The promise of quantum computers | Matt Langione

85,790 views ใƒป 2021-03-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber:
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ?
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
00:13
What will the biggest challenges of the 21st century turn out to be?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:17
Today, one might guess climate change, public health, inequality,
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืฉื•ื‘-ืขืœ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
00:21
but the truth is we don't yet know.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜,
ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
00:24
What we do know
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00:26
is that supercomputing will have to be part of the solution.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื”,
00:29
For nearly a hundred years,
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ืžืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ืœืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:31
our reliance on high-performance computers
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00:34
in the face of our most urgent challenges
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงืžื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:37
has grown and grown,
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00:39
from cracking Nazi codes to sequencing the human genome.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”
00:42
Computer processors have risen to meet increasingly critical and complex demands
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ื›ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืงืกื.
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:49
by getting smaller, faster and better year after year,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“,
00:54
as if by magic.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:56
But there's a problem.
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00:58
At the very moment that our reliance on computers is growing faster than ever,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ
ื”ืงืกื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœื.
ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข .
01:04
progress in compute power
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ื ื• ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:06
is coming to a standstill.
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01:09
The magic is just about spent.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:12
The timing couldn't be worse.
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01:13
We rarely talk about it, but for all that we've accomplished with computers,
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:17
there remain a startling number of things that computers still can't do,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ,
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:23
at a great cost to business and society.
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01:26
The dream of near-instant computational drug design, for instance,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืง,
01:29
has yet to come to fruition, nearly 50 years after it was first conceived.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ COVID-19.
01:34
Never has that been clearer than now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื“ื™ื --
01:36
as the world sits in a state of isolation and paralysis,
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01:39
as we await a vaccine for COVID-19.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ --
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:42
But drug discovery is just one area in which researchers are beset --
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
01:47
and in some cases, blocked entirely --
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01:50
by the inadequacy of even today's fastest supercomputers,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:54
putting great constraints in areas like climate change,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:58
and in value creation in areas like finance and logistics.
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ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
02:02
In the past,
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ืืš ืœื ืขื•ื“.
02:03
we could rely on supercomputers simply getting better and faster,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืงืฉื”.
02:07
as parts got smaller and smaller every year,
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ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื.
02:11
but no longer.
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02:12
For now, we're drawing up against a hard physical limit.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื–ื” ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
02:16
Transistors have become so minuscule
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืชื™ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:19
that they're fast approaching the size of an atom.
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ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื”:
02:22
Such a state of affairs invites a natural follow-up question,
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ืื ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
02:26
and it's one that I've spent the last several years
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ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืฆื•ืฅ
02:28
encouraging business leaders and policy makers to address:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21?
02:33
If not traditional supercomputers,
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ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
02:35
what technology will emerge
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
02:37
to arm us against the challenges of the 21st century?
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
02:41
Enter quantum computing.
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02:44
Quantum computers like this one
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:46
promise to address the atomic limitation
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
02:49
by exploiting subatomic physical properties
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02:53
that weren't even known to man a hundred years ago.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืงืœืืกื™.
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™:
02:56
How does it work?
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02:57
Quantum computing enables a departure from two major constraints
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ื”ื›ืœ ืื• ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ.
03:01
of classical semiconductor computing.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ืจืชื™; ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:04
Classical computers operate deterministically:
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03:06
everything is either yes or no, on or off, with no in between.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:11
They also operate serially; they can only do one thing at a time.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช --
03:15
Quantum computers operate probabilistically, and most importantly,
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ื—ืคื™ืคื”, ืฉื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช --
03:20
they operate simultaneously, thanks to three properties --
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืš.
03:25
superposition, entanglement and interference --
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03:28
which allow them to explore many possibilities at once.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
03:31
To illustrate how this works, imagine a computer is trying to solve a maze.
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ื‘ืจืฆืฃ.
ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
03:37
The classical computer would do so by exhausting every potential pathway
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ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
ื•ื™ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”,
03:41
in a sequence.
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03:42
If it came across a roadblock on the first path,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:44
it would simply rule that out as a solution,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ
03:47
revert to its original position
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03:49
and try the next logical path,
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03:50
and so on and so forth until it found the right solution.
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ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:54
A quantum computer could test every single pathway
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03:58
at the same time,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืš
04:00
in effect, solving the maze in only a single try.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
04:06
As it happens,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™
04:08
many complex problems are characterized by this mazelike quality,
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ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
04:12
especially simulation and optimization problems,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืขืจืš ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช?
04:15
some of which can be solved exponentially faster
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04:19
with a quantum computer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:22
But is there really value to this so-called quantum speedup?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ.
04:28
In order to believe that we need faster supercomputers,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ.
04:31
we need to first believe that our problems are indeed computational in nature.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ืคื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืฉื ื™ื,
ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:38
It turns out that many are, at least in part.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืฉื ื™ื
04:41
For an example, letโ€™s turn to fertilizer production,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื”,
04:44
one of the hallmark problems in the science of climate change.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ.
04:47
The way most fertilizer is produced today
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“,
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื“
04:50
is by fusing nitrogen and hydrogen to make ammonia,
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ืœืขืกืงื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื 100 ืขื“ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:53
which is the active ingredient.
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04:55
The process works,
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ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:
04:57
but only at a severe, a severe cost
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:00
to businesses, who spend 100 to 300 billion every year,
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ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืกื™ื ืชื–ืช ื“ืฉื ื™ื
05:04
and to the environment:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”.
05:06
three to five percent of the world's natural gas
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืชื— ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
05:10
is expended on fertilizer synthesis
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
05:13
every single year.
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05:15
So why have scientists failed to develop a more efficient process?
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื– ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ืื–.
05:20
The reason is that in order to do so,
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05:23
they would need to simulate the mazelike molecular interactions
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:28
that make up the electrostatic field of the key catalyst, nitrogenase.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— 800,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:32
Scientists actually know how to do that today,
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ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืœื,
05:37
but it would take 800,000 years on the world's fastest supercomputer.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื” COVID-19 ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืคื•ืงื•ืก ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•
05:45
With a full-scale quantum computer,
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05:48
less than 24 hours.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:50
For another example, let's return to drug discovery,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืžื• COVID-19,
05:53
a process COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus for most of us
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ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”
05:58
for the very first time.
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06:00
Designing a vaccine for an infectious disease like COVID-19,
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ืœืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื,
ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ืงื— 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื”,
06:05
from identifying the drivers of the disease,
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06:09
to screening millions of candidate activators and inhibitors,
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90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
06:13
is a process that typically takes 10 or more years per drug,
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืื•ืฉืจืช.
06:18
90 percent of which fail to pass clinical trials.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
06:22
The cost to pharmaceutical companies is two to three billion dollars
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:26
per approved drug.
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06:27
But the social costs of delays and failures are much, much higher.
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ื–ื” ืคื™ 15 ืžื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:33
More than eight million people die every year of infectious diseases.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
ืื– ืœืžื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช?
06:38
That's 15 times as many people as died during the first six months
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื.
06:42
of the coronavirus pandemic.
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06:45
So why has computational drug design failed to live up to expectations?
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ืื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ืขื•ืœ,
06:49
Again, it's a matter of limited computational resources, at least in part.
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืขืฆื•ื,
06:54
If identifying a disease pathway in the body is like a lock,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
06:59
designing a drug requires searching through a massive chemical space,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืคืชื—, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื ืขื•ืœ.
07:04
effectively a maze of molecular structures,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™
07:07
to find the right compound,
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07:09
to find a key, in other words, that fits the lock.
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ื•ื”ืžืจืชื• ืœืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
07:12
The problem is that tracing the entire relevant span of chemical space
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ื™ื™ืงื— 5 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
07:18
and converting it into a searchable database for drug design
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:22
would take 5 trillion trillion, trillion, trillion years
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
07:29
on the world's fastest supercomputer.
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ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืกื•ืžื” ื›ืจื’ืข
07:31
On a quantum computer, a little more than a half hour.
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07:35
But quantum computing is not just about triumphs in the lab.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื™ืจื™ื
07:38
The flow of progress and industries of all kinds is currently blocked
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”.
ืœืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื.
07:44
by discreet, but intractable computational constraints
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:48
that have a real impact on business and society.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืœืขืกืงื™ื?
07:51
For what may seem an unlikely example, let's turn to banks.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
07:55
What if banks were able to lend more freely
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ 10 ืขื“ 15 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื,
07:57
to individuals, entrepreneurs and businesses?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘.
08:01
One of the key holdups today
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08:03
is that banks keep 10 to 15 percent of assets in cash reserves,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
08:08
in part, because their risk simulations are compute constrained.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ โ€œื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€œ, ืœืžืฉืœ.
08:14
They canโ€™t account for global or whole-market risks that are rare
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10 ืขื“ 15 ืื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ.
08:18
but severe and unpredictable.
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœืื™ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื,
08:21
Black swan events, for example.
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08:23
Now, 10 to 15 percent is a whole lot of money.
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ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”.
08:27
When you consider that for every one-percent reduction in cash reserves,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
08:32
it would lead to an extra trillion dollars of investible capital.
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ืขื ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื,
08:37
What this means is that if banks ultimately became comfortable enough
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืจืžืช COVID-19
08:41
with quantum-powered risk simulations
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื
08:44
to reduce cash reserves to, say, five to 10 percent of assets,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”.
08:48
the effect would be like a COVID-19-level stimulus
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
08:52
for individuals and businesses
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื– ืœื›ื–ื•: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช?
08:54
every single year.
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08:56
Once the transformative power of quantum computing is clear,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
09:01
the question then becomes: Well, how long must we wait?
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ื‘ืฆื“ืง - ื ืฉืืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
09:05
Researchers are cautious when asked about the timeline to quantum advantage.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื,
ืืœื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:10
Rightly so -- there remain a number of critical hurdles to overcome,
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09:15
and not just engineering challenges,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
09:17
but fundamental scientific questions about the nature of quantum mechanics.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื”
09:24
As a result, it may be one, two, even three decades
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช,
09:27
before quantum computers fully mature.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
09:31
Some executives that I've spoken with have come to the conclusion on this basis
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”
09:35
that they can afford to wait,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
09:36
that they can afford to postpone investing.
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09:38
I believe this to be a real mistake,
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
09:41
for while some technologies develop steadily,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืชืจื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืจืืฉ.
09:44
according to the laws of cumulative causation,
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ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื•,
09:47
many emerge as precipitous breakthroughs,
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09:49
almost overnight defying any timeline that could be drawn out in advance.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™.
09:54
Quantum computing is a candidate for just such a breakthrough,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืœืžืฉืœ,
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
09:57
having already reached a number of critical milestones
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10:00
decades ahead of schedule.
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ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜,
ื™ื™ืงื— ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
10:03
In the late 80s, for example,
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10:04
many researchers thought that the basic building block of quantum computing,
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ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข.
ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœ-IBM ื›ืžืขื˜ 500 ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 29 ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
10:08
the qubit,
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10:10
would take a hundred years to build.
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ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
10:13
Ten years later, it arrived.
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10:15
Now IBM has nearly 500 qubits across 29 machines,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืคื—ื•ืช
ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™
10:20
available for client use and research.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™,
10:23
What this means is that we should worry less
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•.
10:26
about quantum computers arriving too late
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ืื ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“
10:29
and more about them arriving too soon,
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โ€œืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื
10:32
before the necessary preparations have been made.
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10:36
For to quote one Nobel prize winning physicist,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื
ืžื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื”.โ€
10:40
"Quantum computers are more different from current computers
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ื™ื™ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
10:45
than current computers are
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ื™ื™ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
10:48
from the abacus."
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ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
10:50
It'll take time to make the necessary workflow integrations.
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ื™ื™ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
10:54
It'll take time to onboard the right talent.
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
10:57
Most importantly,
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10:58
it'll take time, not to mention vision and imagination,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื.
ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช --
11:03
to identify and scope high-value problems
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15 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืจื”โ€œื‘.
11:07
for quantum computers to tackle for your business.
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11:10
Governments are already investing heavily in quantum technologies --
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ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
11:15
15 billion dollars among China, Europe and the US.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
11:21
And VCs are following suit.
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ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:23
But what's needed now to accelerate innovation
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
11:26
is business investment in developing use cases,
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ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•,
11:30
in onboarding talent
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ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
11:32
and on experimenting with real quantum computers
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:35
that are available today.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 70 ืฉื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜
11:37
In a world such as ours,
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11:38
the demands of innovation can't be put off for another day.
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ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื.
11:42
Leaders must act now,
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ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงืกื ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘-ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.
11:44
for the processor speedups that have driven innovation for nearly 70 years
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืคืกืคืก.
11:49
are set to stop dead in their tracks.
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11:52
The race toward a new age of magic and supercomputing is already underway.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘โ€œืคื•ืœ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฉืŸโ€ ื”ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืฆื—.
11:57
It's one we can't afford to lose.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:00
Quantum computers are in pole position. They're the car to beat.
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12:06
Thank you.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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