't know, that's a new thing for me

我们这样称呼他们， 这对我来说是全新的东西，

because I'm a doctor --

因为我是个医生——

但是我们和那些 与群体有强烈共鸣的

but we've partnered with creatives and influencers

whose reach resonates with communities.

创作者们，还有网红们合作。

We have had particular programming, for example, for seniors,

我们有一个特殊的项目， 比如说，针对老人，

African-Americans,

针对非裔美国人，

所以“弱势”在全球 和在美国的环境下，

so "vulnerable" takes on a lot of meaning for us

globally and in the US context.

对于我们来说 都有很重大的意义。

Our work is not done,

我们的工作还没有完成，

and we certainly every day are thinking about how we can do more

当然我们每天都在思考 我们还能做什么，

to see that the information is accessible,

使信息变得更容易获取，

更准确，

accurate

and also, frankly, interesting so that people want to engage.

也更有趣味， 让人们主动想要去了解。

CA: Yeah.

克里斯：确实是。

Alright, thank you Karen.

好的，谢谢你，凯伦。

I'll be back in a bit with some other questions.

我一会儿会带着更多问题回来。

WPR: Thank you, Chris.

惠特尼：谢谢，克里斯。

And you know, and this is really wonderful talking about

很高兴能听到你展开谈到

more broadly, where you see tech and public health going,

你所见到的科技和公共卫生的 共同发展方向，

and specifically, talking about these vulnerable communities.

尤其是谈到了弱势群体。

And I think one thing, even just beyond Google,

跳出谷歌，还有一件事

it would be interesting to sort of hear your thoughts

我很想听听你的想法，

关于在哪些方面，科技能 更好地服务公共卫生系统，

on where you see tech in general better serving public health,

if there are spaces that you think,

如果你想能到一些领域，

no matter which tech company we're talking about,

无论是哪家科技公司，

我们都可以联合在一起 去更好地为社会服务。

we could all sort of come together to better serve the community.

对此你有什么想法呢？

Do you have any thoughts on that?

KD: I could spend several hours talking to you about that,

凯伦：这些话题 我能说上几个小时，

but maybe I'll just start by saying

但也许我应该先说，

that I came to tech

我以直接的病人护理

和本地社区的 公共卫生服务为起点，

through the pathway of direct patient care

and public health service in local community,

进入到科技领域，

and I ended up in a role in the federal government

后来又在联邦政府任职，

as the National Coordinator for Health IT,

作为国家卫生信息技术协调员，

这些经历对我来说非常特别。

which, for my background, felt unusual to me,

I'm just being honest.

这是实话。

And I thought, well, I'm not really a tech person,

我并不认为自己 是一个技术人才，

但当时的部长说，

but the secretary at the time said,

"That's exactly why we need you, because we need to apply tech."

“这就是我们为什么需要你， 我们要把技术实际运用起来。”

她不得不忍受 我喋喋不休地抱怨

And she had had the unfortunate experience of hearing me chirp about

公共卫生系统多么需要最新的数据 来制定更好的循证政策，

how public health needed more timely data to make better evidence-based policy

on behalf of community and with community.

来更好地服务社区。

This was a source of frustration for me as a local public health officer,

当我还是地方公共卫生官员时， 这曾让我感到很沮丧，

有时我工作中 所使用的数据虽然很好，

that sometimes the data I was working on, though great,

was stale by the time I needed to make decisions

但是已经过时了，而我当时需要依靠 这些数据，在我的管辖社区

about chronic disease interventions, or mental health or even violence

就慢性疾病干预， 或精神健康，甚至暴力，

or intimate partner violence issues

或者亲密伴侣暴力问题

in my community.

做出决定。

And so the desire to make data useful and accessible

所以让数据变得有效和可访问，

to support people in communities

以支持社区中的居民，

is something that's been burning in me for a long time,

是长久以来一直在激励我的动力。

and what I have learned since I have been out in Silicon Valley

自从去了硅谷后， 我开始意识到，

is that that desire burns in the bellies of many people

这种渴望也在谷歌和苹果

who work at Google and Apple and other companies,

以及其他公司的 工作人员心里滋长，

and it's been really wonderful to see,

我很高兴看到

during this horrible time of the pandemic,

在这可怕的疫情时期，

the incredibly brilliant engineering and programming

这些才华横溢的工程师和程序员

还有像谷歌这样的公司里的其他人

and other minds at a company like Google

turn their attention on how can we partner with consumers

把他们的精力投入到了 如何与用户合作，

and with public health to do the right thing,

与公共卫生一起去做有益的事上，

to bring the resources that we have to bear.

从而带来对我们来说 非常必要的资源。

And I said I could talk all day about it because I have many examples

类似的话题我可以谈上一整天， 因为我有太多的例子了，

from the work that we have done at Google.

都来自我们在谷歌做的工作。

我可以再说几个。

Maybe I'll just point out a couple.

One is to say that

一个是说，

我们很早就在寻找一种 清晰有效的方式，让人们去理解

we very early on wanted to find a crisp way to help people understand

what they could to protect themselves and their community,

大家可以做什么来保护自己 和他们所在的社区，

去拉平疫情曲线， 让传染指数保持在 1 以下，

to flatten the curve, get the R naught less than one,

有一个由市场部主导的 “五步走（Do the Five）”项目,

and this "Do the Five" work that our teams, largely in marketing

but then a lot of other people weighed in.

很多其他部门的人 也陆续加入了进来。

It required massive amounts of talent

需要投入很多的创意和设计，

to make that available on our landing page, on search,

好让相关信息出现在我们的 登入页面和搜索工具上，

and then fold it out more broadly.

然后更广泛地传播出去。

We did that in partnership with the World Health Organization,

我们与世界卫生组织合作，

然后是疾病防治中心， 最后和全球的各个国家合作，

then the CDC, then with countries all across the world

to get simple messaging about staying home if you can

去传达最基础的信息， 就是让人们尽可能的呆在家里，

and coughing into your elbow, washing your hands.

打喷嚏时用肘部 挡住口鼻，勤洗手。

这都是些基础的公共卫生信息，

These are basic public health messages

that public health has been, frankly, even in flu season

实际上公共卫生部门 在流感季节

trying to get the word out,

也在竭力传达这些信息，

but it became,

但是这变成了

the resources at a company like a Google,

一些如谷歌这样的公司的资源，

and the reach to billions,

可以传播到数十亿人中去，

it's a platform and a set of talents

这是个人才济济的平台，

that aren't even the technical, computer vision kind of stuff

不光只有科技， 计算机视觉这类

that you would typically think about.

我们通常会想到的部分。

Many other companies in Silicon Valley have weighed in in the same way.

硅谷很多其它的公司 也都做出了自己的贡献。

I think similarly, we've been thinking through

同样的，我们也一直在思考

how we can use tools like the community mobility reports.

如何利用社区流动性报告 之类的工具，

就像我们

This is something,

a business backer like we have for restaurants.

为餐馆提供的商业资助一样。

The engineers and scientists said,

有工程师和科学家说过，

what if we applied that to retail and grocery stores and transportation

如果我们能将类似的技术应用到 零售、杂货店和交通运输上，

to get a snapshot in a community

来得到一张社区的画像，

of whether people were using those areas less,

关于哪些地方人们比较少去，

人们的行为是否符合 当地的公共卫生预期，

whether people were adhering to local public health expectations

and sheltering in place,

是否做到了居家防疫，

and give that information not only to public health

然后把这些信息 提供给公共卫生系统，

but to the public

同时也提供给公众，

去鼓励他们为整个社区，

to help inspire them to do more for their community

也为他们自己做出更好的表率。

as well as for themselves.

So there has been, I think what I'm trying to say, Whitney,

我一直在想，惠特尼，

应该有一种自然结合的东西，

is I think there's a natural marriage,

and COVID has been an accelerant use case to demonstrate how that can work,

新冠的出现加速论证了 我们可以这样运作，

and it is my expectation that companies like Google

我期望像谷歌这样的公司，

who, certainly for us it's in our DNA to be involved in health,

能够主动参与到 公众健康的工作中去，

并希望这样的工作能持续下去，

will want to continue working on this going forward,

because it's really not just good for what we need to get done in this pandemic,

因为这不光有利于 我们在这场疫情中所采取的行动，

but public health and prevention

并且公共卫生和预防措施

也是我们如何在全球所有社区中 创造机会和公平的

are part and parcel of how we create opportunity

and equity in all communities across the world.

重要组成部分。

So I'm passionate about the work of public health

因此，我对公共卫生工作充满热情，

and very passionate about partnership.

并对合作伙伴关系充满热情。

我可以再补充一句吗？

Can I just say one more thing?

WPR: Absolutely.

惠特尼：当然。

凯伦：那就是，

KD: Which is to say

在疫情开始前， 我在早期做过的一件事情。

that one of the first things that I did before the pandemic started,

I had just started in December,

我在 12 月份加入谷歌，

and then in January, I did a listening session with consumers

然后在一月份， 我和客户做了一个聆听会议，

about what they wanted,

讨论了他们的需求，

and they said something kind of similar to what you said,

然后他们说了一些 类似你说过的话，

which I just want to call out,

我想在此强调一下，

那就是，

and that is,

他们想要合作， 他们想要透明，

they wanted partnership, they wanted transparency

and they really felt like there was quite a lot

他们真的觉得， 科技公司还可以做

that tech in general could do

很多事，

to help them on their health journey.

去帮助他们踏上健康之旅。

But their ask was that we did it in a transparent way

但他们要求我们以透明的方式，

and we did it in a partnered way with them.

以合作的方式进行。

And so as we move out of the pandemic, and we're thinking more about consumers,

所以即使疫情过去了， 我们开始更多地考虑客户需求，

我也希望能够 继续带着这种精神

I want to carry some of this spirit also

of prevention and helpfulness

将预防、协助

and transparency

和透明化

into the work that we're going to continue to do for people every day.

纳入我们今后的日常工作中。