3 ways to upgrade democracy for the 21st century | Max Rashbrooke

61,331 views ใƒป 2021-02-25

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber:
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Phoebe Choo ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:13
(Mฤori) Kia ora koutou, everyone.
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(๋งˆ์˜ค๋ฆฌ ์–ด) ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
00:16
I want to you today about democracy,
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
about the struggles that it's experiencing,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:23
and the fact that all of us together in this room
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
00:26
might be the solution.
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ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„์š”.
00:28
But before I get onto that,
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๊ทธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
00:30
I want to take a little detour into the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
This is a picture from Athens,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
or more specifically, it's a picture of a place called the Pnyx,
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, โ€˜ํ”„๋‹‰์Šค(Pnyx)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
which is where, about two and a half thousand years ago,
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2,500๋…„ ์ „์ฏค์—
00:44
the ancient Greeks, the ancient Athenians,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์ธ๋“ค์ด
00:46
gathered to take all their major political decisions together.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์ด๋˜ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
I say the ancient Athenians.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:52
In fact, it was only the men.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Actually, it was only the free, resident, property-owning men.
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์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์ด๊ณ , ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋งŒ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
But with all those failings,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:02
it was still a revolutionary idea:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
that ordinary people were capable of dealing
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
01:06
with the biggest issues of the time
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01:08
and didn't need to rely on a single supposedly superior ruler.
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ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํ†ต์น˜์ž์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋์ฃ .
01:13
It was, you know, it was a way of doing things,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:15
it was a political system.
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์ •์น˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
It was, you could say, a democratic technology appropriate to the time.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:24
Fast-forward to the 19th century
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
when democracy was having another flourishing moment
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
and the democratic technology that they were using then
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
01:33
was representative democracy.
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๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
The idea that you have to elect a bunch of people --
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช… ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:40
gentlemen, in the picture here, all gentlemen, at the time, of course --
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์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
you had to elect them to look after your best interests.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:49
And if you think about the conditions of the time,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:52
the fact that it was impossible to gather everybody together physically,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and of course they didnโ€™t have the means to gather everyone together virtually,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:00
it was again a kind of democratic technology
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
appropriate to the time.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:06
Fast-forward again to the 21st century.
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
And we're living through what's internationally known
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š”
์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
as the crisis of democracy.
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02:13
What I would call the crisis of representative democracy,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
the sense that people are falling out of love with this
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:18
as a way of getting things done,
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์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
that it's not fundamentally working.
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๋Œ€์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And we see this crisis take many forms in many different countries.
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์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
So in the UK,
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”,
02:29
you see a country that now at times looks almost ungovernable.
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์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
In places like Hungary and Turkey,
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ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”,
02:36
you see very frighteningly authoritarian leaders being elected.
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ๋งŒํผ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
In places like New Zealand,
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๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:42
we see it in the nearly one million people
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:44
who could have voted at the last general election,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ์ค‘ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
02:47
but who chose not to.
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ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Now these kinds of struggles,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚œ๊ด€๊ณผ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
02:52
these sort of crises of democracy have many roots, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:55
but for me, one of the biggest ones
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€
02:57
is that we haven't upgraded our democratic technology.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
We're still far too reliant on the systems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
that we inherited from the 19th and from the 20th century.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
And we know this because in survey after survey
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
03:10
people tell us, they say,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
โ€œWe donโ€™t think that weโ€™re getting a fair share of decision-making power,
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ชซ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
03:17
decisions happen somewhere else."
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์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ž–์•„์š”.โ€
03:19
They say, โ€œWe donโ€™t think the current systems
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
03:21
and our government
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™์„ ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
03:23
genuinely deliver on the common good,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ต ๋ง์ด์—์š”.โ€
03:25
the interests that we share as citizens."
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03:27
They say, โ€œWeโ€™re much less deferential than ever before,
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
03:31
and we expect more than ever before,
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:33
and we want more than ever before
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:35
to be engaged in the big political decisions that affect us.โ€
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์—
์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—์š”.โ€
03:40
And they know
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
that our systems of democracy have just not kept pace
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
03:45
with either the expectations
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋‚˜
03:47
or the potential of the 21st century.
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:51
And for me, what that suggests
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
is that we need a really significant upgrade of our systems of democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
03:59
That doesn't mean we throw out everything that's working about the current system,
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ํ˜„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
because we will always need representatives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
to carry out some of the complex work of running the modern world.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด์š”.
04:10
But it does mean a bit more Athens
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋”,
04:14
and a bit less Victorian England.
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๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:16
And it also means a big shift towards what's generally called
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
everyday democracy.
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์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด์š”.
04:24
And it gets this name
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์ผ์ƒ์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š”
04:25
because it's about finding ways of bringing democracy closer to people,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
giving us more meaningful opportunities to be involved in it,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:32
giving us a sense that we're not just part of government
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:35
on one day, every few years when we vote,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:38
but we're part of it every other day of the year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ ์—๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Now that everyday democracy has two key qualities
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์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
that I've seen prove their worth time and again,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
in the research that I've done.
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04:51
The first is participation
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
because it's only if we as citizens,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
04:56
as much as possible,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์ด,
04:58
get involved in the decisions that affect us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ
05:02
that we'll actually get the kind of politics that we need,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
that we'll actually get our common good served.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ๋ผ์•ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์„ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
The second important quality is deliberation.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ™์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And that's just a fancy way of saying high-quality public discussion,
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์ˆ™์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๊ณต๊ณต ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
because its all very well people participating,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:20
but it's only when we come together and we listen to each other,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:24
we engage with the evidence, and reflect on our own views,
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๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ
05:28
that we genuinely bring to the surface the wisdom and the ideas
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜œ์™€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
that would otherwise remain scattered and isolated
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:36
amongst us as a group.
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๊ทธ์ € ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์š”.
05:38
It's only then that the crowd really becomes smarter than the individual.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
So if we ask what could this abstract idea,
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์ด ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ์ผ์ƒ์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:45
this everyday democracy actually look like in practice,
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05:49
the great thing is we don't even have to use our imaginations
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๊ทธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
because these things are already happening in pockets around the world.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
One of my favorite quotes comes from the science fiction writer,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๊น์Šจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
William Gibson, who once said,
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06:01
"The future's already here,
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โ€œ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
it's just unevenly spread."
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๊ณจ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.โ€
06:06
So what I want to do is share with you three things
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
from this unevenly spread future that I'm really excited about
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ณจ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—์„œ,
06:15
in terms of upgrading the system of democracy that we work with.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:20
Three components of that potential democratic upgrade.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
And the first of them is the citizens assembly.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
And the idea here is that a polling company is contracted by government
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ 
06:34
to draw up, say, a hundred citizens
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 100 ๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
who are perfectly representative of the country as a whole.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:41
So perfectly representative in terms of age, gender,
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์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ธ์ข…, ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ธต ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
ethnicity, income level and so on.
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06:47
And these people are brought together over a period of weekends or a week,
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์ฃผ๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ,
06:51
paid for their time
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
06:53
and asked to discuss an issue of crucial public importance.
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์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์  ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
They're given training
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก๋„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
on how to discuss issues well with each other,
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์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ฃ .
07:01
which we'll all know of course, from our experiences of arguing online,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋“ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
07:05
if nowhere else,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:07
is not an ability that we're all born with innately,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์„œ
07:09
moreโ€™s the pity.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๋„ค์š”.
07:12
In the citizens assembly,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
people are also put in front of evidence and the experts,
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07:16
and they're given time to discuss the issue deeply
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™๋ฃŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
07:19
with their fellow citizens
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07:21
and come to a state of consensus recommendations.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
So these kinds of assemblies have been used in places like Canada,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํšŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
where they were used to draw up
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:31
a new national action plan on mental health
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์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ํ–‰๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ 
07:34
for the whole country.
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์ „๊ตญ์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
07:37
A citizens assembly was used recently in Melbourne
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š”
07:40
to basically lay the foundation
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ํ–ฅํ›„ 10๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๋„์‹œ์žฌ์ • ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
of a new 10-year financial plan for the whole city.
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07:46
So these assemblies can have real teeth, real weight.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
The second key element of the democratic upgrade:
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋Š”
07:54
participatory budgeting.
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์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
The idea here is that a local council or a city council
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜ํšŒ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€
08:01
takes its budget for spending on new buildings, new services,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:05
and says,
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08:06
we're going to put a chunk of this up for the public to decide,
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์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
but only after you've argued the issues over carefully with each other.
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๋‹จ, ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ํ† ๋ก ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋ผ์•ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:16
And so the process starts at the neighborhood level.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
You have people meeting together in community halls, in basketball courts,
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๋งˆ์„ํšŒ๊ด€, ๋†๊ตฌ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
making the trade-offs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ถฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:27
saying, "Well, are we going to spend that money on a new health center,
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โ€œ์Œ, ์ด ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์„๊นŒ,
08:30
or are we going to spend it on safety improvements to a local road?"
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋„๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ• ๊นŒ?โ€
08:34
People using their expertise in their own lives.
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์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€์‹์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
Those discussions are then pushed up to the suburb or ward level,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ† ๋ก ์€ ์๋ฉด๋™, ๊ตฌ๊ตฐ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
and then again, to the city level
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์‹œ๋„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:45
and in full view of the public,
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๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ,
08:47
the public themselves makes the final allocation of that budget.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์•ˆ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And in the city where this all originated,
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์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณณ์€
08:53
Porto Alegre in Brazil,
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
a place with about a million inhabitants,
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„ 
08:58
as many as 50,000 people get engaged in that process every year.
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๋งค๋…„ 5๋งŒ ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
The third element of the upgrade:
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์†Œ๋Š”
09:06
online consensus forming.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
In Taiwan a few years ago, when Uber arrived on their shores,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ํƒ€์ด์™„์— ์šฐ๋ฒ„(Uber) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ,
09:15
the government immediately launched an online discussion process
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ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
using a piece of software called Polis,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” โ€˜ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค(Polis)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
which is also coincidentally, or not coincidentally,
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์šฐ์—ฐ์ด๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ ,
09:25
what the ancient Athenians call themselves
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
09:27
when they were making their collective decisions.
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09:29
And the way Polis works is it groups people together,
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ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
and then using machine learning and a bunch of other techniques,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ
์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
it encourages good discussion amongst those participating.
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09:40
It allows them to put up proposals, which are then discussed,
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์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:44
knocked back, refined,
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๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
until they reach something like 80 percent consensus.
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80% ์ •๋„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
09:50
And in the time, in this case, within about four weeks,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์•ฝ 4์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ† ๋ก  ๋์— ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
this process had yielded six recommendations
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09:56
for how people wanted to see Uber regulated.
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:59
And those, almost all of them,
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๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
10:01
were immediately picked up by the government
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์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:04
and accepted by Uber.
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์šฐ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Now I find these examples really inspiring.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ฃ .
10:12
People sometimes ask me why I'm an optimist
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‚™๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and a large part of the answer
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜์‹  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
is these kinds of innovations,
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10:19
because I think they,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด
10:21
you know, they're really show us that we can have a kind of politics
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
which is deeply responsive to our needs as citizens,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
10:29
but which avoids the peril of the threats to human liberties,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:35
the threats to civil liberties
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”.
10:37
that authoritarian populism descends into.
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10:41
They show us that even though we live in what looks like quite a dark time,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”์šธํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๋”๋ผ๋„
10:46
there are things that act a bit like emergency lighting,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
10:49
guiding us towards something better.
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๋น„์ƒ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
And although these are all ideas from the Western tradition,
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์ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ง€๋งŒ
10:56
they can also be combined with, adapted by Indigenous traditions
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๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š”
11:01
that also value turn-taking in speech and consensus decision-making.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
And the thread that binds all these traditions together
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „ํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฎ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:11
is essentially a faith in other people.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
A faith in people's ability to handle difficult decisions,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ,
11:18
a faith in people's ability to come together
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์„œ
11:20
and make political decisions intelligently.
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
In the Polis example,
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ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ,
11:26
we see that government can be agile and nimble
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ๋ฏผ์ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
in the face of tech disruption.
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11:31
In the participatory budgeting,
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์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š”
11:33
we see that we can build systems
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๊ณ„์ธต์— ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:35
that are disproportionately used by poor people
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11:38
and which deliver infrastructure
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๊ธฐ์กด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
that is better quality than the traditional systems.
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11:42
In citizens assemblies,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š”,
11:44
the experts who observed them time and again,
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์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
11:47
say that in those good conditions people's ability to listen to others,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
11:53
to engage with the evidence,
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
11:55
and to shift from their entrenched views is consistently astounding.
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ํ™•๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
And that's a really, really hopeful finding,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
because, you know, I think we live at a time
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š”,
12:07
where you see right around the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์™ธ์ง€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ํฌ๊ณ ,
12:09
huge suspicion of other people, of other citizens,
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12:12
huge doubts about whether people are really able to bear the burden
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€์šฐ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„
12:16
of decision-making that democracy places on them.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:21
But if you're worried, for instance,
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์šฐ๋ ค์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
about whether a lot of people out there,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:27
you know, are misinformed or fallen prey to online propaganda,
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ ๋™์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:32
what better way to push back against that
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:36
than by ensuring that they're placed in forums.
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ํฌ๋Ÿผ์— ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:39
Forums like the New England town hall meetings shown here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‰ด์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ๋Ÿผ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Forums where they have to come face-to-face with other people,
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ํฌ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
or at least be in close virtual contact,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
where they have to justify their opinions,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
12:51
have to deal with the evidence,
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:53
and are encouraged to step away from their prejudices.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
The Canadian philosopher Joseph Heath
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์กฐ์…‰ ํžˆ์Šค(Joseph Heath)๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
13:02
says that rationality,
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์€,
13:04
our ability to make good decisions,
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€,
13:06
isn't something that we achieve as individuals,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
if we achieve it at all.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„์š”.
13:10
It's something we achieve in groups.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Our best hope of rationality is each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
Or to put the thing a different way,
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
13:21
the problem with democracy is not other people,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:24
it's not other citizens.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
The problem is the situations in which they -- in which we all --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
13:32
have been asked to do our democratic work.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
The problem is the outdated democratic technology
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
13:37
that we've all been forced to use.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
And so what these examples show to me,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
13:43
the reason I find them inspiring,
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13:45
is that I think they demonstrate that if you get the situations right,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ณ 
13:49
if you get the technology upgraded,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๋ฉด
13:51
then actually the things that we do when we come together as citizens
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด
13:55
can be astounding,
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”.
13:57
and together, we really can build a form of democracy
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
that's genuinely fit for the 21st century.
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14:03
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:05
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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