Reducing Adverb Clauses to Phrases (2 of 4) - Advanced English Grammar-

62,649 views ใƒป 2015-10-22

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:09
Reducing an adverb clause
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€
00:11
means shortening it to a phrase.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฅใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:15
So to reduce an adverb clause of time,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใซใฏ
00:19
we need a time word and a present participle.
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ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใจ็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:23
That's the -ing form of the verb.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ-ingๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
00:26
Look at this example.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:41
The present participle has an active meaning,
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็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
00:45
so it's understood that the subject is doing the action.
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ใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใใฎ่กŒ็‚บใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:54
We can only form a phrase from an adverb clause
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00:59
if the subjects of the two clauses are the same.
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2 ใคใฎ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใŒๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใฎใฟใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฅใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Who fell asleep? I did.
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็œ ใ‚Šใซ่ฝใกใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐ๏ผŸ ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:09
Who began to have strange dreams? I did.
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ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชๅคขใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐ๏ผŸ ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:13
So the subjects are the same.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็ง‘็›ฎใฏๅŒใ˜ใ€‚
01:15
That's why we can use this phrase.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:22
Look at this new sentence.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:25
Can the adverb clause be reduced to a phrase?
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฅใซๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
01:31
No. The subjects are different.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฏพ่ฑกใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:41
Here's how you make an adverb clause a phrase.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฅใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
02:25
And remember with that present participle
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใง
02:28
you're expressing an active meaning.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:40
We don't always use a time word
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ๅธธใซๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:42
when we shorten an adverb clause of time.
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ใ€‚
02:46
While is often omitted because it's understood.
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while ใฏ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:54
Hopefully, you understand how I wrote this sentence in the story.
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€็งใŒ็‰ฉ่ชžใฎไธญใงใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‹็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™.
03:11
Let me point out that the full adverb clause
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅ
03:14
could be written a different way.
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ใฏๅˆฅใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๆ‘˜ใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
After "while" there could be a progressive verb:
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"while" ใฎๅพŒใซ้€ฒ่กŒๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
03:19
"While two children were sleeping..."
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03:24
That makes sense, too.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
Again, the process would be the same.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:30
We remove any helping verb.
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ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:32
- in this case a form of BE.
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- ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ BE ใฎๅฝขๅผใงใ™ใ€‚
03:35
And our main verb is already a present participle.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฎไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ™ใงใซ็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:39
So this makes our job easier.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฎไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
When we change adverb clauses with progressive verbs,
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้€ฒ่กŒๅ‹•่ฉžใงๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
03:45
just take out the form of BE
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ใ€BE ใฎๅฝขใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š
03:47
and keep the present participle.
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ใ€็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใพใพใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€
04:03
I mentioned that we often omit "while"
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ใ€Œwhileใ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ฟฐในใพใ—ใŸ
04:06
when we create these phrases.
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ใ€‚
04:09
We sometimes omit "when," too.
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ‚‚ๆ™‚ใ€…็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:13
I did this in the story.
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็‰ฉ่ชžใงใฏใใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:15
Look at this example.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:25
When is understood, so I left it out.
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ใ„ใคใฎใ“ใจใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใง็œใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:30
My story isn't very formal,
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็งใฎ่ฉฑใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅ …่‹ฆใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Š
04:32
but in more formal English I could have written:
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ …่‹ฆใ—ใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ
04:40
"Upon" is a time word that has the meaning of "when."
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ใจใ€ใ€ŒUponใ€ใฏใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๆ™‚ใ‚’่กจใ™ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
04:53
Let's talk for a moment about word order.
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่ชž้ †ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:57
These phrases that act like adverbs
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บ
05:00
are usually in an initial position.
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ใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:03
At the beginning of a sentence.
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ๆ–‡้ ญใซใ€‚
05:05
But they can also be in a final position.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใช็ซ‹ๅ ดใซ็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:08
Let's look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:14
Here are two lines from the story.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ็‰ฉ่ชžใฎ2่กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:30
In both sentences, the phrase comes before the main clause.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฅใฏไธป็ฏ€ใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
05:36
Commas are generally used for separation.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ๅŒบๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:41
Now compare those examples to these.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:46
I have two more lines from the story.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใจ 2 ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:04
In these two sentences, the phrase comes after the main clause.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅฅใฏไธป็ฏ€ใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
06:10
Commas aren't always used for separation in this case.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅธธใซๅŒบๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:14
In the first sentence, I chose not to use a comma.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:17
The phrase is quite short.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:19
In the second, we have a longer phrase.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใซใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:22
Most writers would use a comma here.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใฏใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:25
It helps the reader to separate the two ideas.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅˆ†้›ขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
06:35
I'd like you to try a very short exercise to test your understanding.
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็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€้žๅธธใซ็Ÿญใ„ๆผ”็ฟ’ใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:49
I'll give you three sentences.
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3ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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