Jota Samper: The informal settlements reshaping the world | TED

Transcriber:

翻译人员: Lydia Lyu 校对人员: Bruce Wang

我六岁的时候，

我是在哥伦比亚的麦德林生活的。

这一年， 我做了一个影响了我一生的决定。

When I was six years old,

我让我妈妈帮我转学，

growing up in Medellín, Colombia,

转去她任教的学校上学。

I made one of the most impactful decisions of my life.

令我惊讶的是，妈妈同意了。

I asked my mother to change my school,

因此，我从一个有钱，私立的天主教学校 转去了一个公立学校。

to the school where she was teaching.

To my surprise, she said yes.

在这个公立学校里， 百分之九十九的学生都是贫困生。

So I switched from a rich, private Catholic school to a public school

对于我的一些朋友来说，

where 99 percent of the students live in a condition of extreme poverty.

他们每天吃的唯一一餐， 就是学校提供的那一餐。

我和我的朋友们住的地方离得很近， 但我们的世界截然不同。

The only meal some of my friends ate a day

我住在一个有博物馆，图书馆和公园的社区，

was the one that was given in school.

My friends and I lived close to each other, but worlds apart.

我的朋友们住的地方

却连最基本的生活必需品都没有，

I lived in a neighborhood with a museum, a library, parks,

比如饮用水和电。

更关键的是， 他们住的地方相当危险，

and they lived in a neighborhood

with the lack of the most basic necessities,

这份危险不仅来自于人也来自于大自然， 比如枪支和山体滑坡。

such as potable water or electricity.

他们的遭遇并不独特，

More importantly, they lived in a place surrounded by danger,

在山上， 在麦德林的非正式居住区，

from guns to landslides.

成千上万的家庭都生活在相似的境况中。

Their suffering was not unique.

我的朋友们和他们的家人无时无刻都在担忧，

Up in the mountains, in Medellín informal settlements,

他们非常害怕警察或大雨会把他们的家毁掉。

thousands of families were having the same problems

[as] my friends and their families,

我从我的朋友们身上学到了很多，

fearing that the police or the rains would take their homes away.

但最让我震惊的， 无疑是他们

在逆境中的坚韧和乐观。

I learned so much from my friends,

but what continued to surprise me the most is their resilience and optimism

我的朋友们的经历，

是让我开始注意非正式居住区的原因

in the face of adversity.

我现在在科罗拉多大学，波德分校，

Growing up with people that I care [about]

is what had led me to the story of informal settlements.

环境设计系任教。

我研究的是非正式居住区，

因为即使非正式居住区 和我们大部分人都无关，

I teach now at the University of Colorado, Boulder,

in the program of environmental design.

但是它的存在本身 就是人类最大的挑战之一。

I study informal settlements

非正式居住区同时还为城市设计和城市创新 提供了重要的思路。

because even if they are invisible to most of us,

they represent one of humanity's biggest challenges.

我关于非正式居住区的研究，

And yet they provide great insight in how cities develop and innovate.

使我学到了三点，

这也是我今天想和你们分享的内容。

There are three crucial things

第一点就是， 非正式居住区是分布广的城市建设的一种体现。

that I have learned about informal settlements

that I want to share with you today.

第二点则是，

The first one is that informal settlements are a widespread form of city making.

通过让一些特定人群生活在非正式居住区中，

我们可以拯救他们的生命。

The second one

is that by making visible populations in informal settlements,

第三点是， 如果我们更加关注

这些生活在非正式居住区的 人们的创造力，

we can save their lives.

我们可能会学到 更多可以拯救地球的方法。

The third one is that we pay more attention

to the creativity of people who live in these places,

非正式居住区可以概括为

we could be aware of innovations that can save the planet.

在城市规制外的，

极端贫困的自建小区。

Informal settlements can be broadly described

as self-built neighborhoods outside of city regulations

现如今，

全世界共有超过十亿人

in conditions of extreme poverty.

生活在非正式居住区。

Nowadays,

到了2050年， 这个数据会变成

more than a billion people live in informal settlements

地球上三个人中的一个

将会生活在

all around the world.

这些没有饮用水和充足的卫生设施，

By the year 2050,

one in three people on the planet

并且极度贫困的非正式居住区。

will live in one of these places

这也让非正式居住区， 有些人会称之为贫民窟，

without potable water, adequate sanitation

and in condition of extreme poverty.

成为地球上最普遍的城市化的方式。

This makes informal settlements, what some call the slums,

讽刺的是， 非正式居住区的存在不仅多而且普遍，

the most common form of urbanization of the planet.

可它和生活在里面的人们，

却是最不显眼的。

The paradox of informal settlements is that they are vast and common.

目前为止， 我们对非正式居住区知之甚少，

However, the people and the places in which they live

这也成为了 我们无法有效地帮助他们的原因。

are the most invisible.

There is much that we don't know about these places

要改变这种现状， 第一步就是通过纪录他们生活的环境

and that ignorance creates barriers to develop tools to help them.

来让生活在这些地方的人们多一些在社会上的存在感。

然而，很多非正式居住区所处的国家

A first step to make visible these populations

缺乏足够的资源去将每一个境内的非正式居住区 在地图上标注出来。

is to record the conditions in which they live.

However, many countries where the informal settlements are

而有能力做到的国家，

却常常有着法律法规方面的限制，

do not have the resources to map these populations.

极大地妨碍了一些想要提供帮助的组织。

And the countries who have the resources

sometimes have legal restrictions that impede the state organizations

我们对非正式居住区有限的了解 导致我们无法理解生活在这些地方的人们，

to support the work on informal settlements.

也让我们对非正式居住区居民所面临的

真正的挑战和问题误解地越来越深。

These unknowns create vacuums to understand informality

and support the dissemination of misconceptions

当我开始研究非正式居住区时，

about the real challenges and opportunities of informality.

我才意识到关于这些地方的资料有多么匮乏。

甚至，我们大多数的了解

As I started to learn more about the informal settlements,

都是来自单独的，不可靠的文献。

I realized the scarcity of data available.

目前为止，世界上并没有一个专门的，

Most of our understanding about informality

包含了所有非正式居住区的资料的数据库。

comes from separate and unreliable sources.

There is not a single database

为了能为解决这个问题出一份力，

我和上百位合作者一起， 创造了一份非正式居住区的地图集。

that contains all the informal settlements in the world.

这份地图集具现化了这些生活在非正式居住区里 平常并不显眼的人群，

To try to aid in such a puzzle,

I created alongside hundreds of collaborators the Atlas of Informality.

我们希望通过这份地图来理解

The Atlas is a creative attempt to visualize these invisible populations

非正式居住区的形成。

而这当中最重要的， 也是我们最希望得到答案的一个问题就是

in an effort to understand the unique process

of informal city making.

这些非正式居住区的发展规律。

这个问题

A crucial question that we wanted to resolve here

不仅对理解过去的非正式居住区的形成非常重要，

was how these places evolve over time.

更重要的是， 对非正式居住区未来的发展，

This was important

甚至于世界上所有城市的发展都有意义。

not only to understand the past,

but more importantly, the future of informal settlements

我们环境设计系，

and the future of all world cities.

拟定了一份协议， 这份协议包括一个开放存取的软件，

这个软件有 远程监测工具和绘制地图的功能

We at Environmental Design Program

我们用这个软件 去寻找和标记世界各地的非正式居住区

created a protocol with open-access software,

在过去十五年间的变化。

remote sensing tools and direct mapping

to identify and map the change of informal settlements

这个设计的关键在于研发出 一个简单易用的工具，

over the last 15 years all over the world.

让我们能够收集到地球上的大部分地区的信息。

The key was to develop a tool that was simple to use

同时，这个工具也让我们能将不同地区的非正式居住区 放在同一层面上进行对比。

迄今为止，我们已经在地图上标注了 超过四百个世界各地的非正式居住区，

and that allows us to reach most of the planet.

A tool that allows to compare these places at the same level.

在这个过程中， 我们也认识到日渐增多的人口

We have now mapped more than 400 informal settlements all over the world,

给每一个非正式居住区带来的变化。

我们的研究证实了我们的假设，

and we have realized how each one of them is changing and expanding

每一个地区都在以不同的速度扩张。

as a result of the arriving populations.

拉丁美洲和非洲的 非正式居住区的扩张速度

We discovered things expected.

Regions are expanding at different rates.

远超亚洲。

更重要的是，

Informal settlements in Latin America and Africa are expanding more rapidly

我们发现所有我们研究的非正式居住区

都在以百分之九点八五的速度扩张。

than those in Asia.

More importantly,

we discovered that the entire sample

但这个速度到底意味着什么呢？

continues expanding at a rate of 9.85 percent.

这个速度代表着每一年

平均两千三百平方公里的 新的非正式居住区的诞生

But what [does] this obscure number mean?

都是由现存的非正式居住区扩张而来。

It means that every year

这种扩张速度意味着每一年

2,300 square kilometers of informal settlements

are created out of the expansion of existing ones.

在非正式居住区， 人们通常称之为贫民窟的地方

一座甚至比世界上最大的一些城市，

This expansion means that every year,

at the informal settlement, a slum,

例如莫斯科，

休斯顿，或东京

a city larger that some of the largest cities on the planet,

还要大的“城市”， 在现存的非正式居住区的扩张中诞生了。

such as Moscow,

如果非正式居住区仍然不为人所知，

Houston or Tokyo,

那么我们将无从得知 这些地方所发生的变化。

is created out of the expansion of existing settlements.

As these places continue to grow in darkness,

这也是我为什么致力于

we are blinded to what happens in the cities emerging every day.

与生活在这些地方的人们 合作研究非正式居住区的原因。

This is why I have dedicated my life

不仅仅是为了提高他们的生活水平，

to the co-production with communities that live in informal settlements.

同时也为了从他们的生活中

了解到非正式城市的形成过程。

Not only to try to improve their conditions of living,

在和非正式居住区生活的人们合作的过去十年间，

but to learn from them

about the unique process of informal city making.

我学到了如果

非正式居住区的问题想要得到解决，

Working with families and community members over the last 10 years,

全新的，先进的策略是必须的。

I have learned that to solve

而这些创新的策略，

the informal settlements most challenging problems

其实早已体现在了非正式居住区 居民的生活方式里。

new cutting-edge strategies are needed.

我认识到每一个非正式居住区出现的问题，

And that the source of that innovation

都已被居民找到并实施了妥善的解决方法。

resides already within the knowledge of these communities.

比如说，

I have learned that for each problem

我们就从哥伦比亚共和国境内的卡皮内洛

there is a community-based solution spearheaded by the people living there.

或阿卡普尔科非正式居住区内的居民们

了解到了他们是如何建造和完善基础设施的。

For example,

we learn fascinating things from communities like Carpinelo

他们管这些叫 “combites”。

or Manantiales de Paz in Colombia,

他们对于基础设施的完善涵盖了供水系统，

who organized themselves to build infrastructure improvements.

楼梯，道路等方方面面。

They call these “combites”.

These infrastructure improvements go from the creation of water systems

从家庭的层面来说， 我们了解到了他们不可思议的财务管理方法。

比如他们将家里的房间租出去 用来支付他们扩建家园所需的资金，

to stairways, to roads.

或是针对他们的情况而衍生出的小型生意。

At the family level, we find incredible financing mechanisms.

Like they're renting of rooms to pay for home expansions

现在，我的其中一个目标，

or the creation of micro businesses tailored to the surrounding populations.

就是大规模地模仿一些非正式居住区居民的 生存策略。

创造性的解决方法伴随着混乱的形成过程，

One of my goals now

is the emulation of those strategies at larger scales.

打破了我们对城市的传统认知。

Creative informal solutions follow a disruptive process

城市规划者，管理者和建筑师们更倾向于

that breaks away with traditional ways in which we think about cities.

像二十世纪初那样建设城市。

Planners, city officials and architects tend to operate in cities

是什么让他们和我们

in similar ways as those set up at the beginning of the 20th century.

都认为非正式居住区是异端，

甚至是社会的弊病，

What forced them and us

是需要被消灭的存在呢？

to think about the informal settlements as a pathology,

这种过时的将非正式居住区 视为贫民窟的的看法

as a disease,

as something that needs to be eradicated.

使我们仍然在使用早该被摒弃的策略。

而这些策略所导致的结果就是 上百万人变成了无家可归的人，

This old-fashioned way of looking at slums

forces the use of obsolete strategies.

并且把这个问题转移到了别的地方。

As a result, slum eradication programs have left millions homeless

经过对比， 更令人吃惊的是

这些非正式居住区居民们用来

and have only displayed the problem to other places.

解决一些城市居民们同样面临的问题的非常规方法

In unbelievable contrast,

the resources of informal dwellers for these populations

相对于常规的方法来说， 对环境的影响要小的多

同时，这些非常规方法并不需要 基础设施的大规模改进。

to find unconventional ways to solve the same problems.

这些方法可以是有形的，

Their solutions are less environmentally impactful

比如创造一个有人行道的紧凑街区

and rely less on the need of big infrastructure improvements.

或作为无形的策略，

These solutions could be as physical

成立一个社区银行系统。

as the creation of pedestrian-friendly compact neighborhoods,

这些方法不仅能在

or as strategic

资源相对较少的非正式居住区应用，

as the setup of community-based banking systems.

也能应用在寻求可持续发展的城市中。

These solutions could work both

for informal settlements with less resources

让大家注意到非正式居住区

不仅对帮助贫困的非正式居住区居民们非常重要，

and to cities in the search of more sustainable development.

对我们亦然。

Making these places visible

这些生活在极度缺乏资源的环境中的人群 不得不创新，

is not only essential to help impoverished communities,

it's also vital for the rest of us.

也因此创造了这些混乱的城市产物。

These populations living in scarcity are forced to innovate

非正式居住区居民一直都十分积极地生活，

不断地在生活必需品以外 找到新的商机，

and create these disruptive urban products.

比如用非官方的摩托车的士， 或私家车来载客，

Informal communities have always thrived,

finding new opportunities out of necessity,

作为对可负担的交通系统的需求的回应，

from unofficial moto-taxis, private vehicles that serve the public,

又比如将房间租出去用租金来扩建，

a response for the need for affordable transportation systems,

这让非正式居住区内的住宅 变成了自给自足的都市模型。

or like the renting of rooms to pay for home expansions,

这是个革命性的创造。

what makes homes in informal settlements a self-sustainable urban model.

与其贷款来支付房款，

你的家变成了能帮助你支付房费的一笔生意。

Think about how radical this idea is.

That instead of getting a loan to pay for your home,

当然，我并不想将这些问题的解决方法理想化，

your home is the business that pays for the place that you live in.

毕竟这些创新源自于严峻的疾苦。

Of course, I don't want to romanticize these solutions,

我想要表达的是我们有太多的 可以向非正式居住区居民们学习的东西了。

as they are the result of innovation out of dramatic suffering.

事实上，我认为我们已经从他们学习了不少，

But what I want to say is that there is much that we could learn from them.

我认为，

现如今大部分的颠覆性的城市产物，

In fact, I think there are some that are already learning.

例如打车软件，

就和摩托的士非常相似，

I argue

that today, some of the most disruptive urban products,

而共享家庭的经济模式，

也和非正式居住区的自我供资的，

such as the ride apps,

similar to the moto-taxis,

十多年前

or the home-sharing economy,

就开始在家里盛行的都市模板非常相似。

similar to the self-financing urban model in informal settlements,

如果我们将更多的注意力放在这些 非正式居住区的居民身上，

started decades ago

in the confines of informal settlements.

我们不但可以帮助数十亿计的人群，

If we pay more attention to visibilizing these invisible populations,

还可以向他们学习如何改造我们的地球。

we will not only have the opportunity to support the effort of billions,

but we could learn from them how we can change the planet.

现在回想起我的同学们，

和我合作的非正式居住区居民群体，

以及数十亿的其他生活在非正式居住区的人们，

Now, thinking back about my schoolmates,

有三件事是我们都需要做的。

the communities which I collaborate with

第一件事就是让这些群体得到更多的关注。

and the billions living in informal settlements,

他们也是我们城市的一部分，

there are three things that we all need to do.

所以他们理应被尊重，也理应被考虑在内。

The first one is that we need to make these communities more visible.

第二件事就是我们应该更加关注

They are part of our cities,

非正式居住区的各种发明创造。

they deserve to be respected and accounted.

下一个十亿级的生意，

Second is that we need to pay more attention to the creativity

或是下一个城市的可持续发展方案

and innovation that happen in these places.

已经被世界上其中一个非正式居住区孕育出来了。

The next billion-dollar business,

the next urban sustainable solution has already been invented

最后，我们需要学以致用。

in one of the thousands informal settlements around the world.

为了将来地球上三分之一的生物，

And finally, we need to apply what we learned there.

也为了我们城市的安全稳妥。

谢谢。

For the future one third of the planet

and for our cities that need to be safe.

Thank you.