How We're Reverse Engineering the Human Brain in the Lab | Sergiu P. Pasca | TED

135,396 views ใƒป 2022-08-29

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bohyun Ahn ๊ฒ€ํ† : ํ•œ๋‚˜ ์ตœ
00:03
How does the human brain build itself?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:08
How do circuits in the human brain
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ๋“ค์€
00:10
wire together?
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์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:12
For instance, how does one tiny neuron in the outer layer of the brain
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ด
00:16
send a thin axon all the way to the spinal cord,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–‡์€ ์ถ•์‚ญ์„ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
00:19
find the right neuron
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•„
00:20
and then control muscle contraction
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๊ทผ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด
00:22
as we extend a hand and grasp a glass of water?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋ป—์–ด ์ปต์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:27
I'm here to tell you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด
00:28
that we can finally grow parts of the human brain
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋“  ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:31
from any individual
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ
00:33
and then build functioning human circuits
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์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
00:35
in a laboratory cell culture dish.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ์ด๊ณณ์— ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
These clumps of neural tissue are known as brain organoids.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
And when we put them together to form circuits, they become โ€œassembloids.โ€
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๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด โ€œ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œโ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
00:49
Assembloids could be key to understanding how the human brain is built.
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์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ด์‡ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:54
Today, most of what we know about the human brain
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
00:56
comes from studies in animals, typically mice.
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๋™๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃ .
01:00
And while we've learned a lot from these animal brains,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ง€๋งŒ
01:04
the characteristics that make the human brain unique,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”,
01:06
and uniquely susceptible to disease,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ ๋… ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์€
01:09
remain mysterious.
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Iโ€™m a physician by training and a professor at Stanford,
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์ €๋Š” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
where my laboratory has been taking unconventional approaches
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
01:18
to study how the human brain develops,
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๋‡Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š”์ง€,
01:20
how disorders in the human brain arise
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:23
and find new ways of treatment.
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์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
I think the best way to explain, though, how we do this
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:30
is through the eyes of one of my patients.
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
When I opened my lab at Stanford,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
01:36
Eduard, who's on the autism spectrum,
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์žํ๋ฅผ ์•“๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
01:38
sent me this drawing
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
depicting how he thought we were studying brain disorders.
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ์งˆํ™˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์ฃ .
01:44
Now to paraphrase him, he said,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
"What I think you're doing is you're climbing up a ladder,
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ
01:49
poking holes in people's brains
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ
01:51
and then use tiny telescopes to watch neural cells."
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์ž‘์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.โ€
01:55
Of course, that's not what we do.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:56
So I called him up, explained the process,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:00
and then the next morning he sent me another drawing,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
which I think ended up being a quite accurate representation
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์ €ํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„
02:05
of the work that we and many others now are doing.
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๊ฝค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Again, to paraphrase him, he said,
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๋‹ค์‹œ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
02:10
"You're taking skin cells
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํŠน์ • ๋‡Œ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜
02:12
from patients that have specific brain disorders,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
02:15
then doing some mumbo jumbo to the cells
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ณ  ์ €์ฉŒ๊ณ  ํ•œ ํ›„
02:17
to push them back in time
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์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์–ด
02:18
and turn them into stem cells."
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.โ€
02:21
And then he knew that stem cells can be coaxed to become any cell type.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
โ€œSo then youโ€™re taking them and turning them into brain cells
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โ€œ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๋‡Œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
02:28
that form brain circuits.โ€
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๋‡Œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋„ค์š”.โ€
02:30
That's right. We can build human brain circuits in a dish.
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:36
How is that possible?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:38
Building on the hard work of biologists over the past 15 years or so,
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์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
02:43
we can today take any cell type from any individual
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋“  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด
02:47
and then push it back in time to turn them into stem cells
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
02:50
and then guide those stem cells to become any other cell type.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
We start by asking a patient to provide a small skin sample.
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
We then take those skin cells,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด
03:01
reprogram them by putting a series of genetic factors
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:05
and push them back in time
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค
03:06
so that those skin cells become stem cells.
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
It's like cellular alchemy.
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์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:12
These stem cells have almost magical abilities
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์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:15
to turn into any other cell type.
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๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So what do we do?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
We take the stem cells, we dissociate them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ,
03:23
we then aggregate them
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
03:24
so that they form spheres or tiny balls of cells.
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๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
We then take those, move them into a special plate
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ํ”„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
03:31
where there is a kind of chemical soup.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ ‘์‹œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
03:34
And that chemical soup will allow them to grow
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์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ํ›„
03:37
and transform and turn into a brain organoid.
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๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ˆ˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
By providing different cues, we can turn this brain organoid
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ
03:46
to resemble specific regions of the central nervous system.
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์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
For instance, we have a recipe
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:52
that allows them to become a cerebral cortex,
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‡Œํ”ผ์งˆ, ์ฆ‰ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ธต์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์‹œํ”ผ๋ฅผ
03:54
the outer layer of the brain.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
By using a slightly different combination of factors,
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์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
03:58
we can turn them into a spinal cord.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:01
The secret to this process is careful guidance.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์€ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•œ ์œ ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
In the end, they look like this.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋์—” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์š”.
04:08
Tiny clusters of brain cells at the bottom of a dish.
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์ ‘์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:12
And let me be clear.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•ด๋‘์ฃ .
04:14
This are not brains in a jar.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ‘์— ๋“  ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:17
These are parts of the nervous system in a laboratory dish.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ ‘์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Each of them contains millions of cells,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:26
and we can even listen as they fire electrical signals.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
(Electrical signals firing)
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(์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ)
04:32
Or we can watch them
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๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:35
as they sparkle with electrical activity.
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๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ๋น›์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Or we can image inside and watch the cells as they communicate with each other.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:43
Isn't it remarkable to think that just a few months ago
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜€๊ณ ,
04:46
these cells were skin cells in a patient,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:48
and now they are neural cells at the bottom of a dish
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์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ ‘์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
04:51
that we can study at ease.
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๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
04:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:54
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
So with these models of brain growth,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:01
we started wondering: Could we use them to start to understand disease?
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:05
So for instance, we wanted to know,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€
05:07
could we understand how low oxygen impacts the brains of premature babies?
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๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
So to do this, we took brain organoids and put them in a special incubator.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:21
We then lowered the concentration of oxygen and watched them.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
We discovered something quite interesting.
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๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:28
Only one specific cell type was affected by the low oxygen.
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์˜ค์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•๋งŒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
05:32
That cell type is responsible for the expansion of the human cortex.
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
We found exactly how that happens
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
05:38
and even found the drug that could prevent that process.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
These clumps of three-dimensional tissue
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์ด 3์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
05:46
can be grown in a dish for years.
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์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
In fact, we've maintained the longest cultures
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” 800์ผ์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:52
that have been reported to date, going beyond 800 days.
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์ด๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
At nine to 10 months, which is the equivalent of birth,
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์ถœ์‚ฐ์‹œ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•ฝ 9๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 10๊ฐœ์›”์ฏค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:59
they slowly transitioned, and they started to resemble the postnatal brain.
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์กฐ์ง ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฐํ›„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
We have discovered a brain clock
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ ‘์‹œ์™€ ์ž๊ถ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
06:08
which keeps track of time in a dish and outside of the uterus.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie this brain clock
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์ด ๋‡Œ์‹œ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:17
could be key to finding new strategies
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†, ๊ฐ์†, ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ถ˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
06:20
to either accelerate or decelerate or rejuvenate human brain cells.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
The work that I've shown you so far
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
is pioneering not just because of what it teaches us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:31
about the human brain,
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:32
but also because of the frontiers of ethics.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:36
Organoids and assembloids are not full replicas of the human brain.
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์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
They're not brains in a jar. They're not minibrain.
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๋ณ‘ ์•ˆ์— ๋“  ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋‡Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
06:43
They're not some stepping stone to a Frankenstein monster.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์ผ„์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐœํŒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
They have no blood flow,
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
06:48
they receive no meaningful inputs and outputs.
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์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
But at one point, they may become more complex.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
At one point, they may receive sensory input.
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:58
So as the science advances,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
07:00
we in the scientific community have been very careful
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ํ•œ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค,
07:03
about discussing what are some of the ethical questions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:06
the societal implications and potential regulations.
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๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ† ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
Most of the work that Iโ€™ve shown you so far
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
07:13
has been in one specific brain region.
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ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
But to really understand circuits,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
07:18
we actually need to build more complicated brain circuits.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‡Œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
And so to do this, six years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” 6๋…„ ์ „์—
07:25
we came up with a new approach to build human circuits
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์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„
07:28
called an assembloid.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
Assembloids are essentially blocks of tissue
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์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ ‘์‹œ์—
07:33
that we build in a dish from multiple organoids put together.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์กฐ์ง ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
When we put two brain organoids together,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ
07:41
we discovered something really fascinating.
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:45
First, they fused to each other.
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์šฐ์„ , ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์œตํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
But then they started to communicate,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
07:51
and brain cells from one side
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
07:54
started to slowly migrate onto the other side
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
and form circuits,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ค์ œ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:58
much like they would in the actual brain.
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ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:00
In fact, we can even watch them live as they move from one side to the other.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•œ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:05
I still remember how we were in the lab in absolute awe
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ํ”„ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”์ง€
08:08
when we saw for the first time
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
08:10
how human cells undergo this peculiar jumping behavior.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
This is all fascinating, but what is it actually good for?
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:18
Dysfunction in the human brain causes brain disorders,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ด์ƒ์€ ์žํ์ฆ, ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ, ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
08:22
such as autism and schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease,
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๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
devastating conditions that are poorly understood.
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์•„์ง ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
08:28
Nearly one in five individuals suffers from a psychiatric disease.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
What is even more striking
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๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
08:34
is that the lowest success rate for finding new drugs
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€
08:37
is in psychiatry, out of all the branches of medicine,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
likely because until now we couldn't really access the human brain.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Using brain organoids and assembloids,
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๋‡Œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:50
we can create avatars for a patient's brain development
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„
08:54
and then use those to dissect the molecular mechanism of disease.
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:59
Let me give you one example.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
As you have seen,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์…จ๋“ฏ์ด,
09:03
assembloids can be used
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์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ ํ”„ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณธ๋œจ๋Š” ๋ฐ
09:05
to model this healthy jumping behavior of neurons.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So what we did is we created assembloids from patients with Timothy syndrome,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์žํ์ฆ, ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ ์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์ธ
09:14
which is a rare genetic disease associated with autism and epilepsy.
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ํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์‹œ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
When we looked inside the assembloids, we noticed something remarkable.
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๊ทธ ์–ด์…ˆํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์–ด์š”.
09:23
The cells were moving much faster,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:27
but every time they would jump, they would jump a shorter distance.
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋” ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:30
So in the end, they would be left behind.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋’ค์ณ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
09:32
Over the past six years in extensive studies,
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์ง€๋‚œ 6๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด,
09:35
we've actually dissected the molecular mechanism of this defect
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:38
and even found ways of restoring it.
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์ด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
And we're excited to be moving towards a potential therapeutic avenue
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋…„ ์ฏค์—” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด
09:44
in the next year or so.
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๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:50
The premise of organoids and assembloids
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์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
09:53
is that they will slowly allow us to gain new insights
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:57
into the hidden biology of the human brain.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:00
And by doing so,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
10:01
they could revolutionize the way we think about human brain development, evolution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์ง„ํ™”, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
10:05
function and disease.
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ํ˜๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
So what's next?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
10:09
Well, to really be able to gain insight into more complex brain disorders,
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
10:14
we need to build more complex circuits.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
10:17
So in the last minute, let me show you
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ์•ˆ ๋‚จ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜
10:20
the most complicated circuit we have built to date.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
The circuit that controls voluntary movement.
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์ˆ˜์˜ ์šด๋™์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:28
To do this, we've created three organoids.
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์ด ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
One, shown here in purple, that resembles the cortex.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด์š”.
10:35
One, in yellow, that resembles the spinal cord,
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:37
and one, in red, that resembles human muscle.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
We then put them together and watched them fuse
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†“์€ ํ›„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
10:43
and noticed something really spectacular.
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์ •๋ง ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์–ด์š”.
10:46
Neurons on the cortical side started extending axons,
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ํ”ผ์งˆ์ชฝ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ถ•์‚ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:50
find spinal motor neurons in the spinal side,
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์ฒ™์ˆ˜์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ˆ˜ ์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•„
10:52
connect with them,
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
and then those farther project and connect to muscle.
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๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ์œก์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:58
When we put a light stimulus on the cortical site,
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ํ”ผ์งˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
11:02
we noticed the muscle on the opposite side contract.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
We have modeled for the first time a human cortical motor pathway.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์šด๋™ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:19
And let me be clear.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
11:22
These cells find each other.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Unlike in engineering, we don't have a master plan,
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๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
we don't provide a plan because the human brain builds itself.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:34
And then in itself, it's a remarkable opportunity
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋„, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
11:36
to try to reverse engineer
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์—ญ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:38
what are some of the steps that underlie human brain development?
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
I know that this all sounds science fiction,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:45
but we now do this routinely in the lab.
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์ด์   ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
11:48
We have derived thousands and thousands of organoids and assembloids
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:51
from patients with various neuropsychiatric diseases,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
including, for instance,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
11:55
infecting them with viruses such as polio virus
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—
11:57
to understand how diseases arise.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
11:59
The statistician George Box famously said,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ž ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ•์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
"All models are wrong, but some are useful."
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โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
12:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:11
I do the work that I do
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:13
because the promise and hope of brain assembloids and organoids
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
12:17
is that by allowing us to recreate circuits of the human brain,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
12:20
we will gain new insights into human biology.
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๋‡Œ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œ์™€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
12:24
And this in itself will open a new era in the treatment of brain disorders.
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์ด๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋‡Œ ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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