SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT - Lesson 2: Prepositional Phrases & Relative Clauses + Quiz

312,242 views ใƒป 2019-01-11

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
Hello and welcome back.
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ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
00:02
In this lesson, I will teach you how to apply subject-verb agreement rules correctly in
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”
00:08
tricky situations.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
00:10
These situations involve prepositional phrases or relative clauses that occur between the
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ืื• ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:16
subject and the verb in a sentence.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
00:18
Iโ€™ll show you how to identify the subject in situations like this, so that you can avoid
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœืš ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข
00:24
making the most common mistakes.
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ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:26
As always, there is a quiz later on to test your understanding.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืš.
00:32
So, letโ€™s start.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
00:41
If you want to learn the basic rules of subject-verb agreement, watch lesson no.
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ , ืฆืคื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก'.
00:46
1 in this series, which is an introduction to this topic.
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1 ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.
00:49
You will find a link in the description.
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ืชืžืฆื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ.
00:52
But to quickly recap the basics, hereโ€™s a chart from the previous lesson.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
00:57
With singular nouns such as monkey, boy, car and so on, and with the pronouns he, she and
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ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืฃ, ื™ืœื“, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื
01:04
it, we add -s to the verb in the present tense: monkey eats, boy walks, he goes, she speaks
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ื•ื–ื”, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ -s ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”: ืงื•ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ืœืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช
01:12
etc.
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ื•ื›ื•'.
01:14
With plural nouns and with the pronouns I, You, We and They, we donโ€™t add -s to the
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ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื™, ืืชื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื -s
01:20
verb.
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ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
01:21
Now, I and You are not plural pronouns; itโ€™s just a rule that with I and You, we donโ€™t
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ืื™ื ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื; ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืœืœ ืฉืขื ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื
01:27
add -s to the verb.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื -s ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
01:29
These two rules work with all verbs except for โ€œbeโ€.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช".
01:33
The verb โ€œbeโ€ has five forms.
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ืœืคื•ืขืœ "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
01:36
We say โ€œI amโ€, He, she, it or any singular noun is, and You, We, They or any plural noun
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื ื™", ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ืืชื”, ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื
01:42
are.
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.
01:43
This is in the present tense.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื”.
01:45
In the past tense, We say, I, He, She, It or any singular noun was, and You, We, They
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ื™, ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืืชื”, ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื
01:52
or any plural noun were.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•.
01:54
These are the very basic rules of subject-verb agreement.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ .
01:58
So, now letโ€™s discuss some more advanced topics.
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ .
02:02
Letโ€™s start with prepositional phrases.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก.
02:05
Hereโ€™s an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:06
I want you to do this as an exercise.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืชืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:09
You see there are two places where you have to choose between is and are . The cookies
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”. ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:15
is for Amanda or the cookies are for Amanda?
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ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื“ื” ืื• ืฉื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื“ื”?
02:18
And the box of chocolates is for Tom or are for Tom?
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ื•ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื˜ื•ื ืื• ืœืชื•ื?
02:22
What do you think?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘?
02:24
Well, hereโ€™s the answer: The cookies are for Amanda and the box of chocolates is for
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื“ื” ื•ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชื•ื
02:32
Tom.
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.
02:33
But how come?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื”?
02:34
โ€œCookiesโ€ is a plural noun and โ€œchocolatesโ€ is also plural, yet we have โ€œareโ€ in the
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"ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•"ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ื™ืฉ"
02:40
first place and โ€œisโ€ is the second.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•"ื”ื•ื" ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:42
So, whatโ€™s going on here?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
02:44
Well, with โ€œcookiesโ€ itโ€™s easy โ€“ plural subject, so we say โ€œareโ€.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื "ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช" ื–ื” ืงืœ - ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื™ืฉ".
02:49
But, in the second sentence, we have โ€œbox of chocolatesโ€.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืงื•ืคืกืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื".
02:53
Here, we see a preposition โ€œofโ€ and we see that it has an object โ€œchocolatesโ€,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก "ืฉืœ" ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ "ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื",
02:59
so โ€œof chocolatesโ€ is a prepositional phrase.
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ื›ืš ืฉ"ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก .
03:02
This phrase gives information about the box.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”.
03:06
It tells us what type of box it is.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืงื•ืคืกื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
03:08
Itโ€™s a box which has chocolates inside.
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ื–ื• ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื.
03:11
So, the real subject of this sentence is the โ€œboxโ€.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”"ืงื•ืคืกื”".
03:15
This is a singular noun; thatโ€™s why we have โ€œisโ€.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“; ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ื™ืฉ".
03:19
The prepositional phrase is just extra information, so you can mentally block it out; now itโ€™s
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื ืคืฉื™ืช; ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”
03:25
easy: โ€œThe cookies are for Amanda.
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ืงืœ: "ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื“ื”.
03:27
The box is for Tom.โ€
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ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื˜ื•ื."
03:29
What box?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืงื•ืคืกื”?
03:30
The box of chocolates.
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ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื.
03:31
Hereโ€™s another example.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
03:34
โ€œA wallet with four credit cards was or were found lying in the grass?โ€
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"ื ืžืฆื ืื• ื ืžืฆื ืืจื ืง ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื“ืฉื?"
03:40
Which is correct?
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ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:41
Pause the video and think about it for a moment.
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ื”ืฉื”ื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
03:46
OK, did you identify the prepositional phrase in this sentence?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื™ื”ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”?
03:52
That phrase is โ€œwith four credit cardsโ€.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื "ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™".
03:55
So, what thing had four credit cards inside?
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ืื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™?
03:59
It was the wallet.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจื ืง.
04:00
So โ€œwalletโ€ is the subject of the sentence.
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ืื– "ืืจื ืง" ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
04:03
The credit cards are not the subject.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
04:05
โ€œWalletโ€ is a singular noun, so โ€œA wallet with four credit cards was found lying in
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"ืืจื ืง" ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื– "ืืจื ืง ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ
04:11
the grass.โ€
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ื”ื“ืฉื."
04:12
If the sentence was just about credit cards, we might say โ€œFour credit cards were found
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ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ืขืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ื ืžืฆืื•
04:18
lying in the grassโ€.
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ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฉื".
04:19
But here, since the real subject is โ€œwalletโ€, we say โ€œwasโ€.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื "ืืจื ืง", ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ื™ื”".
04:23
OK, hereโ€™s the next one: โ€œSome students in my class speak or speaks French as their
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื: "ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื›ืฉืคืชื
04:29
first language.โ€
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”."
04:30
Well, whatโ€™s the subject of this sentence?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”?
04:37
I see a preposition โ€œinโ€, so I know that โ€œin my classโ€ is a prepositional phrase.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก "ื‘", ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ"ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™" ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก.
04:43
It gives us information about the noun โ€œstudentsโ€.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื "ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื".
04:46
So, the subject here is โ€œstudentsโ€.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื".
04:49
This is a plural noun, so we need a plural verb; that is, a verb without -s added to
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืœื -s ื ื•ืกืฃ
04:55
the end.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:56
So, โ€œSome students in my class speak French as their first language.โ€
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ืื–, "ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื›ืฉืคืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”."
05:01
Even though the noun โ€œclassโ€ is singular and itโ€™s right next to the verb, itโ€™s
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื”ืขืฆื "ืžื—ืœืงื”" ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื–ื”
05:05
just part of the prepositional phrase.
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ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก.
05:07
The real subject is the plural word โ€œstudentsโ€.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื "ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื".
05:10
Hereโ€™s one last example: โ€œSmall business owners throughout the state have or has voiced
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”: "ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช
05:17
their displeasure with the governmentโ€™s new tax proposal.โ€
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ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื ืžื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืžืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”".
05:21
OK, let me explain this one a little bit.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช.
05:24
โ€œSmall business ownersโ€ means people who own shops, restaurants or other companies
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"ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
05:29
that are small.
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ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
05:30
โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ means not just in one place, but in every place across the
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"ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™
05:36
state.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:37
To โ€œvoice your displeasureโ€ is a common expression.
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"ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ืš" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ.
05:41
It means youโ€™re not happy with something; displeasure is the opposite of pleasure.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžืฉื”ื•; ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื ืื”.
05:47
To voice your displeasure is to express your disappointment or dissatisfaction; this expression
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš; ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
05:54
is used in more formal situations like this.
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
05:58
A โ€œtax proposalโ€ is a tax plan that the government has announced.
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"ื”ืฆืขืช ืžืก" ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืก ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
06:02
So, many business owners are not happy with this plan, maybe because itโ€™s going to raise
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขืœื”
06:08
taxes on their businesses.
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ืžืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:10
OK, so now you decide โ€“ โ€œhaveโ€ or โ€œhasโ€.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ - "ื™ืฉ" ืื• "ื™ืฉ".
06:14
Now, whatโ€™s the subject here?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ?
06:18
Do you see a prepositional phrase?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก?
06:20
Yes, โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ is a prepositional phrase because โ€œthroughoutโ€ is a preposition.
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ื›ืŸ, "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื›ื™ "ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก.
06:27
So, what does this phrase give you information about?
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ืื–, ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื™ื“ืข ?
06:31
It gives you information about โ€œsmall business ownersโ€.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ "ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ".
06:35
This is the subject.
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ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
06:37
Within this subject, the noun is โ€œownersโ€.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื "ื‘ืขืœื™ื".
06:40
Because the word โ€œbusinessโ€ just tells you what type of owner.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืขืกืง" ืจืง ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืš ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
06:44
Owners of what?
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ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”?
06:45
Owners of business.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื.
06:46
What type of business?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืขืกืง?
06:47
Small business.
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ืขืกืง ืงื˜ืŸ.
06:48
So, the real subject is the word โ€œownersโ€ which is a plural noun.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ืขืœื™ื" ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:53
So, we need a plural verb without โ€œsโ€.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœื "s".
06:56
So, โ€œsmall business owners throughout the state have voiced their displeasure with the
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ืื–, "ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื
07:02
governmentโ€™s new tax proposal.โ€
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ืžื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืžืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”".
07:04
Did you get it right?
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:05
OK, now the important question is how do we identify prepositional phrases?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื›ืขืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื—ืก?
07:11
Well, the first step is to know the most common prepositions in English.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
07:16
These are words like of, in, on, at, by, with, to, for, from, etc.
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ืืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ, ื‘, on, at, by, with, to, for, from ื•ื›ื•'.
07:22
You see some of these on the screen.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
07:24
Of course, there are many more.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:25
When you see a preposition in a sentence, it will always be part of a phrase, that is
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
07:30
a group of words โ€“ โ€œof chocolatesโ€, โ€œwith four credit cardsโ€, โ€œin my classโ€,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื™ืœื™ื - "ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื", " ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™", "ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™",
07:35
โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ and so on.
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"ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืขึทืœ.
07:38
If such a phrase occurs before the verb in a sentence, it will act just like an adjective
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ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ
07:43
โ€“ to give information about a noun.
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- ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื.
07:46
So, identify that noun โ€“ like โ€œboxโ€, โ€œwalletโ€, โ€œstudentsโ€, โ€œownersโ€
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ืื–, ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื” - ื›ืžื• "ืงื•ืคืกื”", "ืืจื ืง", "ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื", "ื‘ืขืœื™ื"
07:51
etc.
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ื•ื›ื•'.
07:52
If the noun is singular, then add -s to the verb; if itโ€™s plural, then donโ€™t add an
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ืื ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื– ื”ื•ืกืฃ -s ืœืคื•ืขืœ; ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื– ืืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ
07:57
-s to the verb.
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-s ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
07:58
If the verb is โ€œbeโ€, then choose the correct form โ€“ โ€œamโ€, โ€œisโ€, โ€œareโ€, โ€œwasโ€
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ืื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช", ืื– ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” - "ืื ื™", "ื”ื•ื", "ื™ืฉ", "ื”ื™ื”"
08:03
or โ€œwereโ€.
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ืื• "ื”ื™ื™ื ื•".
08:04
Now, just like prepositional phrases, relative clauses can also cause problems with subject-verb
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก, ื’ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ
08:11
agreement.
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.
08:12
Take this example: โ€œThis vintage watch, which I received as a wedding gift from my
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ืงื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•: "ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืžืชื ืช ื—ืชื•ื ื”
08:17
grandparents, is or are one of my most prized possessions.โ€
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ืžืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ."
08:22
Let me explain the vocabulary here.
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ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
08:25
A vintage object is an old object thatโ€™s attractive or of high quality.
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ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ืฉืš ืื• ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™.
08:30
Like vintage furniture, vintage cars etc.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’', ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื•ื›ื•'.
08:33
So, a vintage watch is an attractive old watch thatโ€™s still in good condition.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:39
The word โ€œpossessionโ€ means something you own, and a prized possession is a thing
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื—ื–ืงื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืš, ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
08:44
that is very important to you.
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืš ืžืื•ื“.
08:46
Alright, so what do you think โ€“ โ€œisโ€ or โ€œareโ€ here?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ - "ื ืžืฆื" ืื• "ื ืžืฆื" ื›ืืŸ?
08:51
OK, look at the clause โ€œwhich I received as a wedding gift from my grandparentsโ€
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™"
08:58
โ€“ what is the purpose of that clause?
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- ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”?
09:00
What did I get as a wedding gift from grandma and grandpa?
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ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืกื‘ืชื ื•ืกื‘ื?
09:04
I received the watch, the vintage watch.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’'.
09:07
So, this clause only gives information about the watch; it gives you some details about
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ืื–, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ; ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ
09:13
it.
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ื–ื”.
09:14
So, in fact, this whole clause acts like an adjective.
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ.
09:17
For this reason, itโ€™s called an adjective clause.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืขื™ืฃ ืชื•ืืจ.
09:20
More commonly itโ€™s referred to as a relative clause.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™.
09:23
So, that means the real subject is โ€œwatchโ€.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื "ืฆืคื”".
09:27
โ€œGrandparentsโ€ is not the subject.
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"ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช" ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
09:29
The word โ€œwatchโ€ is a singular noun.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉืขื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“.
09:32
So, โ€œThis vintage watch, which I received as a wedding gift from my grandparents, is
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ืื–, "ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื ื˜ื’' ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืžืชื ืช ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™, ื”ื•ื
09:37
one of my most prized possessions.โ€
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™."
09:40
The verb โ€œisโ€ agrees with the subject โ€œwatchโ€.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ื”ื•ื" ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื "ืฆืคื”".
09:43
Relative clauses usually start with words like who, which, that, where or when.
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ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™, ืื™ื–ื”, ื–ื”, ืื™ืคื” ืื• ืžืชื™.
09:50
These words are called relative pronouns.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื.
09:52
Alright, hereโ€™s another example: โ€œThe architect who designed some of this cityโ€™s
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: " ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ืžื”
09:58
biggest skyscrapers live or lives in a modest two-bedroom apartment downtown.โ€
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ืžื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช ื’ืจ ืื• ื’ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ."
10:03
โ€œModestโ€ means โ€œsimpleโ€.
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"ืฆื ื•ืข" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืคืฉื•ื˜".
10:05
So, is it live or lives?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ื™ ืื• ื—ื™?
10:11
The first thing that you should notice is the word โ€œwhoโ€, so you know you have a
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื™", ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš
10:15
relative clause.
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ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™.
10:16
โ€œwho designed some of this cityโ€™s biggest skyscrapersโ€ is the relative clause.
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"ืžื™ ืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื• " ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™.
10:22
It tells us something about the architect.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ.
10:24
So, โ€œarchitectโ€ is the subject here.
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ืื–, "ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ" ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ.
10:27
โ€œSkyscrapersโ€ is not the subject.
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"ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื" ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
10:29
โ€œArchitectโ€ is a singular noun, so โ€œThe architect who designed some of this cityโ€™s
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"ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ" ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื– " ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ืžื”
10:35
biggest skyscrapers lives in a modest two-bedroom apartment downtown.โ€
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ืžื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช ื’ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ."
10:40
Next one: โ€œThe only books that I actually enjoyed reading when I was a kid was or were
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื: "ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื• ืื• ื”ื™ื•
10:46
superhero comics.โ€
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ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ."
10:48
Stop the video and think about this one.
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ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:52
OK, first of all, did you find the relative clause?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืžืฆืืช ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™?
10:57
Actually, there are two relative clauses here.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื.
11:00
The first one is โ€œthat I actually enjoyed readingโ€ and the second is โ€œwhen I was
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื" ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
11:06
a kidโ€.
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ื™ืœื“".
11:07
The first clause tells us about the books; Iโ€™m talking about books that I enjoyed reading.
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื; ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื.
11:12
And the second clause says that we are not talking about now; weโ€™re talking about the
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ื•ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•; ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
11:18
period when I was a child, in the past.
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
11:21
You can have two relative clauses like this that give different types of information.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
11:26
But of course, the subject here is โ€œbooksโ€.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืกืคืจื™ื".
11:29
This is a plural noun, so โ€œThe only books that I actually enjoyed reading when I was
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื– "ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
11:33
a kid were superhero comics.โ€
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ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ."
11:36
This might sound a little strange to you because we have the word โ€œkidโ€ which is singular.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืžืข ืœืš ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื™ืœื“" ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
11:41
So, we feel like the verb should be โ€œwasโ€.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ื™ื”".
11:44
Because in conversation, we normally say, โ€œThe kid was running, the kid was playingโ€
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื™ืœื“ ืจืฅ, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ื—ืง"
11:49
and so on.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
11:50
But, the important thing is that โ€œkidโ€ is not the subject here; itโ€™s just part
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉ"ื™ืœื“" ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ; ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง
11:54
of that relative clause.
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ืžื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื–ื”.
11:56
The verb should agree with the subject of the sentence, which is โ€œbooksโ€ in this
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื "ืกืคืจื™ื" ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”
12:00
case.
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.
12:01
One last example: โ€œPrescription drugs, which cannot simply be obtained over the counter,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”: "ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืจืฉื,
12:08
require or requires a doctorโ€™s prescription in order to be purchased.โ€
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ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจืฉื ืจื•ืคื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ." ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
12:12
The sentence means that there are certain medicines that if you want to buy them, you
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ, ืืชื”
12:17
have to get a doctorโ€™s prescription.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืจืฉื ืจื•ืคื.
12:19
โ€œOver the counterโ€ means going to the store and buying something just like that.
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"ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืœืคืง" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืชื ื›ื›ื”.
12:24
You pay money over the counter and you receive the product over the counter.
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ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ืœืคืง ื•ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืœืคืง.
12:28
You cannot do that with prescription drugs; you need a doctorโ€™s prescription.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื; ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืจืฉื ืจื•ืคื.
12:33
So, what do you think โ€“ โ€œrequireโ€ or โ€œrequiresโ€?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ - "ื“ื•ืจืฉ" ืื• "ื“ื•ืจืฉ"?
12:37
OK, whereโ€™s the relative clause here?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื™ืคื” ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ืืŸ?
12:42
The relative clause is โ€œwhich cannot simply be obtained over the counterโ€ and that clause
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื•ื "ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืœื ืžืจืฉื" ื•ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”
12:48
gives information about โ€œprescription drugsโ€.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ "ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื".
12:51
Thatโ€™s a plural noun, so we donโ€™t add -s to the verb: โ€œPrescription drugs, which
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ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื -s ืœืคื•ืขืœ: "ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื,
12:56
cannot simply be obtained over the counter, require a doctorโ€™s prescription in order
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืจืฉื, ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจืฉื ืจื•ืคื ืขืœ ืžื ืช
13:01
to be purchased.โ€
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ."
13:02
So, looking at all these sentences, how do we identify relative clauses?
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื™ืš ื ื–ื”ื” ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื?
13:08
Well, watch out for the relative pronouns: who, which, that, where, when etc.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื: ืžื™, ืื™ื–ื”, ื–ื”, ืื™ืคื”, ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื•'.
13:14
Once you identify the relative clause, check to see whether that clause comes between the
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
13:19
subject and the verb.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.
13:21
If it does, just ignore the clause; look at the subject and decide whether it is singular
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืกืขื™ืฃ; ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“
13:26
or plural and then use the correct form of the verb based on that.
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ืื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื”.
13:30
Now, if you want to know why two sentences here have commas and two sentences donโ€™t
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
13:36
have commas, then see my lesson on punctuation where I explain all about it; Iโ€™ll leave
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ืงื™ื, ืื– ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”; ืืฉืื™ืจ
13:41
a link in the description below.
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.
13:43
Alright, if youโ€™re ready, itโ€™s now time for the quiz. all right I have ten sentences
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
13:49
for us to practice with weโ€™ll do the first four r now and then we'll move on to the next
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ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืื™ืชื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”-r ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืื– ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื”
13:53
set all right in each of these sentences I want you to choose the correct verb form from
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
13:59
the two options that are given pause the video take a moment to think about these sentences
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื— ืจื’ืข ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:05
then play the video and continue alright in number one athletes from over 200 countries
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž-200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
14:15
compete or competes in the Olympics we have a prepositional phrase here so what's the
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ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื” ื™ืฉ โ€‹โ€‹ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืื– ืžื”ื™
14:21
preposition preposition is from so from over 200 countries is the prepositional phrase
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืื– ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž -200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก
14:28
this tells us about the athletes so the subject is athletes this is a plural noun so athletes
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืื– ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื– ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื
14:35
from over 200 countries compete in the Olympics number two the prepositional phrase here is
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ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž-200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
14:43
with blue eyes and this phrase tells you about the puppy so that puppy with blue eyes is
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ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื•ืจ ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื
14:52
the cutest little animal I have ever seen puppy is singular so is the correct verb form
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ ืคืขื ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
14:59
in number 3 we have a relative clause remember that relative clauses start with words like
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ 3 ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•
15:05
who which that so on here we have that so that affect the heart is the relative clause
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ืžื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™
15:15
so that means the subject is diseases the relative clause is telling you what kind of
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
15:21
disease weโ€™re talking about so diseases is a plural noun diseases that affect the
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ืžื—ืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื– ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ
15:27
heart are called cardiovascular diseases number four is a little tricky because what we have
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ื”ืœื‘ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:34
here is a relative clause it starts from the word standing standing at the counter is the
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ืœืคืง ื–ื”
15:41
relative clause now you might be thinking well there is no relative pronoun like who
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ืžื• ืžื™
15:46
which or that that's because it's hidden here this is basically that guy who is standing
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ืื™ื–ื” ืื• ื–ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืคื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“
15:53
at the counter in a lot of places the relative pronoun and the verb that comes right after
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ืœืคืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™
16:00
that will be dropped like this and when the clause starts with an -ing verb like you have
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ื›ื” ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคื•ืขืœ -ing ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš
16:07
here like standing it's called a participle clause it's basically just a reduced relative
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ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื•ืคื—ืช
16:12
clause but it's still a relative clause so then that means that the subject here is that
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
16:19
guy that guy is a singular noun that guy standing at the counter looks like a bodybuilder all
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ืœืคืง ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืคืชื— ื’ื•ืฃ
16:26
right here are the next three sentences we're going up in difficulty a little bit here stop
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืงืฆืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืฆื•ืจ
16:32
the video think about them then play the video again and continue all right number five a
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ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืื– ื”ืคืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ
16:42
documentary about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth in the 21st
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ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
16:48
century was or were awarded a special prize at the film festival now the reason this sentence
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ื–ื›ื” ืื• ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”
16:55
looks confusing is actually because there's one big preposition phrase here we see a number
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ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ
17:02
of prepositions in this sentence about of from and in but if you start reading from
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืž-ื•-in ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื
17:10
the first preposition about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth
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ืžืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:16
in the 21st century you realize this whole phrase just tells you the topic of the documentary
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™
17:24
so the subject is documentary here which is a singular noun so the correct verb form is
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ืื– ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
17:30
was so a documentary about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:35
in the 21st century was awarded a special prize at the film festival in number six there
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืคืจืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืฉ
17:42
are two places where you have to choose the correct verb form but both verbs relate to
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
17:47
the same subject the sentence starts with emails and then we see the word blocked this
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ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืกื•ืžื” ื–ื”
17:54
is actually a relative clause the sentence is trying to say emails that are blocked by
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื ืกื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื—ืกืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
18:00
a spam filter but the words that are are left out so this is a reduced relative clause that
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ืžืกื ืŸ ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืื– ื–ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•
18:08
means the subject is emails which is a plural noun so emails blocked by the spam filter
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื– ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื—ืกืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื ืŸ ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ
18:15
don't show up in your inbox but those emails are instead moved to the spam folder in number
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ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืกืžื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืฉืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืœืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ
18:22
seven there are three verbs but this one should be easier because there's just a straightforward
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ืฉื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืขืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืง
18:29
prepositional phrase starting with in so in this neighborhood is a preposition phrase
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘- ืื– ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
18:35
which means that the subject is the plural word kids most kids in this neighborhood walk
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
18:41
or bicycle to school but don't spend much time doing other physical activities such
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ืื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
18:47
as playing sport all right here are the last three stop the video think about them then
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ื›ืžื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืื–
18:53
play the video again and continue all right number eight a language learnerโ€™s ability
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ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืคื”
19:02
and then we see the word to which means this is the start of a prepositional phrase and
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
19:07
this phrase is going to tell you about the ability so a language learnerโ€™s ability
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ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื– ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืคื”
19:13
to comprehend comprehend means to understand difficult real-world reading material meant
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“
19:20
for native speakers that's a relative clause so reading material which is meant for native
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ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื ื–ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื– ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™
19:26
speakers now even though this is a relative clause it doesn't tell you anything about
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ืฉืคืช ืื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ
19:31
the subject of the sentence this relative clause gives you information about reading
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ
19:37
material so this clause is actually within the prepositional phrase so the phrase starts
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
19:45
at to and it goes all the way up to native speakers this whole phrase gives you information
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ื‘-to ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื™ื“ืข
19:51
about ability which is the subject of the sentence this is a singular noun so the right
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ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ
19:58
verb form is increases increases with regular and sustained practice sustained means you
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ns ืืชื”
20:05
keep doing it ok in number 9 we have the longest sentence in the quiz Sheila said that Julien's
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ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ 9 ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื” ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ
20:14
negative remarks about her appearance about as a preposition so about her appearance is
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืื– ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื” ื–ื”
20:20
a prepositional phrase and then we see the word which that means it's a relative clause
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ
20:26
which he made at the meeting in the presence of several board members so we've seen a prepositional
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื– ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก
20:34
phrase with about her appearance and then a long relative clause all of this is about
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ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืื– ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื
20:41
the noun remarks remarks is a plural noun so were offensive and completely unacceptable
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ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
20:50
and finally we come to number 10 I find it strangely amusing now amusing means funny
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ 10 ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืขืฉืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืฆื—ื™ืง
20:57
so strangely amusing means funny in a strange or in a weird way I find it strangely amusing
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
21:05
that Matt and Kylie neither of whom now who is a relative pronoun so from neither we see
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ืฉืžืื˜ ื•ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืื– ืž ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื
21:14
the start of a relative clause don't worry about the correct verb form within the clause
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ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ
21:19
for now we'll come back to that so neither of whom have or has any baking experience
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ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืื– ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืื• ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
21:25
whatsoever the relative clause ends here so that means the subject of the sentence is
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื
21:31
Matt and Kylie this is a plural subject because Matt and Kylie are two people so Matt and
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ืžืื˜ ื•ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืื˜ ื•ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื– ืžืื˜ ื•ืงื™ื™ืœื™
21:38
Kylie have agreed to bake a cake for the party all right now as for the verb form within
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ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืืคื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื” ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš
21:48
the relative clause we have to apply subject verb agreement rules within the clause itself
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•
21:54
so the subject of this clause is the word neither this is considered a singular pronoun
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ืื– ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“
22:01
in English because it's like saying not Matt or Kylie so neither of whom has any baking
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ืžืื˜ ืื• ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ืื– ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ื™ื”
22:08
experience whatsoever I'll read the whole sentence once again I find it strangely amusing
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ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
22:14
that Matt and Kylie neither of whom has any baking experience whatsoever have agreed to
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ืฉืžืื˜ ื•ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•
22:19
bake a cake for the party if you didn't get this last one right that's okay I made it
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ืœืืคื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื” ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
22:24
difficult just to show you how subject verb agreement difficulties can appear in unexpected
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ื”ืงืฉื” ืจืง ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืš ืื™ืš ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื
22:30
places all right how many of these 10 sentences did you get right let me know in the comments
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
22:36
below if you enjoyed this lesson give it a thumbs up don't forget to subscribe to this
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ืœืžื˜ื” ืื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื”
22:41
channel to get my latest lessons right here on YouTube and I will see you in another lesson
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-YouTube ื•ื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื—ืจ
22:46
soon.
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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