What happens when biology becomes technology? | Christina Agapakis

92,325 views ・ 2020-08-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: μ§€μœ€ κΉ€ κ²€ν† : hansom Lee
(λ°•μˆ˜μ†Œλ¦¬)
00:13
A briefcase full of poop changed my life.
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λ˜₯으둜 가득 μ°¬ μ„œλ₯˜ 가방이 제 인생을 λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Ten years ago, I was a graduate student
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10λ…„ μ „, λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ΄μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
00:18
and I was helping judge a genetic engineering competition
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ν•™λΆ€μƒλ“€μ˜ μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™ κ²½μ—° λŒ€νšŒμ—μ„œ
00:21
for undergrads.
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심사λ₯Ό λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
00:22
There, I met a British artist and designer named Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg.
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κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ „ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλΌ 데이지 κΈ΄μ¦ˆλ²„κ·Έλ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
She was wearing the white embroidered polo shirt
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μžμˆ˜κ°€ 놓인 흰 폴둜 μ…”μΈ λ₯Ό μž…κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:29
of the University of Cambridge team
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μΊ λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ λŒ€ν•™ λ‘œκ³ κ°€ μ˜·μ— μƒˆκ²¨μ Έ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:30
and holding a silver briefcase,
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그리고 은색 μ„œλ₯˜ 가방을 λ“€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:32
like the kind that you would imagine is handcuffed to your wrist.
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손λͺ©μ— μˆ˜κ°‘μ΄ μ±„μ›Œμ Έ μžˆλ‹€ μƒμƒν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ 될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
00:35
She gestured over from a quiet corner
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 쑰용히 ꡬ석에 μ„œμ„œ 손짓을 λ³΄λ‚΄λ”λ‹ˆ
00:37
and asked me if I wanted to see something.
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제게 이 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” κ±Έ 보고 싢냐고 λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
With a sneaky look, she opened up the suitcase,
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μ‘νΌν•œ λˆˆλΉ›μ„ 보내며 가방을 μ—΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:42
and inside were six glorious, multicolored turds.
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6개의 νœ˜ν™©μ°¬λž€ν•œ λ˜₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
The Cambridge team, she explained,
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μΊ λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ 연ꡬ νŒ€μ΄
00:49
had spent their summer engineering the bacteria E. coli
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여름 λ‚΄λ‚΄ λŒ€μž₯균을 μ‘°μž‘ν•΄μ„œ
00:52
to be able to sense different things in the environment
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ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό κ°μ§€ν•΄μ„œ
00:55
and produce a rainbow of different colors in response.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ¬΄μ§€κ°œ μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
00:57
Arsenic in your drinking water?
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μ‹μˆ˜μ— λΉ„μ†Œ(As)κ°€ λ“€μ–΄μžˆμœΌλ©΄μš”?
00:59
This strain would turn green.
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이 변쒅은 λ…Ήμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
She and her collaborator, the designer James King,
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그녀와 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ™λ£Œ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆ μ œμž„μŠ€ 킹은
01:03
worked with the students and imagined the different possible scenarios
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학생듀과 ν•¨κ»˜ 이런 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
01:07
of how you might use these bacteria.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 경우의 수λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
What if, they asked, you could use them
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이런 것도 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
이걸둜 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μœ μ‚°κ·  음료λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ ν•œ λ²ˆμ— 건강 진단이 κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:10
as a living probiotic drink and health monitor, all in one?
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01:15
You could drink the bacteria and it would live in your gut,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹œλ©΄ κ·Έ 균이 μž₯ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ‚΄κ²Œ 될 것이고
01:18
sensing what's going on,
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어떀지 μ‚΄ν”Όλ‹€κ°€
01:19
and then in response to something,
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λ­”κ°€ 있으면 κ±°κΈ° λ°˜μ‘ν•΄μ„œ
ν˜•ν˜•μƒ‰μƒ‰μ˜ 결과물을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 있겠죠.
01:21
it would be able to produce a colored output.
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01:23
Holy shit!
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이런 λ˜₯μ΄μš”!
01:25
The Cambridge team went on to win
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μΊ λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ νŒ€μ€ ꡭ제 μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™ λŒ€νšŒμ˜ μš°μŠΉμ„ λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ 계속 λ‚˜μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
the International Genetically Engineered Machine competition,
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01:29
or iGEM for short.
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μ€„μ—¬μ„œ iGEM λŒ€νšŒμš”.
01:30
And as for me, those turds were a turning point.
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μ €ν•œν…ŒλŠ” κ·Έ λ˜₯듀이 μ „ν™˜μ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:34
I am a synthetic biologist,
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μ €λŠ” ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
which is probably a weird term that most people aren't familiar with.
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이 μš©μ–΄κ°€ μ΅μˆ™ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šκ² μ§€λ§Œμš”.
01:39
It definitely sounds like an oxymoron.
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λͺ¨μˆœλœ 말이죠.
01:41
How can biology, something natural,
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μžμ—°μ μΈ 이런 생물학이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 합성될 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:44
be synthetic?
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01:45
How can something artificial be alive?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 인곡적인 것이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ„ 수 있죠?
01:48
Synthetic biologists sort of poke holes
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ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ€
01:50
in that boundary that we draw between what is natural and what's technological.
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기술적인 것과 μžμ—°μ μΈ κ²ƒμ˜ 경계에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
And every year, iGEM students from all over the world
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그리고 맀년, μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ iGEM 학생듀은
01:57
spend their summer
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생물곡학을 기술의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 여름을 보내죠.
01:58
trying to engineer biology to be technology.
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02:02
They teach bacteria how to play sudoku,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ—κ²Œ 퍼즐 κ²Œμž„μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κ³ 
02:04
they make multicolored spider silk,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μƒ‰κΉ”μ˜ 거미쀄을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
02:07
they make self-healing concrete
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μžκ°€ 치유 μ½˜ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈλ‚˜ 생체 쑰직 프린터도 λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
02:09
and tissue printers and plastic-eating bacteria.
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
02:13
Up until that moment, though,
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그런데 κ·Έλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ „
02:14
I was a little bit more concerned with a different kind of oxymoron.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 의미의 λͺ¨μˆœμ μ— 약간은 생각이 λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Just plain old genetic engineering.
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κ·Έμ € ν‰λ²”ν•˜κ³  였래된 μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
02:20
The comedian Simon Munnery once wrote
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μ½”λ―Έλ””μ–Έ 사이먼 λ¨Έλ„ˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ˜ˆμ „μ—
02:22
that genetic engineering is actually insulting to proper engineering.
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μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ€ μ •λ‹Ήν•œ 곡학에 λŒ€ν•œ 사싀상 λͺ¨μš•μ΄λΌκ³  μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Genetic engineering is more like throwing a bunch of concrete and steel in a river
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μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ€ 차라리 콘크리트λ₯Ό 강에 던져 두고
02:31
and if somebody can walk across, you call it a bridge.
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ κ±°κΈ°λ₯Ό 건널 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 그건 닀리라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것에 가깝죠.
02:34
And so synthetic biologists were pretty worried about this,
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ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 점에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ½€ λ§Žμ€ 고민을 ν–ˆκ³ 
02:37
and worried that genetic engineering was a little bit more art that science.
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μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ€ 과학이라기보닀 μ˜ˆμˆ μ— 더 가깝닀고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
02:41
They wanted to turn genetic engineering into a real engineering discipline,
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이듀은 μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ„ μ‹€μ œμ μΈ κ³΅ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
where we could program cells and write DNA
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세포듀을 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•΄μ„œ DNAλ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œ μ§œλŠ” 것이죠.
02:49
the way that engineers write software for computers.
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κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ§œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:53
That day 10 years ago started me on a path that gets me to where I am now.
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10λ…„ μ „ 그날이 μ œκ°€ 이 길을 걷기둜 κ²°μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ 된 λ‚ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
Today, I'm the creative director
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ν˜„μž¬ μ €λŠ” 개발 μ±…μž„μžλ‘œ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
at a synthetic biology company called Ginkgo Bioworks.
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κΈ΄μ½” λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ›μŠ€λΌλŠ” ν•©μ„± 생물학 νšŒμ‚¬μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
03:02
"Creative director" is a weird title
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"개발 μ±…μž„μž"λŠ” μ΄μƒν•œ 직책이죠.
03:04
for a biotech company were people try to program life
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생λͺ…을 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ°ν•˜λŠ” 생λͺ…곡학 νšŒμ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 말이죠.
03:06
the way that we program computers.
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ° ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
03:09
But that day when I met Daisy,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 데이지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚œ κ·Έ λ‚ ,
03:11
I learned something about engineering.
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μ €λŠ” 곡학이 뭔지 μ•Œκ²Œ λμ–΄μš”.
03:13
I learned that engineering isn't really just about equations
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곡학이 방정식과 μ² κ°• 및 νšŒλ‘œμ—λ§Œ κ΄€λ ¨μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:15
and steel and circuits,
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03:17
it's actually about people.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ•˜μ£ .
03:19
It's something that people do, and it impacts us.
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곡학은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” 일이고, 그것은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
So in my work,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” κ³΅ν•™μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό μ—΄λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
I try to open up new spaces for different kinds of engineering.
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03:27
How can we ask better questions,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
03:29
and can we have better conversations
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미래 κΈ°μˆ μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 게 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:31
about what we want from the future of technology?
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03:34
How can we understand the technological
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό 기술적인 κ±Έ 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
03:36
but also social and political and economic reasons
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μ‚¬νšŒμ μ΄κ³  μ •μΉ˜μ μ΄λ©΄μ„œλ„ 경제적인 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ
03:39
that GMOs are so polarizing in our society?
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μœ μ „μžμ‘°μž‘ 농산물이 우리 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ™Έλ©΄λ°›λŠ” 이유λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:42
Can we make GMOs that people love?
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬λž‘λ°›λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘ 농산물을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:45
Can we use biology to make technology that's more expansive and regenerative?
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생물학을 더 ν™•μž₯되고 μž¬μƒμ‚°μ μΈ κΈ°μˆ λ‘œμ„œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:50
I think it starts by recognizing that we, as synthetic biologists,
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제 생각엔 μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ΄ λ°”λ‘œ ν•©μ„±μƒλ¬Όν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
are also shaped by a culture that values "real engineering"
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ "곡학"의 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
03:58
more than any of the squishy stuff.
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λ˜₯을 단지 λ¬Όμ»Ήλ¬Όμ»Ήν•œ 물체둜 보지 μ•Šκ³ μš”.
04:01
We get so caught up in circuits and what happens inside of computers,
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컴퓨터 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일에 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘νžŒ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€
04:05
that we sometimes lose sight of the magic that's happening inside of us.
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가끔씩 우리 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λ§ˆλ²• 같은 일듀을 λ†“μΉ˜μ£ .
04:09
There is plenty of shitty technology out there,
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개λ˜₯ 취급을 λ°›λŠ” κΈ°μˆ λ“€λ„ λ„λ Έμ§€λ§Œ,
04:11
but this was the first time that I imagined poop as technology.
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λ˜₯도 기술이 될 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ 건 이번이 μ²˜μŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
I began to see that synthetic biology was awesome,
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μ €λŠ” ν•©μ„± 생물학이 멋진 μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:19
not because we could turn cells into computers,
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세포λ₯Ό μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμ–΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:22
but because we could bring technology to life.
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κΈ°μˆ μ— 생λͺ…을 λΆˆμ–΄λ„£μ„ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:25
This was technology that was visceral,
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ λ³ΈλŠ₯적이며
04:27
an unforgettable vision of what the future might hold.
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λ―Έλž˜μ— μ–΄λ–€ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμ„μ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
But importantly, it was also framed as the question
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건, 이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 이런 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°–κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:33
"Is this the kind of future that we actually want?"
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"이것이 진정 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” λ―Έλž˜κ°€ λ§žλ‚˜μš”?"
04:35
We've been promised a future of chrome,
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κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ  μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 미래λ₯Ό μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:38
but what if the future is fleshy?
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생λͺ…이 미래λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄μš”?
04:41
Science and science fiction
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 곡상 과학은
04:43
help us remember that we're made of star stuff.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³„λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
But can it also help us remember the wonder and weirdness
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ˜ν•œ μ‚΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
04:48
of being made of flesh?
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ꢁ금증과 ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ„ μœ λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
Biology is us,
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생λͺ…과학은 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
it's our bodies, it's what we eat.
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우리의 λͺΈμ΄κ³ , μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨ΉλŠ” 것이죠.
04:53
What happens when biology becomes technology?
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생물학이 기술이 되면 μ–΄λ–€ 일듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
04:57
These images are questions,
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이런 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ 될지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
04:59
and they challenge what we think of as normal and desirable.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν‰λ²”ν•˜κ³  λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것에 도전받을지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
And they also show us that the future is full of choices
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λ˜ν•œ 그듀은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ¬΄ν•œν•œ κ°€λŠ₯성이 κ°€λ“ν•œ 미래λ₯Ό 보여주며
05:06
and that we could choose differently.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 선택듀을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
What's the future of the body, of beauty?
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미래의 신체, 아름닀움은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:12
If we change the body, will we have new kinds of awareness?
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신체λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈκ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄ 인식 λ˜ν•œ λ°”λ€”κΉŒμš”?
05:16
And will new kinds of awareness of the microbial world
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그리고 미생물에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 인식이
05:19
change the way that we eat?
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우리 μ‹μƒν™œμ„ λ°”κΎΈκ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
05:21
The last chapter of my dissertation was all about cheese that I made
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제 λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μž₯ λ‚΄μš©μ€
제 λ°œκ°€λ½ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“  μΉ˜μ¦ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
using bacteria that I swabbed from in between my toes.
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05:28
I told you that the poop changed my life.
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λ˜₯이 제 삢을 λ°”κΎΈμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έμ£ .
05:30
I worked with the smell artist and researcher Sissel Tolaas
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ν–₯κΈ° μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€μ΄μž μ—°κ΅¬μžμΈ μ‹œμ € ν†¨λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜
05:33
to explore all of the ways that our bodies and cheese are connected
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우리 신체와 치즈λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•  방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
through smell and therefore microbes.
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λƒ„μƒˆμ™€ 미생물듀 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
05:41
And we created this cheese
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 치즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
05:42
to challenge how we think about the bacteria
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό 우리 μ‚Άμ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” μ‹œκ°κ³Ό
05:45
that's part of our lives
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05:46
and the bacteria that we work with in the lab.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
05:49
We are, indeed, what we eat.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, λ§Œλ“  κ±Έ λ¨Ήμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
The intersection of biology and technology
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생물학과 기술의 ꡐ차점은
05:53
is more often told as a story of transcending our fleshy realities.
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μ‹€μ œ 우리의 ν˜„μ‹€μ„ μ΄ˆμ›”ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ“€λ‘œ 많이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ˜μ£ .
05:58
If you can upload your brain to a computer,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 컴퓨터에 μ—…λ‘œλ“œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ λ˜₯을 μ „ν˜€ μŒ€ ν•„μš”κ°€ 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
you don't need to poop anymore after all.
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06:02
And that's usually a story that's told as a good thing, right?
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그리고 이런 이야기듀은 보톡 긍정적인 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ“€μ΄μž–μ•„μš”?
06:05
Because computers are clean, and biology is messy.
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컴퓨터듀은 κΉ¨λ—ν•˜κ³  생물학은 λ”λŸ½κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:10
Computers make sense and are rational,
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컴퓨터듀은 논리적이고 이성적이며
06:13
and biology is an unpredictable tangle.
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생물학은 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ–½νž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
It kind of follows from there
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κ²°κ΅­μ—” 이런 말이죠.
06:18
that science and technology are supposed to be rational,
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κ³Όν•™ κΈ°μˆ μ€ 합리적이고
06:21
objective
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객관적이며
06:23
and pure,
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μˆœμˆ˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
06:25
and it's humans that are a total mess.
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인간은 μ§€μ €λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:28
But like synthetic biologists poke holes
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
06:30
in that line between nature and technology,
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μžμ—°κ³Ό 기술의 경계에 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
06:33
artists, designers and social scientists
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μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€, λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆ, μ‚¬νšŒν•™μžλ“€μ€
06:36
showed me that the lines that we draw between nature, technology and society
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ˜ν•œ μžμ—°κ³Ό 기술과 μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 경계선듀이
06:40
are a little bit softer than we might think.
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생각보닀 훨씬 μœ μ—°ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
They challenge us to reconsider our visions for the future
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그듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” λ―Έλž˜μ— λ„μ „ν•˜κ³ 
06:46
and our fantasies about controlling nature.
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μžμ—°μ„ ν†΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 우리의 상상에도 λ„μ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
They show us how our prejudices, our hopes and our values
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그듀은 우리의 편견, 희망, κ°€μΉ˜λ“€μ΄
06:52
are embedded in science and technology
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό κΈ°μˆ μ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ…Ήμ•„μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
06:55
through the questions that we ask and the choices that we make.
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우리의 질문과 우리의 선택을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
They make visible the ways that science and technology are human
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그듀은 κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 기술이 μΈκ°„μ΄λΌλŠ” 사싀을 λ³Ό 수 있게 ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
and therefore political.
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그것이 μ •μΉ˜μ μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€λ„μš”.
07:04
What does it mean for us to be able to control life
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μ›ν•˜λŠ”λŒ€λ‘œ 삢을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 게 무슨 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:06
for our own purposes?
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07:08
The artists Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr
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μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€ 였둠 캐츠와 μ΄μ˜€λ‚« μ €λ₯΄λŠ”
07:10
made a project called "Victimless Leather,"
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"ν¬μƒμž μ—†λŠ” κ°€μ£½"μ΄λΌλŠ” ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
07:12
where they engineered a tiny leather jacket
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μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ κ°€μ£½ μž¬ν‚·μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
out of mouse cells.
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μ₯μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œμš”.
07:16
Is this jacket alive?
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이 μž¬ν‚·μ€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
07:19
What does it take to grow it and keep it this way?
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이걸 μ΄λŒ€λ‘œ 자라게 ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 무엇이 ν•„μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:22
Is it really victimless?
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정말 ν¬μƒλœ 게 μ—†μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:23
And what does it mean for something to be victimless?
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ν¬μƒμžκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것은 무슨 μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
07:27
The choices that we make
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 결정듀은
07:28
in what we show and what we hide in our stories of progress,
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이야기가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 와쀑에 무엇을 보여주고 μˆ¨κΈΈμ§€
07:31
are often political choices that have real consequences.
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μ‹€μ œμ μΈ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ’…μ’… μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 결정을 λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” 일이죠.
07:35
How will genetic technologies shape the way that we understand ourselves
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μœ μ „κ³΅ν•™μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 이해할 수 있게 ν•˜λ©°
07:39
and define our bodies?
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우리의 λͺΈμ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
07:41
The artist Heather Dewey-Hagborg made these faces
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μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€ 헀더 두이 ν—€λ“œλ³΄κ·Έκ°€ λ§Œλ“  얼꡴듀인데
07:43
based on DNA sequences she extracted from sidewalk litter,
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κΈΈκ°€μ˜ μ“°λ ˆκΈ°λ“€μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ DNAλ₯Ό 기반으둜 λ§Œλ“  이 얼꡴듀은
07:46
forcing us to ask questions about genetic privacy,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μœ μ „μžμ˜ λ‚΄λ°€ν•œ κ³³κΉŒμ§€ 묻게 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
07:50
but also how and whether DNA can really define us.
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DNAκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ 우리λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 묻기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
How will we fight against and cope with climate change?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기후변화에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:57
Will we change the way that we make everything,
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λͺ¨λ“  생산 방식을 λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:59
using biological materials that can grow and decay alongside us?
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λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ μ£Όλ³€μ—μ„œ λ‚˜κ³  μ©μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 생물학적 μž¬λ£Œλ“€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:03
Will we change our own bodies?
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우리 μžμ‹ μ˜ 신체λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€κΉŒμš”?
08:06
Or nature itself?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μžμ—° κ·Έ 자체λ₯Όμš”?
08:07
Or can we change the system that keeps reinforcing those boundaries
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 체계λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”μ„œ
κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ μžμ—° 그리고 기술 κ°„μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό κ°•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:12
between science, society, nature and technology?
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08:15
Relationships that today keep us locked in these unsustainable patterns.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 관계듀은 우리λ₯Ό 지속가λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ νŒ¨ν„΄ 속에 κ°€λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
How we understand and respond to crises
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ—°μ μ΄κ³  기술적이며 μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ΄ ν•œκΊΌλ²ˆμ— 왔을 λ•Œ
08:21
that are natural, technical and social all at once,
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이런 μœ„ν—˜λ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  λ°˜μ‘ν•΄μ•Ό 할지,
08:24
from coronavirus to climate change,
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μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λΆ€ν„° κΈ°ν›„λ³€ν™”κΉŒμ§€
08:27
is deeply political,
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맀우 μ •μΉ˜μ μ΄λ©°
08:28
and science never happens in a vacuum.
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과학은 μ§„κ³΅μƒνƒœμ—μ„œλŠ” 아무 일도 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
Let's go back in time
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μ‹œκ°„μ„ 거슬러
08:33
to when the first European settlers arrived in Hawaii.
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ν•˜μ™€μ΄μ— 처음 μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ΄ μ •μ°©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œλ‘œ κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:36
They eventually brought their cattle and their scientists with them.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—” μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ κ°€μΆ•κ³Ό κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ 데리고 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
The cattle roamed the hillsides,
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μ†Œλ“€μ€ 언덕을 λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©°,
08:42
trampling and changing the ecosystems as they went.
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그듀이 κ°€λŠ” 곳의 ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
The scientists catalogued the species that they found there,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 쒅듀을 λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜λ©°,
08:48
often taking the last specimen before they went extinct.
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λ©Έμ’…λ˜κΈ° μ „μ˜ 쒅듀은 μ’…μ’… μ±„μ·¨ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
This is the Maui hau kuahiwi,
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이것은 마우이 ν•˜μš° μΏ μ•„νžˆμœ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
or the Hibiscadelphus wilderianus,
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λ˜λŠ” νžˆμŠ€μΉ΄λ°λΈ”νΌμŠ€ μ™€μΌλ“œλ¦¬μ•„λˆ„μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
so named by Gerrit Wilder in 1910.
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1910년에 게λ₯ 와일더가 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 이름을 μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
By 1912, it was extinct.
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1912년에 멸쒅됐죠.
09:01
I found this specimen in the Harvard University Herbarium,
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μ €λŠ” 이 쒅을 ν•˜λ²„λ“œλŒ€μ˜ 식물 ν‘œλ³Έμ‹€μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
where it's housed with five million other specimens from all over the world.
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μ „ 세계 500만 μ’… 이상이 λ³΄κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 곳이죠.
09:09
I wanted to take a piece of science's past,
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μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μ˜ κ³Όκ±° 흔적 쀑 ν•œ 쑰각을 가지고 μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
tied up as it was with colonialism,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹λ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ™€ μ–½ν˜€ 있고,
09:14
and all of the embedded ideas
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μžμ—°, κ³Όν•™, μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘λ™ν•΄μ•Ό 할지 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:15
of the way that nature and science and society should work together,
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09:19
and ask questions about science's future.
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그리고 κ³Όν•™μ˜ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 묻고 μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
Working with an awesome team at Ginkgo,
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κΈ΄μ½”μ˜ 멋진 연ꡬ진과 ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜κ³ 
09:25
and others at UC Santa Cruz,
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UC μ‚°νƒ€ν¬λ£¨μ¦ˆμ˜ 연ꡬ진과도 ν˜‘μ—…ν•˜μ—¬
09:27
we were able to extract a little bit of the DNA
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이 μž‘μ€ μ€μƒ‰μ˜ 식물 μ’…μ—μ„œ μ•½κ°„μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•΄μ„œ
09:29
from a tiny sliver of this plant specimen
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09:32
and to sequence the DNA inside.
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DNAμ•ˆμ˜ 배열을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
And then resynthesize a possible version
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그런 λ‹€μŒ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μž¬ν•©μ„±ν•˜μ—¬
09:37
of the genes that made the smell of the plant.
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이 μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμ£ .
09:40
By inserting those genes into yeast,
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ 효λͺ¨μ— μ£Όμž…ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
09:43
we could produce little bits of that smell
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ λƒ„μƒˆ 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄
09:45
and be able to, maybe, smell
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λƒ„μƒˆκΉŒμ§€λ„ 맑을 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
09:47
a little bit of something that's lost forever.
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μ˜μ›νžˆ 사라진 λ¬΄μ–Έκ°€μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Όμš”.
09:49
Working again with Daisy and Sissel Tolaas,
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데이지와 μ‹œμ € ν†¨λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
my collaborator on the cheese project,
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치즈 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ—μ„œμ˜ 제 ν˜‘λ ₯μžλ“€μ΄
09:54
we reconstructed and composed a new smell of that flower,
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κ·Έ κ½ƒμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄
09:58
and created an installation where people could experience it,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ·Έκ±Έ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 곳에 μ „μ‹œν•΄λ†¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
to be part of this natural history and synthetic future.
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μžμ—°μ‚¬μ™€ ν•©μ„± 미래의 일뢀죠.
10:06
Ten years ago, I was a synthetic biologist
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10λ…„ μ „μ˜ μ €λŠ”
10:08
worried that genetic engineering was more art than science
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μœ μ „μž 곡학이 μ˜ˆμˆ λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 과학에 더 가깝닀고 μƒκ°ν•˜λ©°
10:11
and that people were too messy
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ§€μ €λΆ„ν•˜κ³ 
10:13
and biology was too complicated.
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생물학은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
Now I use genetic engineering as art
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이제 μ €λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘μ„ 예술둜 ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©°
10:18
to explore all the different ways that we are entangled together
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–½ν˜€μžˆλŠ”μ§€ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
10:21
and imagine different possible futures.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 미래의 κ°€λŠ₯성을 κ·Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
A fleshy future
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생λͺ…이 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” λ―Έλž˜λŠ”
10:25
is one that does recognize all those interconnections
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  μƒν˜Έ 연결을 μΈμ‹ν•œ λ‹€μŒ
10:28
and the human realities of technology.
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기술 μ†μ—μ„œ μΈκ°„μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
10:31
But it also recognizes the incredible power of biology,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ˜ν•œ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 힘과
10:35
its resilience and sustainability,
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볡원λ ₯κ³Ό 지속 κ°€λŠ₯μ„±,
10:37
its ability to heal and grow and adapt.
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치유λ ₯κ³Ό μ„±μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό 적용λ ₯을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
10:40
Values that are so necessary
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정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜λŠ”
10:42
for the visions of the futures that we can have today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ λ―Έλž˜μƒμ„ κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ”κ°€μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
Technology will shape that future,
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기술이 κ·Έ 미래λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€λ§Œ,
10:47
but humans make technology.
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인간은 κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
10:49
How we decide what that future will be
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λ―Έλž˜κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 될지λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것은
10:52
is up to all of us.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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