How close are we to powering the world with nuclear fusion? - George Zaidan

234,019 views ・ 2024-06-27

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Mina Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In the time it takes to snap your fingers,
0
6878
2002
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 손가락을 κΉŒλ”±ν•˜λŠ” 사이에 νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŠ”
00:08
the Sun releases enough energy to power our entire civilization for 4,500 years.
1
8880
6423
우리 λ¬Έλͺ… 전체가 4,500λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 쓰기에 μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
So naturally, scientists and engineers have been working to build
2
15720
3503
μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ κ³Όν•™μžμ™€ κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ†Œν˜• 별을 λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
a miniature star here on Earth... to plug into our power grid.
3
19223
3963
μ—¬κΈ° 지ꡬ에 말이죠.
우리 μ „λ ₯망에 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λ €λŠ” 것이죠.
00:23
And the thing is, we already kind of have.
4
23352
3212
사싀, 이미 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 게 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
It just doesn’t look like a tiny star floating in a lab.
5
26689
3087
단지 그게 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ„ λ– λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ λ³„μ²˜λŸΌ 보이지 μ•Šμ„ 뿐이죠.
00:30
The stars are made of an almost incomprehensible number of particles,
6
30026
4171
별듀은 상상할 수 없을 μ •λ„λ‘œ λ§Žμ€ μž…μžλ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
00:34
which gravity compresses into a super dense core.
7
34197
3253
쀑λ ₯이 이 μž…μžλ“€μ„ μ••μΆ•ν•΄μ„œ μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€λŠ” μ΄ˆκ³ λ°€λ„κ°€ 되죠.
00:37
This core is hot and dense enough to force atomic nuclei together,
8
37867
4296
μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€λŠ” μ›μžν•΅λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ ν•©μΉ  만큼 뜨겁고 밀도가 λ†’μ•„μ„œ
00:42
forming larger, heavier nuclei in a process known as fusion.
9
42163
4129
ν•΅μœ΅ν•©μ΄λΌλŠ” 과정을 톡해 더 크고 무거운 μ›μžν•΅μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
The reverse process, where one atom splits into two, is called fission.
10
46584
4254
μ›μž ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ‘˜λ‘œ μͺΌκ°œμ§€λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€ 과정은 핡뢄열이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
In both processes, the mass of the end products is slightly less
11
51214
3795
두 κ³Όμ • λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ μ΅œμ’… μƒμ„±λ¬Όμ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ€
처음 μ›μžλ“€μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰λ³΄λ‹€ μ•½κ°„ μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
than the mass of the initial atoms.
12
55009
1794
00:56
But that lost mass doesn’t disappearβ€”
13
56928
2586
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ†μ‹€λœ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ€ 사라지지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
it’s converted to energy according to Einstein’s famous equation.
14
59555
3712
μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ 방정식에 따라 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
And since cΒ² is such a massive number,
15
63434
2252
κ΄‘μ†μ˜ μ œκ³±μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 숫자이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:05
both fission and fusion generate a lot of energy.
16
65728
3712
ν•΅λΆ„μ—΄κ³Ό ν•΅μœ΅ν•© λͺ¨λ‘ 큰 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
Fusion in our Sun mostly produces helium nuclei.
17
70191
3629
νƒœμ–‘μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ν•΅μœ΅ν•©μ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ ν—¬λ₯¨ 핡을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
In the most common pathway, two protons fuse to form a deuterium nucleus,
18
73820
4462
κ°€μž₯ 일반적인 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œλŠ”,
μ–‘μ„±μž 두 κ°œκ°€ μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μ€‘μˆ˜μ†Œ 핡을 ν˜•μ„±ν•œ λ‹€μŒ,
01:18
which then fuses with another proton to form a helium-3 nucleus,
19
78282
4421
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–‘μ„±μžμ™€ μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ ν—¬λ₯¨3 핡을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ³ ,
01:22
which then fuses with another helium-3 nucleus to form a helium-4 nucleus.
20
82787
5505
μ΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν—¬λ₯¨3 ν•΅κ³Ό μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ ν—¬λ₯¨4 핡을 ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
But there’s a catchβ€” that first step is incredibly rare.
21
88417
3796
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ”λ° 첫 단계가 맀우 λ“œλ¬Έ ν˜„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
Only 1 in 100 septillion collisions between protons
22
92255
4045
μ–‘μ„±μžλΌλ¦¬ μΆ©λŒν•  λ•Œ 100의 24제곱 건 쀑 1κ±΄μ—μ„œ
01:36
results in a deuterium nucleus.
23
96300
1961
μ€‘μˆ˜μ†Œ 핡을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
In the Sun this isn’t a problem because there are so many protons
24
98678
3170
νƒœμ–‘μ—μ„œλŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ°, μ–‘μ„±μžκ°€ μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ•„μ„œ
01:41
that even a reaction this rare happens all the time.
25
101848
3253
이런 λ“œλ¬Έ λ°˜μ‘λ„ 항상 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
01:45
But on Earth, researchers rely on a more easily reproducible reaction,
26
105476
4338
μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 더 μ‰½κ²Œ μž¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
where a deuterium nucleus fuses with a tritium nucleus
27
109814
3170
μ€‘μˆ˜μ†Œ 핡이 삼쀑 μˆ˜μ†Œ ν•΅κ³Ό μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬
01:52
to form a helium-4 nucleus and a neutron.
28
112984
3128
ν—¬λ₯¨4 ν•΅κ³Ό μ€‘μ„±μžλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ΄μ£ .
01:56
We’ve actually been doing reactions like this one inside particle accelerators
29
116737
4213
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μž…μž 가속기λ₯Ό 톡해
1930λ…„λŒ€λΆ€ν„° 이와 같은 λ°˜μ‘μ„ 진행해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
since the 1930s.
30
120950
1793
02:02
But these accelerators are not designed to harness the energy this reaction releases.
31
122910
4129
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 κ°€μ†κΈ°λŠ”
이 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Rather, they’re used to generate neutrons
32
127165
2043
κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ€‘μ„±μžλ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ–΄
02:09
for a variety of scientific and military purposes.
33
129208
3045
λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ³Όν•™ μš©λ„μ™€ ꡰ사 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Whereas if we want to use fusion to produce limitless energy,
34
132378
3712
ν•œνŽΈ ν•΅μœ΅ν•©μœΌλ‘œ λ¬΄ν•œν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜λ €λ©΄
02:16
we’d need a device that can harness the energy released,
35
136090
2878
방좜된 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•΄μ„œ
02:18
channel enough of that energy back into the device to keep the reaction going,
36
138968
4671
μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μž₯μΉ˜μ— λ‹€μ‹œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ 계속 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•œ λ‹€μŒ,
02:23
and then send the rest out to our power grid.
37
143639
2503
λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” μ „λ ₯망으둜 보낼 수 μžˆλŠ” μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
And for that job, we need a nuclear fusion reactor.
38
146350
3546
그러렀면 ν•΅μœ΅ν•© λ°˜μ‘λ‘œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Like a particle accelerator, a reactor would generate helium nuclei and neutrons.
39
150396
4755
μ›μžλ‘œλŠ” μž…μž 가속기와 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ ν—¬λ₯¨ ν•΅κ³Ό μ€‘μ„±μžλ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
But that reaction would happen in a superhot core
40
155276
3003
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λ°˜μ‘μ€ 초고온 μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ 
02:38
and the resulting neutrons would shoot outward
41
158279
2169
κ·Έ 결과둜 생긴 μ€‘μ„±μžλŠ” λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ νŠ€μ–΄λ‚˜μ™€
02:40
to heat up a layer of lithium metal.
42
160448
2210
리튬 κΈˆμ†μΈ΅μ„ κ°€μ—΄ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
That heat would then boil water,
43
162909
1543
그러면 κ·Έ 열이 물을 λ“μ—¬μ„œ
02:44
generating steam to run turbines and produce electricity.
44
164452
3253
증기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  ν„°λΉˆμ„ λŒλ €μ„œ μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜μ£ .
02:47
Meanwhile, the helium nuclei would stay in the core
45
167914
3461
ν•œνŽΈ, ν—¬λ₯¨ 핡은 쀑심뢀에 λ¨Έλ¬Όλ‹€κ°€
02:51
and slam into other nuclei to keep the reaction goingβ€”
46
171375
3379
λ‹€λ₯Έ 핡에 λΆ€λ”ͺν˜€ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ 계속 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³ 
02:54
and the electricity flowing.
47
174754
1376
μ „κΈ°κ°€ 흐λ₯΄λ„둝 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
This tech has many practical challenges,
48
176631
1960
이 κΈ°μˆ μ—λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ λ‚œκ΄€μ΄ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
including how to confine a swirling mass of million-degree matter.
49
178591
4046
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄μΉ˜λŠ” 수백만 λ„μ§œλ¦¬ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν†΅μ œν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
03:02
But the biggest hurdle is achieving what's called ignition.
50
182887
3003
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ ν™”λΌλŠ” 뢀뢄을 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
An energy technology is only commercially viable
51
186224
2669
μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 기술이 μƒμ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ €λ©΄
03:08
if it puts out more energy than it uses.
52
188893
2419
μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰λ³΄λ‹€ μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ΄ λ§Žμ•„μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
And a fusion reactor needs a lot of energy to get the core hot enough
53
191354
3837
그리고 ν•΅μœ΅ν•© λ°˜μ‘λ‘œλŠ” ν•΅μœ΅ν•©μ΄ 일어날 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼
쀑심뢀λ₯Ό 뜨겁게 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
for fusion to occur.
54
195191
1710
03:16
So there’s a tipping point:
55
196984
1335
λ”°λΌμ„œ λΆ„μˆ˜λ Ήμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
a moment when the fuel is hot enough to start the reaction
56
198319
3170
μ—°λ£Œκ°€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 λœ¨κ±°μ›Œμ Έ
03:21
and release more energy than is needed to reach and maintain that temperature.
57
201489
4588
κ·Έ μ˜¨λ„μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν•„μš”ν•œ 양보닀
더 큰 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ΄μ£ .
03:26
This is ignition.
58
206244
1251
이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Stars reach ignition under the force of huge amounts of gravity,
59
207870
3504
별듀은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 쀑λ ₯의 힘으둜 점화에 λ„λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
but this approach is impossible on Earth
60
211374
1960
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 그런 방법은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
since you’d need thousands of times the mass of, well, the entire Earth.
61
213334
4296
지ꡬ 전체 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ˜ 수천 λ°°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:38
So researchers typically rely on vast arrays of lasers,
62
218047
3587
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 보톡 λ ˆμ΄μ €λ₯Ό 많이 λ°°μ—΄ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
03:41
or methods that combine magnets with high energy particles
63
221634
3462
κ³ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μž…μžμ™€ μžμ„μ„ κ²°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 방법, λ˜λŠ”
03:45
or electromagnetic waves similar to those in your microwave oven.
64
225096
3753
μ „μžλ ˆμΈμ§€μ— μžˆλŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ „μžκΈ°νŒŒλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
In 2022, scientists at the US National Ignition Facility
65
229392
3587
2022년에 λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ립 점화 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
03:52
demonstrated ignition for the first time ever,
66
232979
3003
사상 처음으둜 점화λ₯Ό μ‹œμ—°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
using 192 lasers to heat deuterium and tritium to 100 million degrees.
67
235982
6506
λ ˆμ΄μ € 192개λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
μ€‘μˆ˜μ†Œμ™€ 삼쀑 μˆ˜μ†Œλ₯Ό 1μ–΅ λ„κΉŒμ§€ κ°€μ—΄ν–ˆμ£ .
04:02
While this was a huge step forward,
68
242822
2002
μ΄λŠ” 큰 μ§„μ „μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
04:04
we’re still a ways off from a self-sustaining, long-running reactor
69
244824
3628
μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•΄μ„œ
μž₯기적으둜 지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ›μžλ‘œλŠ” 아직 갈 길이 λ©‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
that produces more energy than it uses.
70
248452
2503
04:11
But once operational, these relatively small reactors could power a city
71
251038
3671
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 일단 κ°€λ™λ˜λ©΄, 이 비ꡐ적 μž‘μ€ μ›μžλ‘œλ“€μ΄
백만 λͺ…이 μ‚¬λŠ” λ„μ‹œμ— 1λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ „λ ₯을 곡급할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
of a million people for a year with just two pickup trucks of fuel.
72
254709
4337
μ—°λ£ŒλŠ” μ†Œν˜• 트럭 두 λŒ€ λΆ„λŸ‰λ§Œ 있으면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Today, you’d have to burn roughly 3 million tons of coal
73
259547
3879
ν˜„μž¬λŠ” 석탄을 μ•½ 3백만 톀 νƒœμ›Œμ•Ό
04:23
to produce that much energy.
74
263426
1585
이 정도 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 생산할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
That is the promise of fusion:
75
265678
2169
이것이 λ°”λ‘œ ν•΅μœ΅ν•©μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
limitless, on-demand energy with almost no emissions.
76
267847
3795
λ¬΄ν•œν•˜λ©° 원할 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‚˜μ˜€κ³  νƒ„μ†Œ λ°°μΆœλ„ 거의 μ—†λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
True star power, right here on Earth.
77
271976
2753
λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ° μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ§„μ •ν•œ λ³„μ˜ 힘이죠.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7