Dr. Anthony Fauci: Is the pandemic actually over? It's complicated | TED

64,307 views ใƒป 2022-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Naama Lieberman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:03
David Biello: In the wake of Dr. Anthony Fauci's announcement
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“โ€œืจ ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืคืื•ืฆโ€™ื™
00:06
that he will be retiring
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•
00:08
as the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืืœืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
00:12
at the end of the year,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”,
00:13
I've invited him to join me for a conversation
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ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื”
00:16
on the future of the COVID-19 pandemic,
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ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”,
00:18
reflections on his career and the future of public health.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
00:22
Please welcome Brooklyn's own Dr. Fauci.
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ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืช ื™ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“โ€œืจ ืคืื•ืฆโ€™ื™.
00:25
Anthony Fauci: Hi, David, nice to see you, thank you for having me.
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ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืคืื•ืฆโ€™ื™: ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื–ืžื ืช ืื•ืชื™.
00:28
DB: Thank you for joining us.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืืœื™ื ื•.
00:30
So my first question is very simple.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื“.
00:34
Is the COVID-19 pandemic over?
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ื”ืื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื ื’ืžืจื”?
00:38
AF: You know, David, there's a lot of misinterpretation
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ืโ€œืค: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช
00:40
about what the meaning of the word "over" is,
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ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œื ื’ืžืจื”โ€œ,
00:43
it means different things to different people.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:45
I'm sure you're referring to the comment made by the President a day or two ago.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
00:51
If you're talking about the fulminant phase of the outbreak,
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ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
00:56
when we were having anywhere from 800,000 to 900,000 infections a day
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 800,000 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 900,000 ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื
01:01
and 3,000 to 4,000 deaths per day,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• 3,000 ืขื“ 4,000 ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
01:04
that was several months ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:07
We are much, much better off now than we were then.
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ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืื–.
01:11
So in that case,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
01:14
that fulminant phase of the outbreak is behind us.
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ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
01:18
But as the President made very clear on the second half of his sentence,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื•
01:24
is that, which they don't seem to show, is that he actually said
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ื•ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ
01:29
we still have a lot of work to do,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:30
there's still a challenge ahead,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื,
01:32
weโ€™ve got to get people vaccinated.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ.
01:34
We still have a number of cases,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื,
01:35
we have 400 deaths per day.
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ื™ืฉ 400 ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
01:39
That's an unacceptably high level.
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ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
01:41
So again, it depends on the semantics of what your definition is.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
01:45
We don't want anyone to get the impression
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื
01:49
that we don't have a lot of work to do.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:51
We've got to get the level of infection
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”
01:54
considerably lower than it is.
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ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข.
01:56
And we've certainly got to get the level of deaths lower than it is.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
02:01
So again, it depends on the semantics of what you mean by "end."
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” โ€œื ื’ืžืจื”โ€œ.
02:05
DB: Well, let's get into those semantics then.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:08
What conditions would need to exist for the pandemic to be over?
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ืื™ืœื• ืชื ืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ืชื™ื’ืžืจ?
02:12
AF: You know, that's a call
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ืโ€œืค: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
02:14
that officially is made by the World Health Organization.
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ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช, ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
02:18
You know, my colleagues and I
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™
02:21
oh, it must have been more than ten years ago,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:24
because of the lack of clarity
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:27
on what a pandemic means to one person versus another,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื—ืจ,
02:31
we wrote a paper in the Journal of Infectious Diseases
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
02:34
in which we talked about all the different variations of interpretations.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:40
Is it a widespread phenomenon?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”?
02:43
Is it the widespread nature throughout the world
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ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:46
that makes it officially a pandemic?
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืœืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™?
02:49
Or is it widespread and accelerating?
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช?
02:53
Or is it widespread causing serious disease?
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”?
02:56
It means different things to different people.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:58
So rather than try and give a definition, that's my definition versus another,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ, ื–ื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื—ืจืช,
03:04
we should stick with what the WHO is saying.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
03:08
And as Dr. Tedros said,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื“โ€œืจ ื˜ื“ืจื•ืก ืืžืจ,
03:12
that we're seeing the light at the end of the tunnel on that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”.
03:15
So, again, you might interpret that,
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ืื–, ืฉื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืคืจืฉ ืืช ื–ื”,
03:17
well, if that's the case, is it over?
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื›ื›ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื ื’ืžืจื”?
03:19
Well, again, what does "over" mean?
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ื–ื” โ€œื ื’ืžืจื”โ€œ?
03:21
There's a lot of semantics there, David.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“.
03:23
The easiest way not to confuse people is to say we still have a lot of cases,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
03:28
we still have 400 deaths,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ 400 ืžืชื™ื,
03:30
we only have 67 percent of the population vaccinated,
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ืจืง 67% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช,
03:33
we've got to do better than that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
03:35
Of those, only one half have gotten a single boost.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื”, ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
03:40
And as a nation,
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ื•ื›ืื•ืžื”,
03:42
we lag behind other developed countries
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:45
and even some low- and middle-income countries
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื”
03:49
in the level of vaccinations that we've been able to implement.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื.
03:53
So if you want to look it that way, we have a lot of work to do,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
03:56
and that's exactly what the President said.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจ.
03:59
DB: So speaking of vaccines, what's your advice?
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืื– ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœืš?
04:02
I know we have the bivalent available now.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืขืจื›ื™ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:06
What is your advice on which vaccines to get
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ืžื” ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ
04:08
and when that's appropriate?
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ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:11
AF: Well, first, you've got to get your primary series.
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:13
So, I mean, that's the one where I said only 67 percent
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ 67%
04:18
of the country has gotten their primary series,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:20
which for the most part,
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”,
04:22
with some exceptions,
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ,
04:23
is an mRNA vaccine, either Moderna or Pfizer,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ mRNA ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ืื• ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ,
04:27
given anywhere from three to four weeks apart as the primary.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:31
Then the issue is about giving people booster shots.
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ืื– ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ.
04:36
So right now,
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ื›ืจื’ืข,
04:37
if you're asking a clear question,
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
04:39
of today,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื,
04:41
with the bivalent BA.4-5 boosters
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ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ BA.4-5
04:45
or updated vaccines is a better terminology to use,
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ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:50
they are available now throughout the country.
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ื”ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:53
We've ordered 171 million doses.
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• 171 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช.
04:57
Who should get it?
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ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”?
04:59
Anyone who is vaccinated with the primary series
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:05
and has not received a shot
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ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
05:09
longer than two months ago
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
05:12
should get it.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:13
So if I got my last shot,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
05:16
letโ€™s say in July -- August, September,
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ -- ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
05:20
two months later, you should get the bivalent.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™.
05:23
If you were infected three months or more ago,
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ืื ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:29
you should then get the updated vaccine.
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ.
05:32
Let me give you an example for clarity for the audience.
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ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœืงื”ืœ.
05:35
I was infected in the end of June of this year,
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”,
05:40
even though I had been vaccinated.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืกื ืชื™.
05:42
Fortunately, because I was vaccinated,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ,
05:46
I had a relatively mild illness.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืงืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
05:48
At my age, had I not been vaccinated,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™, ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ,
05:52
the chances are I could have had a real severe outcome
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:56
because elderly are more prone to get severity of disease.
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ื›ื™ ืœื–ืงื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”.
06:02
So if you take the end of June,
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ืื– ืื ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™,
06:04
take the end of July, the end of August,
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ืงื— ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืœื™, ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜,
06:08
the end of September.
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ.
06:09
I plan to get my updated BA.4-5 bivalent
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ BA.4-5
06:15
at the end of September, the first week in October.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ.
06:19
DB: I think thatโ€™s a very useful advice, and actually I will be doing the same.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืขืฆื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:26
How are you personally navigating this stage in the pandemic?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื’ืคื”?
06:30
What precautions are you taking, if any?
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ืื™ืœื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื” ื ื•ืงื˜, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
06:33
AF: Well, I certainly continue to take precautions.
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ.
06:36
And I think it's important that you ask me personally that question,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
06:39
because people have different levels of risk of severity of disease.
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ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
06:44
I am a person who is relatively healthy,
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
06:48
but I'm at an elderly age.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ.
06:50
I'm 81 years old.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 81.
06:51
I'm going to be 82 in December.
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 82 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ.
06:54
So I, statistically, would have more of a risk.
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ืื– ืื ื™, ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:58
So the precautions I take,
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ืื– ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืงื˜
07:00
I stay up to date on my vaccinations, number one.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช.
07:04
And when I go to a place that's a congregate indoor setting
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืกื’ื•ืจ
07:09
where there are a lot of people
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
07:10
and I don't know the status of their infection,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื,
07:15
their vaccination or what have you,
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
07:17
I would, for the most part, wear a mask.
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ืื ื™, ืœืจื•ื‘, ืขื•ื˜ื” ืžืกื›ื”.
07:19
When I'm with people who I know what their status is,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื,
07:22
people who are recently vaccinated
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
07:24
or people who come in and test before they come in,
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ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
07:28
I could have a dinner in my home or in the home of a friend
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ
07:30
without any concern.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
07:33
But if I go to crowded places, certainly on an airplane,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก,
07:37
even though it isn't required any more,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”,
07:40
if I go on a prolonged or even a short airplane trip,
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ืื ืื ื™ ื˜ืก ื˜ื™ืกื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืกื” ืงืฆืจื”,
07:44
again, because of my increased risk as an elderly person,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื›ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
07:49
I wear a mask on the plane.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื˜ื” ืžืกื›ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก.
07:52
DB: So switching gears a little bit, or taking a step back,
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืื– ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื• ื ืœืš ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
07:56
are consecutive pandemics kind of our new reality?
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ื”ืื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•?
08:00
We obviously had the monkeypox outbreak.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ.
08:04
And if that is the case,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘,
08:05
how do we cope with consecutive pandemics?
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ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช?
08:09
AF: Well, you know, we have had,
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ืโ€œืค: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
08:12
probably without the general public noticing it much,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
08:17
we have had, in the history of our civilization,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
08:22
outbreaks of emerging infections,
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
08:25
some of which turn into pandemics.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
08:29
We've had them before recorded history.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
08:32
We've had them in the lifetime of some of us, you and I.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืืชื” ื•ืื ื™.
08:37
We're going through one right now.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืคื” ื›ืจื’ืข.
08:40
So given the fact that most of the outbreaks of new infections
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
08:45
come from the animal-human interface,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืžืฉืงื™ ื—ื™ื”-ืื“ื,
08:50
which is sometimes intruded upon, as it were,
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืคืจ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
08:55
where people, either by climate change or by intruding on forests,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช,
09:03
โ€œuninhabited by humanโ€ places in the world,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
09:07
youโ€™re going to get jumping of species.
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ืืชื” ืชืจืื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื.
09:09
Or in markets where you put animals from the wild
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ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ
09:13
in contact with humans,
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ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
09:14
which is exactly what happened with SARS-CoV-1
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื SARS CoV-1
09:18
and highly likely happened with SARS-CoV-2.
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ื•ืžืื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืงืจื” ื’ื ืขื SARS-CoV-2.
09:22
We will continue to get outbreaks.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:24
Pandemic flu generally comes from a situation
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ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘
09:29
where you have the animal species that harbor influenza,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ืกืŸ ืฉืคืขืช,
09:33
pigs, fowl,
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืคื•ืช,
09:36
birds and humans together in that environment.
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
09:39
That's how you get the bird flu that tend to challenge us a fair amount
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ื›ื›ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืืชื’ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜
09:44
or the swine flu.
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ืื• ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
09:47
So the short answer to your question, David,
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืœืฉืืœืชืš, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“,
09:49
is that we will continue to get outbreaks of new infections.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
09:54
The critical issue is how do you prevent them from becoming pandemics?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช?
10:01
And that's what's called pandemic preparedness,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช,
10:04
which is a combination of scientific preparedness,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
10:09
like we did with the rapid development of vaccines for COVID-19,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœ- COVID-19,
10:15
which was a highly successful scientific endeavor,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:20
matched with a public health response,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
10:24
which we didn't do as well, in the public health response,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
10:27
because we had spread of infection
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื”
10:31
in a way that we could have done better in controlling it.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:35
DB: So speaking of that, this is not your first epidemic,
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืื– ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš,
10:39
but you've made historic contributions to the AIDS epidemic
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ืชืจืžืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก
10:44
and now COVID-19.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• COVID-19.
10:46
But is there anything you wish you had done differently in those cases?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”?
10:51
AF: Well, there always is.
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:53
I mean, it's a question of when you're involved --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ --
10:55
Nobody is perfect, certainly not I or any of my colleagues.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืื ื™ ืื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื™.
11:00
But when you're dealing with an emerging,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืชืคืจืฆืช,
11:04
moving, dynamic target,
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ืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขื”, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช,
11:07
which by definition is what a pandemic is,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืคื” ืžืขืฆื ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื”,
11:10
particularly if it's with a pathogen that you've never had experience with,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื–ื” ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืชื•,
11:16
like HIV in the very early 1980s,
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ื›ืžื• HIV ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
11:21
or the COVID-19 pandemic
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ืื• ืžื’ืคืช COVID-19
11:24
in the first months of 2020,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 2020,
11:28
you could always say,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
11:29
if we knew then what we know now,
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:32
and there was a lot of things that we didn't know,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•,
11:35
we certainly would have done things differently.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
11:39
And that's why you have to be humble and modest
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืขื ื™ื•
11:42
to realize if you are going to be following the science,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืชืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
11:47
the science which gives you data and information and evidence
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
11:53
is going to change,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื ื”,
11:55
particularly in the early phases of the outbreak.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
11:59
Did we know how easily it was spread from human to human?
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื?
12:03
No.
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ืœื.
12:04
Did we know that it was aerosol spread?
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืกื•ืœ?
12:07
No.
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ืœื.
12:08
We thought in the beginning it was like influenza,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช,
12:11
mostly droplets from a sick person.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืคืชื™ืช ืžืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื”.
12:13
Did we know that 50 to 60 percent of the transmissions
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉ-50 ืขื“ 60 ืื—ื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
12:18
were [from] someone who had no symptoms at all,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
12:22
which clearly impacts how you approach an outbreak?
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช?
12:27
Did we realize that instead of the typical outbreak, where it goes up,
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ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ืฉืขื•ืœื”,
12:31
it comes down and then you're done with it,
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ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื•ืื– ื’ืžืจืช ืขื ื–ื”,
12:34
we had no concept that you'd be seeing different waves
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื ืจืื” ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:38
and different variants that came along.
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ื•ื’ื ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
12:40
So the answer to your question,
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš,
12:42
if we knew all of that from the beginning,
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
12:45
we certainly would have done things differently.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
12:48
But unfortunately we didn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•.
12:50
And you try to be flexible enough and humble enough
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ืฆื ื•ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง
12:54
to change and modify how you approach things
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
12:58
based on the recent data.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
13:00
Thatโ€™s not flip-flopping.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช.
13:03
That is truly following the evidence and following the data.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
13:08
DB: Right, that's just how science works,
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ, ื›ื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“,
13:10
it's constantly updating
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
13:12
and especially in a real-time situation like this pandemic.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
13:17
But are there any, I don't know, specific regrets you have,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ืจื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
13:21
something you would take back if you could?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ?
13:24
AF: Well, it depends.
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™.
13:26
Yeah, I mean, obviously in the beginning when we were under the impression,
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื•ืฉื,
13:30
or didn't fully realize that there was aerosol spread,
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ืื• ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
13:35
we were under the impression, which was true,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื•ืฉื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:38
because we were told that,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื›ื” ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื•,
13:40
that there werenโ€™t enough masks for the health care providers.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
13:43
And if we started everybody hoarding masks,
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื•ืช,
13:46
there wouldn't be masks available to the health care providers.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
13:51
We didn't realize that out of the health care setting,
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
13:54
like the hospital setting,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
13:56
that masks were effective in preventing acquisition and transmission.
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ืฉืžืกื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
14:01
We didn't know that.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
14:02
We know it now for sure, but we didn't know it then.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•.
14:05
We didn't know that the silent spread from people who were without symptoms.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื-ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
14:12
And that meant we didn't know that, while we were looking for sick people,
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ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
14:17
there were many, many, many more people without symptoms that were in society
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
14:22
spreading the infection
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”
14:24
in a way that was not detectable, below the radar screen.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื“ืืจ.
14:28
Had we known that,
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
14:29
I absolutely would have said right from the beginning,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
14:32
everybody wear a mask all the time in an indoor setting.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื.
14:36
But we didn't say that then.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืžืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
14:37
It was only when it became obvious.
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
14:39
So if we had known that early on,
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ืื– ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
14:42
we would have told people to wear a mask.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื”.
14:44
However, I must say, David,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“,
14:46
given the reluctance of people to wear masks,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื•ืช,
14:50
even now that we know all that stuff,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
14:53
I'm wondering how well that would have been received
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ
14:58
if at a time when there were ten or so documented infections,
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ืื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช,
15:03
if you told the country that everybody should wear a mask in an indoor setting,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื’ื•ืจ,
15:08
not so sure that would have been broadly accepted.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
15:12
DB: Yeah. And this seems to be something that,
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
15:15
the United States anyway, has been through before,
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ืฉืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
15:17
with the Spanish flu
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ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช
15:19
and masking and then anti-mask protests.
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ื•ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื•ืื– ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืกื›ื•ืช.
15:22
And it seems to be in our, let's say,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื ืžืฆื, ื‘ื•ื ื ืืžืจ,
15:25
societal immune response to these pandemics.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช.
15:28
Flipping it a little bit,
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ื•ืื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช,
15:30
how do we make sure we're not caught so, sort of, unprepared next time?
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ืื™ืš ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”?
15:36
AF: Well, you know, it's interesting, David,
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“,
15:38
what you mean by unprepared,
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ โ€œืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ืโ€œ,
15:40
because the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
15:44
evaluated different countries' preparedness for a pandemic.
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ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
15:49
And guess who was evaluated to be first in the world?
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ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืžื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
15:53
The United States of America.
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
15:55
Guess who has the most deaths per population?
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ื ื—ืฉ ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”?
15:59
The United States of America.
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
16:02
So, you know, there's preparedness,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
16:04
and there's response,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
16:05
there's execution of your preparedness plans
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช
16:10
that we did not do so well
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ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
16:12
for any of a number of complicated reasons,
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
16:15
one of which was the fact,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”,
16:18
and is, that this outbreak occurred
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
16:22
at a time of really profound and deep divisiveness in our own country.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:28
That where we had something we hadn't seen before,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื,
16:32
where political ideology played a role in whether you did or did not accept
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ื›ืฉืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื• ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ
16:38
the recommended public health countermeasures,
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ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
16:41
be it wearing a mask,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื”,
16:44
indoor settings, quarantining, taking a vaccine, getting a boost.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจ.
16:50
If you look at the country
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘
16:53
and look at the demography of the country with regard to ideology,
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ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
16:59
there should never be that red states vaccinate much less than blue states.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ืกื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช.
17:05
There's no reason for that at all because public health risks
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
17:10
and public health implementation should be uniform throughout.
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ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
17:15
And we didn't see that.
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ื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
17:17
DB: Yeah, let's talk about that a little bit more
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช
17:20
because obviously, you've had to cope with an incredibly polarized response
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืื“
17:24
to your work
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
17:26
in which not just ordinary citizens,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
17:29
but even politicians have called for your resignation
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ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชืš
17:33
and various other things.
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ื•ืœืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:35
How do you deal with that, how do you keep your cool?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื—?
17:37
You're quite cool about this.
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ืืชื” ื“ื™ ืจื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
17:39
AF: Well, calling for your resignation is mild
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ืโ€œืค: ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ
17:41
compared to having somebody arrested
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืขืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:43
who was trying to kill you.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื•ืชืš.
17:45
So, I mean,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
17:46
there's a big spectrum of pushing back against public health people.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
17:51
And that's one of the really unfortunate things.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
17:54
I mean, I keep my cool because that's just the nature
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื— ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
17:59
of the kind of person that I am.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื ื™.
18:01
When you're dealing with a very, very difficult situation,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“,
18:04
you've got to keep your cool.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืข.
18:05
I mean, I learned that in my early training in medicine.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
18:08
When you're in the middle of emergency, somebody is dying in front of you,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื’ื•ืกืก ื‘ืคื ื™ืš,
18:12
you've got to keep your cool all the time.
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
18:15
And that's something that's just part of my inherent training
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™
18:18
as a physician and as a person.
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ื›ืจื•ืคื ื•ื›ืื“ื.
18:21
But what we faced was well beyond that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”.
18:24
I mean, public health officials, not only myself, I'm a very visible one,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœื ืจืง ืื ื™, ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื ืจืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
18:29
but many of my colleagues are being threatened and hassled
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ืืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื
18:35
and harassed,
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ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฆืงื•ืช,
18:36
themselves and their families,
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ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
18:38
the way my family is being harassed,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™,
18:41
merely because of saying things
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ืจืง ื›ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
18:44
that are purely public health, common sense,
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ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
18:48
tried and true principles of how to keep people safe.
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
18:54
That is really extraordinary that that's going on in our country.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
18:58
DB: Yeah.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ.
19:00
I'm also going to ascribe it to the Brooklyn upbringing.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ.
19:02
That gave you some cool, too.
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ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืš ืงืฆืช ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื—, ื’ื.
19:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:07
But a quick follow up,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
19:08
how do you, like,
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ืื™ืš ืืชื”,
19:10
with all that going on, with those horrifying threats,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื,
19:14
how do you unwind from all this?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื ืจื’ืข ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
19:16
How do you, you know, keep it together
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
19:19
and give yourself some space to breathe?
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื ืฉื•ื?
19:22
AF: Well, I have an extraordinarily supportive family,
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ืโ€œืค: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
19:26
my wife who's with me,
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ืืฉืชื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืืชื™,
19:28
my children are grown and live in different parts of the country.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื™ ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
19:31
But they are very supportive of me with texts and calls
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
19:36
and knowing what I'm going through.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™.
19:38
So I have three daughters, which they, you know,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
19:41
they try to take care of their daddy, so it really helps.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื‘ืโ€™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจ.
19:45
But my wife is extremely supportive, and we do things together.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืžืื“, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
19:48
I mean, I work a preposterous amount of hours a day,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
19:53
but every day I try to get some exercise in
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืœ
19:56
and it's usually a few mile walk with my wife,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ืืฉืชื™,
20:00
whether that's on the weekends very early in the morning,
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ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
20:03
or during the week late at night when I come home.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
20:07
We try to get some form of exercise in to diffuse the tension,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—,
20:13
hopefully every day.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
20:14
And we're pretty successful at that.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
20:17
AF: Well, good for you.
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ืโ€œืค: ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
20:19
So you're retiring after a very long and distinguished career.
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ืื– ืืชื” ืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:23
Congratulations.
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ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื™.
20:25
You will have successors.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืš.
20:27
What lessons would you want to offer your successors based on your tenure?
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ืื™ืœื• ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ื•ืจืฉื™ืš ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“?
20:32
AF: First of all, Iโ€™m not retiring in the classic sense.
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ืโ€œืค: ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™.
20:35
As my wife, says, David,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“,
20:37
Iโ€™m โ€œrewiring,โ€ not retiring,
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ืื ื™ โ€œืคื•ืจืกโ€œ, ืœื ืคื•ืจืฉ,
20:41
because I do intend to be very active.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื“.
20:43
And that was one of the reasons why I stepped down
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“
20:47
at this point in time.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
20:49
Because while I still have the enthusiasm,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
20:52
the energy and thank goodness, the good health
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
20:55
to be able to do something else for the next few years,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
20:57
I want to use the benefit of my experience of being at the NIH
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘-NIH
21:03
for almost 60 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 60 ืฉื ื”,
21:04
for being the director of the Institute for 38 years,
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ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 38 ืฉื ื™ื,
21:08
and for having the privilege
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
21:10
of advising seven presidents of the United States
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ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืืจื”โ€œื‘
21:13
on public health issues,
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
21:16
to use that experience to hopefully inspire by writing,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
21:20
reading, traveling, lecturing,
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ืงืจื™ืื”, ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช,
21:23
inspiring the younger generation of scientists and would-be scientists
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“
21:28
to at least consider a career in public service,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
21:31
particularly in the arena of public health,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
21:34
and science and medicine.
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ื•ืžื“ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืื”.
21:35
Having said that,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
21:37
my advice to the person who will ultimately replace me
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ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
21:43
would be to focus on the science
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื“ืข
21:46
and be consistent with the science
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข
21:48
and do not get distracted by a lot of the peripheral things,
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื,
21:54
the disinformation, the misinformation,
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ื”ื“ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ืžื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”,
21:58
the attacks on medicine and science and public health.
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ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
22:02
Focus like a laser beam on what your job is
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื• ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
22:06
and don't get distracted by all the other noise that's out there
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ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ืœืจืขืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชืš
22:10
because there is a lot more noise now
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขืฉ
22:14
than there was a few decades ago.
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ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
22:16
And by noise, I mean misinformation and disinformation about science.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืจืขืฉ, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข.
22:22
DB: For sure.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง.
22:23
I've definitely noticed that as the science curator.
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข.
22:26
But pivoting a bit, let's talk about hope.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืช, ื‘ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
22:30
What gives you hope about the future?
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ืžื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“?
22:33
Are there treatments or other things coming down the pipeline
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช
22:38
that you're excited about?
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ืฉืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืš?
22:40
AF: Well, science is an absolutely phenomenal discipline.
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ืโ€œืค: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื“ืข ื–ื• ื“ื™ืกื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
22:47
It's discovery.
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ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
22:49
It's ...
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ื–ื”...
22:51
brand new knowledge.
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ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
22:54
Pushing back the frontiers of knowledge
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข
22:56
that we would not have imagined we would be in.
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ืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื.
23:00
If you look at medicine and science,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžื“ืข,
23:02
how it's changed in a very, very positive way
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
23:06
from the time I stepped into medical school in 1962
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ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962
23:12
to the time now of the things that are available to me
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™
23:16
as a physician and as a scientist.
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ื›ืจื•ืคื ื•ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ.
23:18
I have great hope
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
23:20
that if we continue the investments in basic and applied science,
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ืฉืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™,
23:26
that we will be able to accomplish things
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
23:29
in the arena of health, individual health,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
23:33
and public health and global health
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
23:35
that were really unimaginable just decades ago.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
23:39
So I have a great deal of optimism
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
23:43
about what the future holds for science and medicine.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
23:48
And that's the reason why one of the things I'm going to try and do
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
23:54
in my rewired post-government life
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
23:58
is to encourage young individuals to consider a career in medicine,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”,
24:04
science and public health,
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ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
24:06
because the opportunities are really limitless.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
24:10
We are at a stage now the likes of which people who antidated us
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•
24:16
never would have imagined
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
24:18
the opportunities in science that we have.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืข.
24:21
So I'm very optimistic about where we're going.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžืื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
24:24
DB: Me, too.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื’ื ืื ื™.
24:26
But you mentioned earlier how climate change is affecting pandemics.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืงื•ื“ื ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
24:30
What worries you about the future that we're facing?
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ืžื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“?
24:35
AF: Well, just some of the things that you mentioned.
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ืโ€œืค: ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช.
24:40
We do have a growing element of anti-science in society.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืฆื•ืžื— ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
24:47
Disturbingly,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’,
24:50
growing in the United States.
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
24:52
And when I talk to my colleagues internationally,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
24:56
depending upon the country that they live in
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื
25:00
to a greater or lesser degree,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
25:02
there's some element of that.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
25:05
The thing that bothers me
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ืžื” ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™
25:08
is a denial of science and what science is showing us.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืžืจืื” ืœื ื•.
25:13
A denial of the issues of climate and the environment,
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ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
25:19
a denial of scientific principles
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ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
25:21
and conspiracy theories about things that push people away.
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ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
25:27
I mean, some of them are laughable,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื•ืช,
25:30
but you would be astounded, David,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“,
25:32
at the number of people who believe it.
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
25:35
That the vaccines were made by Bill Gates and I
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื•ืื ื™
25:38
and we put a chip in it
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืฆโ€™ื™ืค
25:40
so that we could follow people around
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
25:42
and know what they're doing and get into their head.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
25:46
The idea that there's a conspiracy,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”,
25:49
that weโ€™re making billions of dollars on vaccines,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
25:53
and that's why people are promoting vaccines,
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ื•ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
25:59
so that people like me and others who are public figures ...
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ...
26:03
I mean, based on no data.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
26:05
But once it gets into the social media,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
26:08
it explodes and conspiracy theories explode.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช.
26:11
Even though all of the evidence proves it wrong,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™,
26:15
proving something wrong today doesn't seem to matter much.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
26:20
That's really strange and weird, isn't it, David?
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“?
26:23
DB: Yeah, yeah.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ.
26:25
Well, it's, I think, an old phenomenon.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ืฉื ื”.
26:29
There's a famous saying that I'm going to mangle about
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ื™ืฉ ืืžืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจื•ืก
26:32
by the time the truth gets out of the barn,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืืกื,
26:34
the lie is halfway around the world.
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ื”ืฉืงืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฃ ื—ืฆื™ ืขื•ืœื.
26:37
And that's definitely the world we're living in.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
26:41
I do know you have to go and, you know,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช, ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
26:44
finish out your tenure
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ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“
26:46
and then get ready for your rewiring, which I'm excited about.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืœืงืจืืชื”.
26:49
I'm excited to see what's next.
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ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืœืื”.
26:51
But do you have a last bit of advice for the public?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœืกื™ื•ื ืขืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
26:56
One thing you hope everyone takes away from your time as director
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื ื”ืœ
27:02
and your time in public health?
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ื•ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
27:04
AF: Yeah, David, there are so many things,
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ืโ€œืค: ื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
27:07
but I think one thing that stands out,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜,
27:08
particularly in the climate and the environment
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
27:11
that we're in right now,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
27:12
is that people need to get involved in a proactive way
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื”
27:18
in spreading the truth about what scientific principles are
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ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข
27:23
and what they mean
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ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื
27:24
and how they can be of great benefit to society
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
27:29
and to try and make our population more science literate than it is right now
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื“ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
27:35
by talking about things.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
27:38
The truth, you know, the easiest way
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ื”ืืžืช, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
27:40
to counter misinformation and disinformation
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™
27:44
is to be enthusiastic about spreading correct information.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืืžืชื™.
27:48
A little bit about the metaphor that you said about the truth and lies.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืจ.
27:53
Be spreaders of facts and truth.
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ืชืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
27:57
Everybody's got to be a contributor to that.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื–ื”.
28:00
And that's one of the things I think we can do better.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื”ื.
28:03
DB: Yeah, I would agree.
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ื“โ€œื‘: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื.
28:04
And we're definitely trying here at TED.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘-TED.
28:06
Well, Dr. Fauci, I know our members are incredibly thankful,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“โ€œืจ ืคืื•ืฆโ€™ื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืš ืžืื“
28:10
I personally am incredibly thankful.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืื ื™ ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื”.
28:11
So thank you so much for your work and for joining us today.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื•ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
28:16
AF: My pleasure, David, thank you so much for having me.
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ืโ€œืค: ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื–ืžื ืช ืื•ืชื™.
28:18
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[ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘?]
28:21
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502
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[ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ TED!]
28:23
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503
1703060
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[ื”ื™ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืืŸ ted.com/membership]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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