Reducing Adverb Clauses to Phrases (2 of 4) - Advanced English Grammar-

62,373 views ・ 2015-10-22

English with Jennifer


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00:09
Reducing an adverb clause
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means shortening it to a phrase.
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So to reduce an adverb clause of time,
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we need a time word and a present participle.
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That's the -ing form of the verb.
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Look at this example.
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The present participle has an active meaning,
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so it's understood that the subject is doing the action.
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We can only form a phrase from an adverb clause
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if the subjects of the two clauses are the same.
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01:06
Who fell asleep? I did.
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01:09
Who began to have strange dreams? I did.
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So the subjects are the same.
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That's why we can use this phrase.
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Look at this new sentence.
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Can the adverb clause be reduced to a phrase?
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01:31
No. The subjects are different.
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Here's how you make an adverb clause a phrase.
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02:25
And remember with that present participle
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you're expressing an active meaning.
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02:40
We don't always use a time word
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when we shorten an adverb clause of time.
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02:46
While is often omitted because it's understood.
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02:54
Hopefully, you understand how I wrote this sentence in the story.
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03:11
Let me point out that the full adverb clause
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could be written a different way.
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After "while" there could be a progressive verb:
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"While two children were sleeping..."
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That makes sense, too.
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Again, the process would be the same.
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We remove any helping verb.
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- in this case a form of BE.
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And our main verb is already a present participle.
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So this makes our job easier.
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When we change adverb clauses with progressive verbs,
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just take out the form of BE
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and keep the present participle.
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I mentioned that we often omit "while"
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when we create these phrases.
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We sometimes omit "when," too.
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I did this in the story.
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Look at this example.
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When is understood, so I left it out.
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My story isn't very formal,
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but in more formal English I could have written:
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"Upon" is a time word that has the meaning of "when."
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Let's talk for a moment about word order.
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These phrases that act like adverbs
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are usually in an initial position.
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At the beginning of a sentence.
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But they can also be in a final position.
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Let's look at some examples.
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Here are two lines from the story.
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In both sentences, the phrase comes before the main clause.
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Commas are generally used for separation.
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Now compare those examples to these.
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I have two more lines from the story.
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In these two sentences, the phrase comes after the main clause.
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06:10
Commas aren't always used for separation in this case.
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06:14
In the first sentence, I chose not to use a comma.
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The phrase is quite short.
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In the second, we have a longer phrase.
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Most writers would use a comma here.
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It helps the reader to separate the two ideas.
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I'd like you to try a very short exercise to test your understanding.
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I'll give you three sentences.
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