SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT - Lesson 2: Prepositional Phrases & Relative Clauses + Quiz

315,428 views

2019-01-11 ใƒป Learn English Lab


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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT - Lesson 2: Prepositional Phrases & Relative Clauses + Quiz

315,428 views ใƒป 2019-01-11

Learn English Lab


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hello and welcome back.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:02
In this lesson, I will teach you how to apply subject-verb agreement rules correctly in
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์ด ๋‹จ์› ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:08
tricky situations.
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.
00:10
These situations involve prepositional phrases or relative clauses that occur between the
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:16
subject and the verb in a sentence.
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. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ
00:18
Iโ€™ll show you how to identify the subject in situations like this, so that you can avoid
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์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:24
making the most common mistakes.
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.
00:26
As always, there is a quiz later on to test your understanding.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
So, letโ€™s start.
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์ž, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
If you want to learn the basic rules of subject-verb agreement, watch lesson no.
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์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์Šจ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์—
00:46
1 in this series, which is an introduction to this topic.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ 1 .
00:49
You will find a link in the description.
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์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
But to quickly recap the basics, hereโ€™s a chart from the previous lesson.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ฐจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
With singular nouns such as monkey, boy, car and so on, and with the pronouns he, she and
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monkey, boy, car ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ he, she ๋ฐ
01:04
it, we add -s to the verb in the present tense: monkey eats, boy walks, he goes, she speaks
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it๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: monkey eats, boy walks, he going, she speak
01:12
etc.
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01:14
With plural nouns and with the pronouns I, You, We and They, we donโ€™t add -s to the
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๋“ฑ. ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ I, You, We ๋ฐ They์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:20
verb.
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.
01:21
Now, I and You are not plural pronouns; itโ€™s just a rule that with I and You, we donโ€™t
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์ด์ œ I์™€ You๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. I์™€ You์˜
01:27
add -s to the verb.
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทœ์น™์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
These two rules work with all verbs except for โ€œbeโ€.
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ทœ์น™์€ "be"๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™์‚ฌ์— ์ ์šฉ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
The verb โ€œbeโ€ has five forms.
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๋™์‚ฌ "be"์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
We say โ€œI amโ€, He, she, it or any singular noun is, and You, We, They or any plural noun
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "I am"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. He, she, it ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” is์ด๊ณ  You, We, They ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ
01:42
are.
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๋Š” are์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
This is in the present tense.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
In the past tense, We say, I, He, She, It or any singular noun was, and You, We, They
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ I, He, She, It ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” was์ด๊ณ  You, We, They
01:52
or any plural noun were.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” were๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
These are the very basic rules of subject-verb agreement.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:58
So, now letโ€™s discuss some more advanced topics.
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์ด์ œ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:02
Letโ€™s start with prepositional phrases.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:05
Hereโ€™s an example.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
I want you to do this as an exercise.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
You see there are two places where you have to choose between is and are . The cookies
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is ์™€ are ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟ ํ‚ค
02:15
is for Amanda or the cookies are for Amanda?
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๋Š” ์•„๋งŒ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ฟ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งŒ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:18
And the box of chocolates is for Tom or are for Tom?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” Tom์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด Tom์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:22
What do you think?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
02:24
Well, hereโ€™s the answer: The cookies are for Amanda and the box of chocolates is for
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์Œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟ ํ‚ค ๋Š” ์•„๋งŒ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ƒ์ž๋Š”
02:32
Tom.
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ํ†ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
But how come?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด์งธ์„œ?
02:34
โ€œCookiesโ€ is a plural noun and โ€œchocolatesโ€ is also plural, yet we have โ€œareโ€ in the
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"Cookies"๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  "chocolates"๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— "are"๊ฐ€
02:40
first place and โ€œisโ€ is the second.
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์žˆ๊ณ  "is"๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
So, whatโ€™s going on here?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:44
Well, with โ€œcookiesโ€ itโ€™s easy โ€“ plural subject, so we say โ€œareโ€.
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์Œ, "cookies"๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ "are"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
But, in the second sentence, we have โ€œbox of chocolatesโ€.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” " ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ƒ์ž"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Here, we see a preposition โ€œofโ€ and we see that it has an object โ€œchocolatesโ€,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ "of"๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด "chocolates"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
02:59
so โ€œof chocolatesโ€ is a prepositional phrase.
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ "of chocolates"๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
This phrase gives information about the box.
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์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
It tells us what type of box it is.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์ž์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Itโ€™s a box which has chocolates inside.
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์•ˆ์— ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
So, the real subject of this sentence is the โ€œboxโ€.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” "์ƒ์ž"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
This is a singular noun; thatโ€™s why we have โ€œisโ€.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "is"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
The prepositional phrase is just extra information, so you can mentally block it out; now itโ€™s
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
03:25
easy: โ€œThe cookies are for Amanda.
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์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋Š” Amanda๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
The box is for Tom.โ€
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๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ํ†ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
03:29
What box?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ์ž?
03:30
The box of chocolates.
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ์ƒ์ž.
03:31
Hereโ€™s another example.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
โ€œA wallet with four credit cards was or were found lying in the grass?โ€
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"4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ‘ ์ด ํ’€๋ฐญ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
03:40
Which is correct?
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:41
Pause the video and think about it for a moment.
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์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:46
OK, did you identify the prepositional phrase in this sentence?
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
03:52
That phrase is โ€œwith four credit cardsโ€.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” "4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ๋กœ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
So, what thing had four credit cards inside?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•ˆ์— ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:59
It was the wallet.
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์ง€๊ฐ‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
So โ€œwalletโ€ is the subject of the sentence.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ โ€œ์ง€๊ฐ‘โ€์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
The credit cards are not the subject.
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์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
โ€œWalletโ€ is a singular noun, so โ€œA wallet with four credit cards was found lying in
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"Wallet"์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ " 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ‘์ด ํ’€๋ฐญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:11
the grass.โ€
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."
04:12
If the sentence was just about credit cards, we might say โ€œFour credit cards were found
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด "๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฐญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:18
lying in the grassโ€.
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.
04:19
But here, since the real subject is โ€œwalletโ€, we say โ€œwasโ€.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ "wallet"์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "was"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
OK, hereโ€™s the next one: โ€œSome students in my class speak or speaks French as their
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04:29
first language.โ€
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Well, whatโ€™s the subject of this sentence?
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์ž, ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:37
I see a preposition โ€œinโ€, so I know that โ€œin my classโ€ is a prepositional phrase.
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์ €๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ "in"์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  "in my class"๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
It gives us information about the noun โ€œstudentsโ€.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ "ํ•™์ƒ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
So, the subject here is โ€œstudentsโ€.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” "ํ•™์ƒ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
This is a plural noun, so we need a plural verb; that is, a verb without -s added to
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ฆ‰, ๋์— -s๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋™์‚ฌ
04:55
the end.
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
So, โ€œSome students in my class speak French as their first language.โ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:01
Even though the noun โ€œclassโ€ is singular and itโ€™s right next to the verb, itโ€™s
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๋ช…์‚ฌ "class"๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†
05:05
just part of the prepositional phrase.
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์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
The real subject is the plural word โ€œstudentsโ€.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ "students"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Hereโ€™s one last example: โ€œSmall business owners throughout the state have or has voiced
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๋‹ค์Œ์€
05:17
their displeasure with the governmentโ€™s new tax proposal.โ€
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
OK, let me explain this one a little bit.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
โ€œSmall business ownersโ€ means people who own shops, restaurants or other companies
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"์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž์˜์—…์ž"๋ž€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์ , ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ
05:29
that are small.
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๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ means not just in one place, but in every place across the
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"์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด"๋Š” ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:36
state.
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.
05:37
To โ€œvoice your displeasureโ€ is a common expression.
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"๋ถˆ์พŒ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
It means youโ€™re not happy with something; displeasure is the opposite of pleasure.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
To voice your displeasure is to express your disappointment or dissatisfaction; this expression
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๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„
05:54
is used in more formal situations like this.
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์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
A โ€œtax proposalโ€ is a tax plan that the government has announced.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค .
06:02
So, many business owners are not happy with this plan, maybe because itโ€™s going to raise
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์ธ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ
06:08
taxes on their businesses.
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
OK, so now you decide โ€“ โ€œhaveโ€ or โ€œhasโ€.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ "๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค" ๋˜๋Š” "๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Now, whatโ€™s the subject here?
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:18
Do you see a prepositional phrase?
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
06:20
Yes, โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ is a prepositional phrase because โ€œthroughoutโ€ is a preposition.
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์˜ˆ, "์ „๋ถ€"๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "์ „์น˜์‚ฌ"๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
So, what does this phrase give you information about?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:31
It gives you information about โ€œsmall business ownersโ€.
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"์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:35
This is the subject.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Within this subject, the noun is โ€œownersโ€.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” "์†Œ์œ ์ž"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Because the word โ€œbusinessโ€ just tells you what type of owner.
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"์‚ฌ์—…"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
Owners of what?
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๋ฌด์—‡์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž?
06:45
Owners of business.
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์‚ฌ์—…์ฃผ.
06:46
What type of business?
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:47
Small business.
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์†Œ๊ธฐ์—….
06:48
So, the real subject is the word โ€œownersโ€ which is a plural noun.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ "์†Œ์œ ์ž"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So, we need a plural verb without โ€œsโ€.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "s"๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
So, โ€œsmall business owners throughout the state have voiced their displeasure with the
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์†Œ์ƒ๊ณต์ธ๋“ค์€
07:02
governmentโ€™s new tax proposal.โ€
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
07:04
Did you get it right?
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
07:05
OK, now the important question is how do we identify prepositional phrases?
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์ด์ œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:11
Well, the first step is to know the most common prepositions in English.
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์Œ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
These are words like of, in, on, at, by, with, to, for, from, etc.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ of, in, on, at, by, with, to, for, from ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด
07:22
You see some of these on the screen.
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Of course, there are many more.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
When you see a preposition in a sentence, it will always be part of a phrase, that is
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
07:30
a group of words โ€“ โ€œof chocolatesโ€, โ€œwith four credit cardsโ€, โ€œin my classโ€,
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"์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ", "์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ 4๊ฐœ๋กœ", "๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ",
07:35
โ€œthroughout the stateโ€ and so on.
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"์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ" ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—.
07:38
If such a phrase occurs before the verb in a sentence, it will act just like an adjective
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์—
07:43
โ€“ to give information about a noun.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
So, identify that noun โ€“ like โ€œboxโ€, โ€œwalletโ€, โ€œstudentsโ€, โ€œownersโ€
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "box", "wallet", "students", "owners"
07:51
etc.
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๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„
07:52
If the noun is singular, then add -s to the verb; if itโ€™s plural, then donโ€™t add an
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ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ธ
07:57
-s to the verb.
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
07:58
If the verb is โ€œbeโ€, then choose the correct form โ€“ โ€œamโ€, โ€œisโ€, โ€œareโ€, โ€œwasโ€
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๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "be"์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ "am", "is", "are", "was"
08:03
or โ€œwereโ€.
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๋˜๋Š” "were" ์ค‘์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
Now, just like prepositional phrases, relative clauses can also cause problems with subject-verb
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์ด์ œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ๋„ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:11
agreement.
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.
08:12
Take this example: โ€œThis vintage watch, which I received as a wedding gift from my
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ณ„
08:17
grandparents, is or are one of my most prized possessions.โ€
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๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
08:22
Let me explain the vocabulary here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
A vintage object is an old object thatโ€™s attractive or of high quality.
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๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
Like vintage furniture, vintage cars etc.
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๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ
08:33
So, a vintage watch is an attractive old watch thatโ€™s still in good condition.
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๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
The word โ€œpossessionโ€ means something you own, and a prized possession is a thing
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"์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ์€
08:44
that is very important to you.
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Alright, so what do you think โ€“ โ€œisโ€ or โ€œareโ€ here?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ "์žˆ๋‹ค" ๋˜๋Š” "์žˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:51
OK, look at the clause โ€œwhich I received as a wedding gift from my grandparentsโ€
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์ข‹์•„์š”, " ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€
08:58
โ€“ what is the purpose of that clause?
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" ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:00
What did I get as a wedding gift from grandma and grandpa?
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ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:04
I received the watch, the vintage watch.
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์‹œ๊ณ„, ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
So, this clause only gives information about the watch; it gives you some details about
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ ˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ๊ณต
09:13
it.
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ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
So, in fact, this whole clause acts like an adjective.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:17
For this reason, itโ€™s called an adjective clause.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:20
More commonly itโ€™s referred to as a relative clause.
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๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:23
So, that means the real subject is โ€œwatchโ€.
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์ฆ‰, ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” "์‹œ๊ณ„"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
โ€œGrandparentsโ€ is not the subject.
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"์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ"๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
The word โ€œwatchโ€ is a singular noun.
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"watch"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
So, โ€œThis vintage watch, which I received as a wedding gift from my grandparents, is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ โ€œ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด ๋นˆํ‹ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ณ„
09:37
one of my most prized possessions.โ€
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๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
09:40
The verb โ€œisโ€ agrees with the subject โ€œwatchโ€.
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๋™์‚ฌ "is"๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด "watch"์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:43
Relative clauses usually start with words like who, which, that, where or when.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ who, which, that, where ๋˜๋Š” when๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
These words are called relative pronouns.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
Alright, hereโ€™s another example: โ€œThe architect who designed some of this cityโ€™s
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
09:58
biggest skyscrapers live or lives in a modest two-bedroom apartment downtown.โ€
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์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
โ€œModestโ€ means โ€œsimpleโ€.
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"modest"๋Š” "๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
So, is it live or lives?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:11
The first thing that you should notice is the word โ€œwhoโ€, so you know you have a
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ "who"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:15
relative clause.
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.
10:16
โ€œwho designed some of this cityโ€™s biggest skyscrapersโ€ is the relative clause.
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"๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€"๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
It tells us something about the architect.
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๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
So, โ€œarchitectโ€ is the subject here.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ "๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€"๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
โ€œSkyscrapersโ€ is not the subject.
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"๊ณ ์ธต ๋นŒ๋”ฉ"์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
โ€œArchitectโ€ is a singular noun, so โ€œThe architect who designed some of this cityโ€™s
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"Architect"๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ " ์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด
10:35
biggest skyscrapers lives in a modest two-bedroom apartment downtown.โ€
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์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์นจ์‹ค 2๊ฐœ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:40
Next one: โ€œThe only books that I actually enjoyed reading when I was a kid was or were
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๋‹ค์Œ: " ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ฝ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฑ…์€
10:46
superhero comics.โ€
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์Šˆํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ๋งŒํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:48
Stop the video and think about this one.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
10:52
OK, first of all, did you find the relative clause?
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์šฐ์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
10:57
Actually, there are two relative clauses here.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
The first one is โ€œthat I actually enjoyed readingโ€ and the second is โ€œwhen I was
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” โ€œ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ โ€์ด๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” โ€œ
11:06
a kidโ€.
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œโ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
The first clause tells us about the books; Iโ€™m talking about books that I enjoyed reading.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ˆ์€ ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์€ ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
And the second clause says that we are not talking about now; weโ€™re talking about the
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:18
period when I was a child, in the past.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
11:21
You can have two relative clauses like this that give different types of information.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:26
But of course, the subject here is โ€œbooksโ€.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  "์ฑ…"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
This is a plural noun, so โ€œThe only books that I actually enjoyed reading when I was
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ฝ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฑ…
11:33
a kid were superhero comics.โ€
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์€ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ๋งŒํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
11:36
This might sound a little strange to you because we have the word โ€œkidโ€ which is singular.
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ "kid"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
So, we feel like the verb should be โ€œwasโ€.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "was"์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
Because in conversation, we normally say, โ€œThe kid was running, the kid was playingโ€
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต "์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค
11:49
and so on.
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" ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
But, the important thing is that โ€œkidโ€ is not the subject here; itโ€™s just part
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ "์•„์ด" ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
11:54
of that relative clause.
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๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
The verb should agree with the subject of the sentence, which is โ€œbooksโ€ in this
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๋™์‚ฌ ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ "books"์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:00
case.
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12:01
One last example: โ€œPrescription drugs, which cannot simply be obtained over the counter,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ: " ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „ ์—†์ด ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
12:08
require or requires a doctorโ€™s prescription in order to be purchased.โ€
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
12:12
The sentence means that there are certain medicines that if you want to buy them, you
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์€ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
12:17
have to get a doctorโ€™s prescription.
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์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
โ€œOver the counterโ€ means going to the store and buying something just like that.
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"Over the counter"๋Š” ์ƒ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
You pay money over the counter and you receive the product over the counter.
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์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
You cannot do that with prescription drugs; you need a doctorโ€™s prescription.
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
So, what do you think โ€“ โ€œrequireโ€ or โ€œrequiresโ€?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด "์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค" ๋˜๋Š” "์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:37
OK, whereโ€™s the relative clause here?
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
12:42
The relative clause is โ€œwhich cannot simply be obtained over the counterโ€ and that clause
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๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ์€ "๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐํ•ญ
12:48
gives information about โ€œprescription drugsโ€.
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์€ "์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Thatโ€™s a plural noun, so we donโ€™t add -s to the verb: โ€œPrescription drugs, which
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that์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€
12:56
cannot simply be obtained over the counter, require a doctorโ€™s prescription in order
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:01
to be purchased.โ€
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.
13:02
So, looking at all these sentences, how do we identify relative clauses?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:08
Well, watch out for the relative pronouns: who, which, that, where, when etc.
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์Œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”: who, which, that, where, when ๋“ฑ.
13:14
Once you identify the relative clause, check to see whether that clause comes between the
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๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ ˆ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”
13:19
subject and the verb.
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.
13:21
If it does, just ignore the clause; look at the subject and decide whether it is singular
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ ˆ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์—
13:26
or plural and then use the correct form of the verb based on that.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
13:30
Now, if you want to know why two sentences here have commas and two sentences donโ€™t
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์— ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ
13:36
have commas, then see my lesson on punctuation where I explain all about it; Iโ€™ll leave
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์— ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:41
a link in the description below.
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์•„๋ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ž€์— ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Alright, if youโ€™re ready, itโ€™s now time for the quiz. all right I have ten sentences
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์ž, ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด 10๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
for us to practice with weโ€™ll do the first four r now and then we'll move on to the next
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ r์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
set all right in each of these sentences I want you to choose the correct verb form from
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์ด ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:59
the two options that are given pause the video take a moment to think about these sentences
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์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์˜ต์…˜ ์ผ์‹œ ์ •์ง€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ
14:05
then play the video and continue alright in number one athletes from over 200 countries
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 200๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
14:15
compete or competes in the Olympics we have a prepositional phrase here so what's the
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
14:21
preposition preposition is from so from over 200 countries is the prepositional phrase
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? from 200 countries is ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ
14:28
this tells us about the athletes so the subject is athletes this is a plural noun so athletes
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
14:35
from over 200 countries compete in the Olympics number two the prepositional phrase here is
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200๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜จ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ 2๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ
14:43
with blue eyes and this phrase tells you about the puppy so that puppy with blue eyes is
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๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ the puppy so that puppy with blue eyes is
14:52
the cutest little animal I have ever seen puppy is singular so is the correct verb form
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the cute little animal ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋ฌผ
14:59
in number 3 we have a relative clause remember that relative clauses start with words like
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15:05
who which that so on here we have that so that affect the heart is the relative clause
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who which that so on here we have that so that impact the heart is the ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ
15:15
so that means the subject is diseases the relative clause is telling you what kind of
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so that means the subject is disease is the ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€
15:21
disease weโ€™re talking about so diseases is a plural noun diseases that affect the
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”
15:27
heart are called cardiovascular diseases number four is a little tricky because what we have
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์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋ฒˆ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ
15:34
here is a relative clause it starts from the word standing standing at the counter is the
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Standing at the Counter์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด
15:41
relative clause now you might be thinking well there is no relative pronoun like who
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๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
which or that that's because it's hidden here this is basically that guy who is standing
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which or that that ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:53
at the counter in a lot of places the relative pronoun and the verb that comes right after
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์— ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ
16:00
that will be dropped like this and when the clause starts with an -ing verb like you have
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๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์ด -ing ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
16:07
here like standing it's called a participle clause it's basically just a reduced relative
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ
16:12
clause but it's still a relative clause so then that means that the subject here is that
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๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ that
16:19
guy that guy is a singular noun that guy standing at the counter looks like a bodybuilder all
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guy that guy ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋””๋นŒ๋”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ž
16:26
right here are the next three sentences we're going up in difficulty a little bit here stop
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
16:32
the video think about them then play the video again and continue all right number five a
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์ƒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
16:42
documentary about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth in the 21st
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
16:48
century was or were awarded a special prize at the film festival now the reason this sentence
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ
16:55
looks confusing is actually because there's one big preposition phrase here we see a number
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์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜
17:02
of prepositions in this sentence about of from and in but if you start reading from
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ํฐ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ from๊ณผ in์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
17:10
the first preposition about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ
17:16
in the 21st century you realize this whole phrase just tells you the topic of the documentary
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๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜
17:24
so the subject is documentary here which is a singular noun so the correct verb form is
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
17:30
was so a documentary about the possibility of aliens from outer space visiting earth
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ
17:35
in the 21st century was awarded a special prize at the film festival in number six there
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์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6๋ฒˆ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ
17:42
are two places where you have to choose the correct verb form but both verbs relate to
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๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด
17:47
the same subject the sentence starts with emails and then we see the word blocked this
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17:54
is actually a relative clause the sentence is trying to say emails that are blocked by
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์€ ์ŠคํŒธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
18:00
a spam filter but the words that are are left out so this is a reduced relative clause that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋žต๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Š” ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ
18:08
means the subject is emails which is a plural noun so emails blocked by the spam filter
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์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ŠคํŒธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์€ ์ฐจ๋‹จ
18:15
don't show up in your inbox but those emails are instead moved to the spam folder in number
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๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ›์€ ํŽธ์ง€ํ•จ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์€ ๋Œ€์‹  7๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ŠคํŒธ ํด๋”๋กœ ์ด๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
seven there are three verbs but this one should be easier because there's just a straightforward
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ in์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ
18:29
prepositional phrase starting with in so in this neighborhood is a preposition phrase
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18:35
which means that the subject is the plural word kids most kids in this neighborhood walk
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค kids ์ด ๋™๋„ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
18:41
or bicycle to school but don't spend much time doing other physical activities such
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฑท๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€์ง€๋งŒ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ• ์• ํ•˜์ง€
18:47
as playing sport all right here are the last three stop the video think about them then
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์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ree ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
18:53
play the video again and continue all right number eight a language learnerโ€™s ability
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์•„ 8 ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
19:02
and then we see the word to which means this is the start of a prepositional phrase and
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์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:07
this phrase is going to tell you about the ability so a language learnerโ€™s ability
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์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜
19:13
to comprehend comprehend means to understand difficult real-world reading material meant
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์ดํ•ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ธ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ
19:20
for native speakers that's a relative clause so reading material which is meant for native
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ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ
19:26
speakers now even though this is a relative clause it doesn't tell you anything about
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์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:31
the subject of the sentence this relative clause gives you information about reading
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต
19:37
material so this clause is actually within the prepositional phrase so the phrase starts
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ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์ ˆ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋Š”
19:45
at to and it goes all the way up to native speakers this whole phrase gives you information
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to์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๋Š”
19:51
about ability which is the subject of the sentence this is a singular noun so the right
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด this๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ
19:58
verb form is increases increases with regular and sustained practice sustained means you
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๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ns you
20:05
keep doing it ok in number 9 we have the longest sentence in the quiz Sheila said that Julien's
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keep doing it ok 9๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค Sheila๋Š” Julien์˜
20:14
negative remarks about her appearance about as a preposition so about her appearance is
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์™ธ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ์ด ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ
20:20
a prepositional phrase and then we see the word which that means it's a relative clause
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๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์นœ์ฒ™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:26
which he made at the meeting in the presence of several board members so we've seen a prepositional
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ์กฐํ•ญ์ด๋ผ
20:34
phrase with about her appearance and then a long relative clause all of this is about
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์™€ ๊ธด ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:41
the noun remarks remarks is a plural noun so were offensive and completely unacceptable
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. ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜
20:50
and finally we come to number 10 I find it strangely amusing now amusing means funny
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์—†๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 10 ๋ฒˆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์žˆ์–ด์š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”
20:57
so strangely amusing means funny in a strange or in a weird way I find it strangely amusing
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ
21:05
that Matt and Kylie neither of whom now who is a relative pronoun so from neither we see
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ
21:14
the start of a relative clause don't worry about the correct verb form within the clause
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์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ์€ ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—
21:19
for now we'll come back to that so neither of whom have or has any baking experience
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฒ ์ดํ‚น ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
21:25
whatsoever the relative clause ends here so that means the subject of the sentence is
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์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ver ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜ ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ Matt and Kylie๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:31
Matt and Kylie this is a plural subject because Matt and Kylie are two people so Matt and
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Matt์™€ Kylie๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ Matt์™€
21:38
Kylie have agreed to bake a cake for the party all right now as for the verb form within
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Kylie๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Matt์™€ Kylie๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ
21:48
the relative clause we have to apply subject verb agreement rules within the clause itself
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ ์ž์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ
21:54
so the subject of this clause is the word neither this is considered a singular pronoun
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ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” nor๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด
22:01
in English because it's like saying not Matt or Kylie so neither of whom has any baking
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:08
experience whatsoever I'll read the whole sentence once again I find it strangely amusing
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ
22:14
that Matt and Kylie neither of whom has any baking experience whatsoever have agreed to
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์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋นต ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” Matt์™€ Kylie
22:19
bake a cake for the party if you didn't get this last one right that's okay I made it
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๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฝ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:24
difficult just to show you how subject verb agreement difficulties can appear in unexpected
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:30
places all right how many of these 10 sentences did you get right let me know in the comments
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์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งžํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
22:36
below if you enjoyed this lesson give it a thumbs up don't forget to subscribe to this
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๋ ˆ์Šจ ์ข‹์•„์š”๋ฅผ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์ด ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ YouTube์—์„œ
22:41
channel to get my latest lessons right here on YouTube and I will see you in another lesson
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ตœ์‹  ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ณง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์—์„œ
22:46
soon.
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๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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