Intro to Linking: American English Pronunciation

184,234 views ใƒป 2010-09-24

Rachel's English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:06
Today I simply want to introduce the concept of linking.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฎๆฆ‚ๅฟตใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
Iโ€™ve had my blog for almost two years now,
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็งใฏใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚’2ๅนด่ฟ‘ใๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใจใ—ใฆใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง
00:14
and have yet to explicitly mention this in a video as a topic.
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ๆ˜Ž็คบ็š„ใซ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
00:19
Itโ€™s high time.
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ไปŠใŒใใฎๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
If everything else is pronounced correctly:
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ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใŒ ๆญฃใ—ใ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ๏ผš
00:24
stress, the particular sounds of a word, but words are not linked together,
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ้Ÿณใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅ˜่ชžใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„
00:30
it will still sound pretty strange to native speakers.
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ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใซใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:33
It will sound very choppy.
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้žๅธธใซ้€”ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œ้€”ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:35
Letโ€™s take for example the sentence, He told her to go to the park today.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:40
He told her to go to the park today.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:43
He told her to go to the park today.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:46
That last time I said it, I tried to put a tiny pause between each word.
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ใใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซ็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€็ง ใฏๅ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้–“ใซๅฐใ•ใชไผ‘ๆญขใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:50
He told her to go to the park today.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:53
He told her to go to the park today.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:56
Can you tell the difference?
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้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:57
Itโ€™s an important first step to be able to hear the difference.
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้•ใ„ใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:01
To native speakers, this tiny gap between each word sounds very choppy.
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ใซใจใฃใฆใ€ๅ„ๅ˜่ชž้–“ใฎใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒƒใƒ—ใฏ้žๅธธใซ้€”ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œ้€”ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
He told her to go to the park today.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:09
To me that is very smooth.
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็งใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚
01:11
Can you hear that difference?
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ใใฎ้•ใ„ใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:13
My students sometimes tell me that
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็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†
01:15
when they pronounce wordsand sentences that way, that it feels very sloppy.
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ใซๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใšใ•ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ็งใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
Weโ€™ll thatโ€™s ok.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
01:22
If your native language is really different from English,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใจๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้•ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ
01:26
then when you pronounce English correctly,
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็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ ใ€
01:28
it might feel very strange in your mouth.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฃใฎไธญใง้žๅธธใซๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:31
Donโ€™t be shy about that.
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ๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใŒใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:33
Linking is related to reduction, or reducing sounds.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ ใ€้ŸณใฎไฝŽๆธ›ใพใŸใฏไฝŽๆธ›ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
What is reduction? As you may already know from other videos,
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ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใงใซใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
01:42
words in English will either be stressed or unstressed.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
Unstressed words and syllables may be reduced.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
This means that a sound is either left out or changes.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้ŸณใŒ ็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:55
For example, the word โ€˜canโ€™ has the โ€˜aaโ€™ vowel sound.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œcanใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž ใซใฏใ€Œaaใ€ใฎๆฏ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:00
But, it might reduce.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:01
I can be there.
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็งใฏใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:02
Cn, cn.
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Cnใ€cnใ€‚
02:04
There the word โ€˜canโ€™ is actually pronounced with the schwa sound: cn.
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ใใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ผถใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏๅฎŸ้š› ใซใฏใ‚ทใƒฅใƒฏใฎ้Ÿณใง็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™๏ผšcnใ€‚
02:09
So that is what I mean by reduction.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŒๅ‰Šๆธ›ใจ่จ€ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
I say that linking and reduction are related.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใจ ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใฏ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ็งใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
And that is because if you are reducing something,
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ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—
02:18
youโ€™re either leaving off a sound or substituting a quicker vowel
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’้žๅธธใซ็Ÿญใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€้Ÿณใ‚’็œใ ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้€Ÿใ„ๆฏ้Ÿณ
02:23
in order to make that word very short.
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ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:26
If youโ€™re making it very short,
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้žๅธธใซ็Ÿญใใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
02:28
you donโ€™t want to make your phrase longer by adding gaps.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’้•ทใใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:32
So linking is the idea that you will take all the words of a sentence
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใจใฏ ใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ€
02:37
and you wonโ€™t put any gaps between for a smooth and fluid sound.
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้–“ใซ้š™้–“ใ‚’็ฉบใ‘ใš ใซๆป‘ใ‚‰ใ‹ใงๆป‘ใ‚‰ใ‹ใชใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
02:42
For example, in the sentence I can be there by three.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใง ็งใฏ3ไบบใงใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
I-c, I-c: you can hear how the kk sound of the second word
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I-cใ€I-c๏ผš 2็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎkk้ŸณใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†
02:52
is attached to the first word: I-c, I-c.
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ใซไป˜ๅŠ ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ๏ผšI-cใ€I-cใ€‚
02:56
There is no break between those words.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎ้–“ใซ้€”ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:58
I can be there by three.
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็งใฏ๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:00
So keep this in mind as you listen to native speakers and do your best to imitate it.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่žใใจใใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟต้ ญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆจกๅ€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆœ€ๅ–„ใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:06
There will be videos in the future that will cover specific concepts
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ๅฐ†ๆฅ็š„ใซใฏใ€
03:10
in linking and reduction to help you practice this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŸ่ทตใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใจใƒชใƒ€ใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆฆ‚ๅฟตใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
Thatโ€™s it, and thanks so much for using Rachelโ€™s English.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒฌใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒซใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ใ”ๅˆฉ็”จใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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