How to squeeze electricity out of crystals - Ashwini Bharathula

666,519 views ・ 2017-06-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:08
This is a crystal of sugar.
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이것은 섀탕 λ©μ–΄λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
If you press on it, it will actually generate its own electricity.
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여기에 μ••λ ₯을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄ 섀탕 λ©μ–΄λ¦¬λŠ” μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
How can this simple crystal act like a tiny power source?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 결정체가 μž‘μ€ κ±΄μ „μ§€μ²˜λŸΌ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:17
Because sugar is piezoelectric.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 섀탕이 μ••μ „λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
Piezoelectric materials turn mechanical stress,
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μ••μ „λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ μ••λ ₯, 음파, 진동과 같은 기계적 νž˜μ„ μ „λ ₯으둜 λ°”κΏ”μ£Όκ³ 
00:23
like pressure,
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00:24
sound waves,
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00:25
and other vibrations
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μ—­μœΌλ‘œ μ „λ ₯ λ˜ν•œ 기계적 힘으둜 바꿔쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
into electricity and vice versa.
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00:28
This odd phenomenon was first discovered
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ€ 1880λ…„ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž 피에λ₯΄ 퀴리, 자크 퀴리 ν˜•μ œμ— μ˜ν•΄ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
by the physicist Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques in 1880.
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00:34
They discovered that if they compressed thin slices of certain crystals,
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그듀은 νŠΉμ • 물질의 얇은 쑰각에 μ••λ ₯을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄
00:38
positive and negative charges would appear on opposite faces.
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쑰각 양면에 각각 μ–‘μ „ν•˜μ™€ μŒμ „ν•˜κ°€ μƒκΈ΄λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ „μœ„μ°¨ λ˜λŠ” 전압은 μ••λ ₯을 λ°›λŠ” 결정체가
00:43
This difference in charge, or voltage,
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00:45
meant that the compressed crystal could drive current through a circuit,
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마치 λ°°ν„°λ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ νšŒλ‘œμ— μ „λ₯˜λ₯Ό 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
like a battery.
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이 λ˜ν•œ μ—­μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ„±λ¦½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
And it worked the other way around, too.
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00:52
Running electricity through these crystals made them change shape.
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결정에 μ „λ₯˜λ₯Ό 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ κ²°μ •μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
Both of these results,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 기계적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 전기적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ,
00:57
turning mechanical energy into electrical,
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01:00
and electrical energy into mechanical,
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전기적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 기계적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 λ†€λΌμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
were remarkable.
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01:04
But the discovery went uncelebrated for several decades.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ€ λͺ‡ μ‹­λ…„κ°„ 그닀지 μ£Όλͺ©λ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것이 1μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ…μΌμ˜ μž μˆ˜ν•¨ 탐지λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ€‘ 음파 νƒμ§€κΈ°λ‘œ 처음 μ“°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
The first practical application was in sonar instruments
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01:11
used to detect German submarines during World War I.
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01:14
Piezoelectric quartz crystals in the sonar's transmitter
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μ†Œλ‚˜ 솑신기에 μžˆλŠ” 압전성을 띈 μ„μ˜ 결정은
01:17
vibrated when they were subjected to alternating voltage.
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ꡐλ₯˜ 전압을 λ°›μœΌλ©΄ 진동을 λ°œμƒμ‹œμΌœ λ¬Όμ†μœΌλ‘œ 초음파λ₯Ό μ˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
That sent ultrasound waves through the water.
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01:23
Measuring how long it took these waves to bounce back from an object
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μ΄ˆμŒνŒŒκ°€ λŒ€μƒμ— λΆ€λ”ͺ힌 λ’€ λ°˜μ‚¬λ˜μ–΄ λŒμ•„μ˜€κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•΄
λŒ€μƒμ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ©€λ¦¬μžˆλŠ”μ§€ νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
revealed how far away it was.
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01:29
For the opposite transformation,
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기계적 νž˜μ„ 전기적 힘으둜 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 경우λ₯Ό 생각해보면
01:31
converting mechanical energy to electrical,
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01:34
consider the lights that turn on when you clap.
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λ°•μˆ˜λ₯Ό 쳐 켜고 끌 수 μžˆλŠ” 전등을 μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
Clapping your hands send sound vibrations through the air
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λ°•μˆ˜λ₯Ό 치면 μŒνŒŒκ°€ 곡기λ₯Ό μ§€λ‚˜ μ••μ „μ„± λΆ€ν’ˆμ— 도달해 이λ₯Ό μ§„λ™μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
01:39
and causes the piezo element to bend back and forth.
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μ „λ₯˜κ°€ 흐λ₯΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 전압이 λ°œμƒν•΄ LED등이 μΌœμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
This creates a voltage that can drive enough current to light up the LEDs,
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01:46
though it's conventional sources of electricity that keep them on.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ „λ₯˜λ₯Ό 계속 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 전원은 λ”°λ‘œ 쑴재 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
So what makes a material piezoelectric?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ™œ μ–΄λ–€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 압전성을 λ„λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
01:53
The answer depends on two factors:
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닡은 두 가지 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
the materials atomic structure,
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물질의 μ›μž ꡬ쑰와 κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ λΆ€λΆ„ μ „ν•˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
and how electric charge is distributed within it.
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02:00
Many materials are crystalline,
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λ§Žμ€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 결정ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:02
meaning they're made of atoms or ions
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μ›μžμ™€ μ΄μ˜¨λ“€μ΄ κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ 3차원 배열을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
arranged in an orderly three-dimensional pattern.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ€ λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” λ‹¨μœ„κ΅¬μ‘°λ‘œ 뢄리할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
That pattern has a building block called a unit cell
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02:10
that repeats over and over.
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02:12
In most non-piezoelectric crystalline materials,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λΉ„μ••μ „μ„± κ²°μ • λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λ‹¨μœ„ ꡬ쑰 μ•ˆμ˜ μ›μžλ“€μ΄ 쀑앙을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μΉ­μ„ 이루고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
the atoms in their unit cells are distributed symmetrically
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02:18
around a central point.
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02:20
But some crystalline materials don't possess a center of symmetry
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ν•˜μΉ˜λ§Œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ κ²°μ • λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ–΄μ„œ
02:23
making them candidates for piezoelectricity.
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압전성을 띌 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ„μ˜μ„ 예둜 λ“€λ©΄,
02:27
Let's look at quartz,
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02:28
a piezoelectric material made of silicon and oxygen.
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μ„μ˜μ€ κ·œμ†Œμ™€ μ‚°μ†Œλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ ΈμžˆλŠ”λ°
02:31
The oxygens have a slight negative charge and silicons have a slight positive,
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μ‚°μ†ŒλŠ” μ•½ν•œ μŒμ „ν•˜λ₯Ό, κ·œμ†ŒλŠ” μ•½ν•œ μ–‘μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό 띄어,
02:36
creating a separation of charge,
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각 μ—°κ²° κ³ λ¦¬λŠ” 전극이 λΆ„λ¦¬λœ μŒκ·Ήμžκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
or a dipole along each bond.
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02:41
Normally, these dipoles cancel each other out,
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보톡 μŒκ·Ήμžλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œμ˜ μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό μƒμ‡„ν•΄μ„œ
02:43
so there's no net separation of charge in the unit cell.
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결과적으둜 λ‹¨μœ„ ꡬ쑰 μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μ „μœ„μ°¨λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
But if a quartz crystal is squeezed along a certain direction,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ„μ˜ 결정이 ν•œ λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ••μΆ•λ˜λ©΄
02:49
the atoms shift.
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μ›μž ꡬ쑰의 λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
Because of the resulting asymmetry in charge distribution,
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ „ν•˜ λΆ„ν¬μ˜ λŒ€μΉ­μ΄ κΉ¨μ Έμ„œ
02:54
the dipoles no longer cancel each other out.
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μŒκ·Ήμžλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μƒμ‡„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
The stretched cell ends up with a net negative charge on one side
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ••λ ₯을 받은 λ‹¨μœ„ ꡬ쑰듀은 ν•œ λ©΄μ—” μŒμ „ν•˜λ₯Ό
03:00
and a net positive on the other.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ λ©΄μ—λŠ” μ–‘μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό λ„κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
This charge imbalance is repeated all the way through the material,
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이런 μ „μœ„μ°¨κ°€ 물질 전체에 걸쳐 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λ©΄
03:06
and opposite charges collect on opposite faces of the crystal.
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물질의 λ°˜λŒ€ 면에 각각 전극이 생기고
03:09
This results in a voltage that can drive electricity through a circuit.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ „λ₯˜λ₯Ό 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 전압이 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Piezoelectric materials can have different structures.
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압전성을 가진 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ›μž ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
But what they all have in common is unit cells which lack a center of symmetry.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ ꡬ쑰가 λŒ€μΉ­μ˜ 쀑심점이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 곡톡점을 κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
And the stronger the compression on piezoelectric materials,
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그리고 결정체에 κ°€ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μ••λ ₯이 크면 클수둝
03:24
the larger the voltage generated.
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더 큰 전압이 μƒμ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Stretch the crystal, instead, and the voltage will switch,
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결정체λ₯Ό λ‹ΉκΈ°λ©΄ 전압은 λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯으둜 생겨
03:29
making current flow the other way.
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μ „λ₯˜κ°€ λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯으둜 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 압전성을 가진 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
More materials are piezoelectric than you might think.
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03:35
DNA,
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DNA, 뼈, 비단 λ“±
03:36
bone,
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03:37
and silk
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ 기계적 νž˜μ„ 전기적 힘으둜 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
all have this ability to turn mechanical energy into electrical.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ••μ „ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν•©μ„±ν•΄λ‚΄
03:42
Scientists have created a variety of synthetic piezoelectric materials
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03:45
and found applications for them in everything from medical imaging
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μ˜λ£Œμ˜μƒκΈ°κΈ°μ—μ„œ μž‰ν¬μ ― ν”„λ¦°ν„°κΉŒμ§€ 그것듀을 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œμš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
to ink jet printers.
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03:51
Piezoelectricity is responsible for the rhythmic oscillations
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μ‹œκ³„ λ‚΄λΆ€ μ„μ˜ κ²°μ •μ˜ κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ 진동을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄ μ‹œκ³„κ°€ μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것 μ—­μ‹œ 같은 μ›λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
of the quartz crystals that keep watches running on time,
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03:57
the speakers of musical birthday cards,
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생일 μΆ•ν•˜ μΉ΄λ“œμ˜ μŠ€ν”Όμ»€,
03:59
and the spark that ignites the gas in some barbecue grill lighters
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라이터 κ°€μŠ€μ— λΆˆμ„ λΆ™μ΄λŠ” μŠ€νŒŒν¬λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ΄κ³ μš”.
04:03
when you flick the switch.
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μ „κΈ°μ˜ μˆ˜μš”λŠ” 많고 기계적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λŠ” ν’λΆ€ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:05
And piezoelectric devices may become even more common
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04:08
since electricity is in high demand and mechanical energy is abundant.
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μ••μ „μ„± λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ λ°œμ „ μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 점점 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
There are already train stations that use passengers' footsteps
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이미 μŠΉκ°λ“€μ˜ 걸음으둜 κ°œμ°°κ΅¬μ™€ μ „κ΄‘νŒμ— 전원을 κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 기차역도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
to power the ticket gates and displays
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04:18
and a dance club where piezoelectricity helps power the lights.
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또 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μŠ€ν…μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°λͺ…을 λ°νžˆλŠ” ν΄λŸ½λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Could basketball players running back and forth power the scoreboard?
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농ꡬ μ„ μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ λ›°μ–΄ λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©΄μ„œ λ“μ νŒμ„ 밝힐 수 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:25
Or might walking down the street charge your electronic devices?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©΄μ„œ μ „μžκΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό μΆ©μ „ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
What's next for piezoelectricity?
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μ••μ „ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 무엇이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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