Why Play Is Essential for Business | Martin Reeves | TED

44,946 views ใƒป 2022-03-15

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
Have you ever trodden on a Lego brick in your bare feet?
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ื”ืื ื“ืจื›ืชื ืคืขื ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ืช ืœื’ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืคื•ืช?
00:08
Youโ€™re tiptoeing through your lounge late at night,
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ืืชื ืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
00:11
and suddenly that stabbing pain,
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
00:13
the expletives
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ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช
00:14
and the inevitable question:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช:
00:16
โ€œWhy do we have so much of this stuff all over the place?โ€
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โ€œืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื”?โ€
00:19
Well, thatโ€™s really quite simple.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
00:21
Your kids love playing with it,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ื”,
00:23
so you buy more.
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ืื– ืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“.
00:25
And a confession --
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ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ --
00:26
I love to watch my kids play with Lego.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื’ื•.
00:30
Especially good is when I see them inventing their own rules
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื
00:33
and their own worlds.
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ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
00:36
So here are my daughters,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
00:37
last Saturday,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
00:39
making something out of different kits
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ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
00:42
and pieces of string
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ื•ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื
00:43
and pieces of wood and dolls and other objects.
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ื•ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:46
And I asked them, โ€œWhat is it?โ€
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ: โ€œืžื” ื–ื”?โ€
00:47
And they said to me, โ€œDad, of course itโ€™s a princess flying on a dragon
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืœื™, โ€œืื‘ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืขืคื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ
00:51
to visit farm animals in New York.โ€
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ืœื‘ืงืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงโ€œ.
00:54
Of course, what else could it be?
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
00:59
Kids at play inspire me.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
01:01
Theyโ€™re not afraid to ask, โ€œWhat ifโ€
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ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, โ€œืžื” ืืโ€
01:03
and โ€œWhy not?โ€
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ื•ืœืžื” ืœื?โ€
01:04
But what kids implicitly know that adults tend to forget
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื—
01:08
is that play isnโ€™t just about fun.
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ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ืฃ.
01:11
Now, as a biologist, I know that play is spontaneous and pleasurable --
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ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืžื”ื ื” --
01:16
as you can see by the smiles in this photograph --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” --
01:19
but also, it accelerates and derisks learning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืื™ืฅ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
01:24
It helps kids to try out new behaviors,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
01:27
to refine those behaviors
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ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:29
and to imagine what is not
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ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื
01:31
but what could be or what will be.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื”.
01:35
As a business strategist dealing with adults,
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ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
01:38
I still recommend play.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืฉื—ืง.
01:39
In fact, play in business is not just possible,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื™,
01:43
Iโ€™d argue that itโ€™s essential
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
01:45
and even urgent.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื—ื•ืฃ.
01:46
And hereโ€™s why.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:48
Competitive advantage fades away faster than any time in recent memory.
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
01:54
In the 1980s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
01:55
if you had a performance edge over your competitors,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš,
01:58
you could reasonably expect to continue being a leader for around 10 years,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:02
on average.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
02:04
But now the half-life of that advantage has shrunk to just one year.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืžืง ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:10
That means that short-lived success is actually still very common,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืงืฆืจืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“,
02:15
but sustained success becomes very hard
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“
02:19
and very rare.
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ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“.
02:21
That means that, actually, reimagination is the new execution.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:25
In order to stay on top,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคืกื’ื”,
02:27
or even just to tread water and stay still,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืชื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
02:30
you need to constantly reimagine your business.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื.
02:36
But thatโ€™s not so simple
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:37
if you already have a highly successful business model.
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ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:41
We become prisoners of the mental models that underpin our past success.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:47
In fact, I found in dealing with businesses
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื
02:49
that you canโ€™t really stretch your strategy
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ืฉืืชื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
02:53
unless you stretch your mind.
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ืืœื ืื ืชืžืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:55
Now play is of course a great way of stretching your mind.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:59
Now --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
03:01
I mean, thereโ€™d be no mistake,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช,
03:02
Iโ€™m not suggesting literally
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
03:04
that executives huddle around a conference table
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ื•ืคืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:07
with a big pile of Lego bricks --
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ืขื ืขืจื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืœื’ื• --
03:10
although Iโ€™ve done that, and that works too.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:13
But instead, Iโ€™ve created a series of imagination games
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
03:18
to help executives to stretch their thinking.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:21
Would you like to play with me?
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ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื™?
03:22
(Audience nods)
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(ืงื”ืœ ืžื”ื ื”ืŸ)
03:23
Good, I'm glad you said that.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉืืžืจืชื ืืช ื–ื”.
03:26
OK, so letโ€™s supposing that youโ€™re stuck in the rut
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื’ืจื”
03:31
of seeing the world through the lens of your past and current success.
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ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื›ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:36
I would recommend the โ€œAnti-Company Game,โ€
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ โ€œืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€œ,
03:38
and hereโ€™s how it works.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:39
You get a piece of paper,
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ,
03:41
you create a list of everything which is essential to your strategy --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื --
03:44
everything which underpinned your past success,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:47
everything which is core and sacred --
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ --
03:50
and then you flip it.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:52
You create the exact mirror-image list of assumptions,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
03:56
and then you make the best business case for this antiself.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ื˜ื™-ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:01
Youโ€™ll be surprised at the ideas that it triggers.
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ืืชื ืชื•ืคืชืข ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ.
04:04
Supposing, for example, that youโ€™re the CEO of a hotel chain
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ื ื ื™ื—, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืืชื ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช
04:08
and playing the game and flipping the assumptions.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช.
04:10
Letโ€™s assume that, inconveniently,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื”
04:13
you donโ€™t actually own any hotels
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื•ื ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื›ื
04:16
or any rooms
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ืื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื
04:17
or even operate any hotels or any rooms anywhere.
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ืื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื.
04:21
Ridiculous --
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ืžื’ื•ื—ืš --
04:23
quite possibly --
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ --
04:25
but actually, how would you know the difference between ridiculous
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื™ืš ืชื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
04:28
and the merely unfamiliar, untried and uncomfortable?
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ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืฉืœื ื ื•ืกื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื— ?
04:32
And whoโ€™s to say
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“
04:33
that something that seems impractical canโ€™t actually become and evolve
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
04:37
into a more powerful idea?
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:40
Actually, had the executives of hotels played the โ€œAnti-Company Gameโ€
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืืช โ€œืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€
04:46
before 2007,
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ืœืคื ื™ 2007,
04:48
they might have been able to foresee the appearance of Airbnb,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื™ื™ืจ-ื‘ื™-ืื ื“-ื‘ื™,
04:53
the hotel-less hospitality company,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ืœืœื ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช,
04:56
and they might have been able to stave off disruption
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื”
04:59
by preemptively disrupting themselves.
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ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
05:02
Letโ€™s play another game:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื—ืง ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื—ืง:
05:04
โ€œThe Maverick Game.โ€
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โ€œืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืง (ื”ืขืฆืžืื™).โ€
05:06
On the edge of your industries --
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื --
05:08
on the edge of every industry --
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” --
05:10
are a population of maverick companies
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืง
05:12
that are taking a bet against the incumbentsโ€™ business model
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื
05:16
and their view of the future.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:19
Actually, they have no choice
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”
05:20
because to be a miniature version of the incumbent would not be viable.
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืกื” ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
05:24
Now, itโ€™s easy not to notice them --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงืœ ืœื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื --
05:26
many of them are small companies.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
05:28
It's easy to deliberately overlook them with some justification.
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ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ืขื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
05:32
Many startups disappear fairly quickly after being founded.
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ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื•.
05:37
And itโ€™s very, very tempting,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื”,
05:38
given all of your experience in the business,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื,
05:41
to judge them.
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ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื.
ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
05:43
Do they know what theyโ€™re doing?
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05:44
Does their business model make sense?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™?
05:46
Will they ever make any money?
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื›ืกืฃ?
05:48
But instead of judging them from the comfort
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช
05:51
and the confidence of your position,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ืชื›ื,
05:53
try assuming that itโ€™s they that have the right bet on the future.
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ื ืกื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:58
Think about the consequences of that for your business model.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
06:01
Try making the best case for their idea.
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ื ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
06:07
Supposing, for example,
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ื ื ื™ื—, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:09
that you are the CEO of a company
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ืฉืืชื ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”
06:11
that makes equipment that makes semiconductors.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
06:15
Naturally, youโ€™d probably spend most of your time and attention
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืฉืงื™ืขื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
06:18
on your main customer industry,
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ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื
06:20
the electronics industry.
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
06:22
And if it so happened,
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ื•ืื ืงืจื”,
06:24
that a couple of maverick bioscience companies
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ืฉืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืžื“ืข ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืงืก
06:26
were tinkering with your patents and your technologies,
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ื”ืชืขืกืงื• ืขื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
06:29
you might overlook that as a distraction,
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื–ื” ื›ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช,
06:31
an irrelevance.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
06:33
But actually, Brooks Automation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, โ€œื‘ืจื•ืงืก ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”โ€œ,
06:36
a leader in the field,
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
06:37
decided to take a close-up look at such a group of mavericks
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืงืก
06:41
to see whether it could learn anything.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
06:43
And what it realized
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”
06:44
by looking at the world through the eyes of these mavericks
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืงืก ื”ืืœื”
06:48
was that, actually, the same techniques
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ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช
06:50
and technologies which can be used to handle delicate semiconductors
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
06:55
can also be applied to other fragile and easily contaminated materials,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื–ื“ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:01
like biological samples.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
07:04
And puzzling on the significance of this,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
07:07
they reimagined how to handle and store and transport
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ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
07:11
and label and identify biological samples.
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ื•ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
07:15
In fact, they became a successful pioneer
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
07:18
in the new industry of automated biobanking.
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ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
07:22
So successful, in fact, that just a couple of days ago,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
07:25
they announced that this was now their core business moving forwards.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:30
Itโ€™s only by focusing on these anomalous mavericks
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืงืก ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:34
that they could see their own path to renewed success and growth.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.
07:40
Now, not everything in business goes according to plan.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:45
In fact, sometimes the plans go horribly awry.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
07:48
But you know what?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
07:49
That can be a source of inspiration, too.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
07:52
To find out how,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš,
07:54
letโ€™s play the โ€œPre-Mortem Game.โ€
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื—ืง ืืช โ€œืžืฉื—ืง ื”โ€œืคืจื”-ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ื (ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช)โ€œ.
07:58
So your role in this game is to write ...
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ืื– ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘...
08:02
the obituary for your company,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื
08:05
which is going to fail with 100 percent certainty
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–
08:08
in five yearsโ€™ time.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
08:11
What is the cause of death?
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ืžื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช?
08:13
What will have been the point of failure?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ?
08:17
Why will it have failed?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ?
08:18
How will it have failed?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ?
08:22
The challenge here is that itโ€™s easy to be seduced into the baseline fallacy.
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
08:27
The baseline fallacy is the idea
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
08:28
that itโ€™s the current business model which is the low-risk bet.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš.
08:32
And of course that tends to be true
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ
08:35
until it isnโ€™t true,
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ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:37
at which point itโ€™s probably too late to do anything about it.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
08:42
Now, your employees are an early-warning indicator.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
08:44
They will have intuitions if the model begins to slip,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื ื”ื“ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื•ื“,
08:48
but itโ€™s very hard for them to speak up.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
08:49
And itโ€™s even taboo for them to speak up
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจ
08:52
when the business model is under pressure.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ.
08:55
But when executives create playgrounds --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื --
08:59
spaces for the safe exploration of alternatives
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ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช
09:02
and alternative scenarios --
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ื•ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื --
09:04
then you get to tap into your employeesโ€™ considerable experience
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
09:07
about the vulnerabilities
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื”
09:09
and the weak spots
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื”
09:10
and the blind spots of your company.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
09:14
Does anyone remember visiting recently one of these gorgeous marble palaces?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
09:20
No?
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ืœื?
09:21
Itโ€™s probably been a while since we visited the local banking branch.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื– ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.
09:25
Had bricks-and-mortar banks played the โ€œPre-Mortem Game,โ€
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ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืืช โ€œืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคืจื”-ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืโ€œ,
09:30
perhaps they would have heard their employees expressing some concerns
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืื’ื•ืช
09:34
about the gradually dwindling flow of customers to local branches.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:39
And perhaps they would have been slightly less taken by surprise
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื
09:43
when companies like NewBank,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื•ื‘ื ืง,
09:46
a digital native,
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ื™ืœื™ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
09:47
seized, very rapidly indeed, on that opportunity
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ื ื™ืฆืœ, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
09:50
to convince, to date, more than 40 million Latin Americans
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข, ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
09:55
that in-person transactions in real buildings
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ืฉืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
09:57
were a quaint but obsolete relic of the past.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืืš ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ,
10:02
Itโ€™s only when you bring your vulnerabilities into full view
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ืจืง ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืœืื”
10:04
in this way
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
10:05
that you may be motivated to reimagine your business
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื
10:08
and to do so in a robust manner.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
10:11
Itโ€™s why the Roman Catholic Church invented the role,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“,
10:14
the position of the Devilโ€™s advocate in the 16th century
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16
10:18
to test the future consequences of its decisions to appoint new saints.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:24
They did that by imagining
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
10:26
what would Satan say
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ืžื” ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ
10:28
or propose
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ืื• ืžืฆื™ืข
10:29
or counterpropose,
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ืื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช,
10:30
in addition to the normal procedure of thinking about the big man upstairs.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืœื”.
10:36
Now, any human being, any employee, any team
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช
10:40
and therefore any company can harness human imagination.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:42
Itโ€™s a defining trait of our species.
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ื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:46
Failures to imagine in business are really failures of leadership.
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
10:50
Business is a serious matter, but it should not exclude play.
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ืขืกืงื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
10:54
When leaders embrace play and imagination games,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
10:58
they can unlock the imagination of their employees,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:01
uncover disruptive new strategies
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ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช
11:03
and renew their lease on the future.
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ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
11:06
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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