Writing Letters: formal & informal English

3,058,812 views ใƒป 2013-11-11

English with Emma


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hello, my name is Emma, and in today's lesson we are going to learn about writing. What
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใงใฏใ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
00:09
kind of writing? Writing letters. Okay? So this is important for people who work in business.
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ใฉใ‚“ใชๆ›ธใ่พผใฟ๏ผŸ ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใงๅƒใไบบใ€…ใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:18
It's also important for people who like to write letters to their friends maybe or to
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ๅ‹้”ใ‚„็ฅ–็ˆถๆฏใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™
00:23
their grandparents in English. Also, it is very... It is a very useful video for anyone
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ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ้žๅธธใซ...
00:31
who is taking the general IELTS test. So if you're taking not academic, but general, this
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IELTSใฎไธ€่ˆฌใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใชใไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅ—่ฌ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
00:40
is an important video. And also, if you plan to immigrate to Canada and you want to do
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ใฏ้‡่ฆใชใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใธใฎ็งปๆฐ‘ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ—ใฆใ„ใฆ
00:46
the Canadian immigration test which is called: "the CELPIP", this video is also... It will
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ใ€ใ€ŒCELPIPใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใฎๅ…ฅๅ›ฝๅฏฉๆŸปใ‚’ๅธŒๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช
00:52
also be useful and helpful to you. Okay?
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ใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:54
So let's get started. What do I mean by "formal" and "informal"? "Informal" means something
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅผใ€ ใจใ€Œ้žๅ…ฌๅผใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œ้žๅ…ฌๅผใ€ใจใฏ
01:04
you would write to your friends, something you would write to your parents, - well, probably
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ใ€ๅ‹ไบบใ‚„ไธก่ฆชใซๅฎ›ใฆใฆๆ›ธใใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธก่ฆชใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใไธก่ฆชใซๅฎ›ใฆใฆๆ›ธใใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
01:10
your parents unless you're afraid of your parents, then you might be more formal -, your
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ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใชๅฝขใงใ€
01:16
classmates, your coworkers. Okay? So this is... It means it's not formal; it's for people
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ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใƒกใƒผใƒˆใ‚„ๅŒๅƒšใซๅฎ›ใฆใฆๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ... ๆญฃๅผใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:25
you know well. On the other hand, "formal" English we use with strangers, we use with
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ใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบๅ‘ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€Œๆญฃๅผใชใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ€่ฆ‹็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใฌไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Š
01:34
our boss, in the workplace, we use it in these different ways. So it's the English you really
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ใ€ไธŠๅธใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ทๅ ดใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใจใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่€ƒใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„่‹ฑ่ชž
01:44
have to think about, whereas informal is kind of the relaxed English. So relaxed, serious. Okay?
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฏไธ€็จฎ ใฎใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ™. ใจใฆใ‚‚ใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใฆใ€ๆทฑๅˆปใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:54
So, sometimes you will have to write a letter formally, maybe to your boss or your company,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไธŠๅธใ‚„ไผš็คพใซๆญฃๅผใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚
02:01
other times maybe you're on holiday and you want to write a letter to your friend, you'll
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ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไผ‘ๆš‡ ไธญใซๅ‹ไบบใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใซใฏ
02:06
use informal English. So what is the difference? Let's see.
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ใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ‚Œใฉใ‚Œใ€‚
02:12
Informal English uses contractions. What are contractions? "Didn't", "wouldn't", "couldn't",
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้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅŽ็ธฎใจใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€
02:22
"haven't", "hasn't". So if you see a verb with an apostrophe and then a "t", that is
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใจใ€Œtใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข
02:33
a contraction. Okay? It's very important to know this because in formal writing, you don't
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡ๆ›ธใงใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™
02:42
use contractions. "Didn't" would be: "Did not". I can write that for you. "Did not".
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใฏใ€Œใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ "ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ"ใ€‚
02:54
Couldn't: could not, haven't: have not, can't: cannot. Okay? So that's one major difference.
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ใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸ: ใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸ, ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„: ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„, ใงใใชใ„: ใงใใชใ„. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
03:06
Another major difference between formal and informal writing is the use of idioms; the
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ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใจ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๅคงใใช้•ใ„ ใฏใ€ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ชใƒ ใฎไฝฟ็”จใงใ™ใ€‚
03:13
use of certain expressions. If I'm writing to my friend, maybe I'll say: "Oh, you know,
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็‰นๅฎšใฎ่กจ็พใฎไฝฟ็”จใ€‚ ๅ‹้”ใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใปใ‚‰ใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใจใฆใ‚‚่ชฟๅญใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:21
I've been very under the weather lately." Meaning: I've been very sick. If I'm writing
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ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ๏ผš็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:27
to my boss, I won't use idioms. If I'm writing a formal letter, I will not use idioms. Those
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ไธŠๅธใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ชใƒ ใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ชใƒ ใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
03:34
aren't good to use in formal writing.
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ใฏๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฏ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:39
Phrasal verbs, this is another thing we find in informal writing. What is a phrasal verb?
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ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:47
It's a verb that has a preposition. Okay? So, for example: "find out", "find" is a verb,
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
03:55
"out" is the preposition. "Go" is the verb, "up" is the preposition. So the... The preposition
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ใ€Œๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ€ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œgoใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œupใ€ ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰... ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
04:03
adds a different meaning to the verb. Phrasal verbs are very difficult to learn; we have
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ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซๅˆฅใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅญฆใถใฎใŒ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใก
04:09
so many of them in English. My students have told me phrasal verbs are one of the hardest
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅคšใใ‚’่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใฏใ€ ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถไธŠใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„้ƒจๅˆ†ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
04:14
parts of learning English, but it's possible, you can do it.
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ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
04:19
So, in informal writing, we use phrasal verbs, whereas in formal writing: what do we use?
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
04:29
We don't use phrasal verbs. We usually use longer words that mean the same thing. Example:
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ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธ ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹:
04:36
"find out": "discover". "Discover" is more formal. "Go up", for example: "Prices have
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ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€: ใ€Œ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ "Discover" ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ไพ‹ใˆใฐ: ใ€Œไพกๆ ผใŒ
04:48
gone up.": "Prices have increased." "Increased" is more formal. Okay. For more of these examples,
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ไธŠใŒใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€: ใ€Œไพกๆ ผใŒไธŠใŒใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€ "Increased" ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆ
04:59
there will be a list in the resource section of the engVid website.
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ใฏใ€engVid Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎใƒชใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚น ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:04
I'll talk more about that later.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
Next: imperatives. Imperatives are sentences that start with a verb. "Don't talk to me
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ๆฌก: ๅ‘ฝไปคใ€‚ ๅ‘ฝไปคๆ–‡ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚“ใช้ขจใซ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„
05:16
that way.", "Help your mother more.", "Do your homework." Okay? Parents love to use
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ใงใ€ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ฆชใฏๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ€
05:24
imperatives and so do teachers. So, if you're writing to your friends, you can use imperatives.
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ๆ•™ๅธซใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๅ‹้”ใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:31
"Send it soon!" Maybe your friend has to mail you a package, you write: "Send it soon! I
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ใ€Œๆ—ฉใ้€ใฃใฆ๏ผใ€ ๅ‹้”ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฐๅŒ…ใ‚’้ƒต้€ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
05:38
want it, send it soon!" In formal writing, we do not use imperatives; they're too strong.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅผทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚
05:46
We like to use more polite sentences: "You may send it at your earliest convenience."
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธๅฏงใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:55
Do you see how much longer the formal is than the informal? Formal writing is usually a
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใŒใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘้•ทใ„ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ ? ้€šๅธธใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฏ
06:02
lot longer than informal writing; it's not simple sentences, it's long complex sentences.
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜็ด”ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใชใใ€้•ทใ„่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:09
And you often see words like: "may", "could", "would" instead of: "want", "can". Okay. So
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใชใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ็›ฎใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
06:20
this is one of the main differences.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ไธปใช้•ใ„ใฎ1ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
06:23
All right, so what are some more examples? For informal, words like: "very". "He's very
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ใงใฏใ€ไป–ใซใฉใ‚“ใชไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚
06:30
cool.", "He's really great.", "He's totally hot." Okay, these are things you would never
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ใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ ใƒ›ใƒƒใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ทๅ ดใงใฏ็ตถๅฏพใซ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹้”ใซ
06:37
say in the workplace, but you might say to your friend. So if you see: "very", "really",
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ใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ใ€
06:44
"totally" - informal English. Okay? It's... It's okay to use these in letter writing,
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ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซใ€ - ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ ... ๆ‰‹็ด™ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Š
06:50
but not when you're writing to a client, to your boss, in the workplace, on the IELTS
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ ใ€ไธŠๅธใ€่ทๅ ดใ€IELTS ใง
06:57
if it says, you know: "A formal letter", don't use these words.
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ใ€Œๆญฃๅผใชๆ‰‹็ด™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:02
What about formal? "Strongly". "I strongly advise you to clean your room." You'd never
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅผทใใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๆŽƒ้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผทใใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
07:13
write that to anyone, but that's an example of "strongly". It gives emphasis just like
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่ชฐใซใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ€Œๅผทใใ€ใฎไธ€ไพ‹ใงใ™.
07:20
"really", "very", and "totally" do. Okay? So: "I strongly agree.", "We strongly recommend
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ใ€Œreallyใ€ใ€ใ€Œveryใ€ใ€ใ€Œtotallyใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅผท่ชฟใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš ใ€Œ็งใฏๅผทใๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ
07:28
that you send in your order form as soon as possible." Okay? So you might see the word
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ๆณจๆ–‡ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๆ—ฉใ้€ไฟกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผทใใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใฎ
07:35
"strongly" used in formal writing.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ€Œๅผทใใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
07:39
Okay. Informal writing, you can use these as connectors. Okay? So if you're connecting
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๅŸท็ญ†ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
07:49
one idea to another idea, one paragraph to another paragraph. "To top it all off,", "On
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใคใชใ’ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ ๅˆฅใฎๆฎต่ฝใซ็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใŠใพใ‘ใซใ€ใ€ŒใŠใพใ‘
07:57
top of it all,". "To top it all off, my vacation was ruined because of a blizzard.", "To top
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ใซใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใŠใพใ‘ใซใ€ๅน้›ชใฎใ›ใ„ใง็งใฎไผ‘ๆš‡ใŒๅฐ็„กใ—ใซใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ
08:07
it all off, there was a fly in my salad.", "To top it all off, the actor in the movie
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ใŠใพใ‘ใซใ€ใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใซใƒใ‚จใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ€ ใ€ŒใŠใพใ‘ใซใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎไฟณๅ„ช
08:15
was horrible." Okay? "On top of it all," these sort of mean like the last thing you say,
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ใฏใฒใฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ " ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
08:24
the last word on something. "On top of it all, she was very rude to me." So these are
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ใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ ไธŠใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ้žๅธธใซ็„ก็คผใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
08:31
informal expressions to connect ideas.
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚
08:37
Here, we have some formal equivalents: "Furthermore,". "Furthermore, she was rude to me.", "Furthermore,
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆญฃๅผใช็ญ‰ไพก็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใใฎไธŠใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใซๅคฑ็คผใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œ
08:47
the actor was terrible." Okay? So it's the formal way of saying things. "Moreover," and
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ใใฎไธŠใ€ไฟณๅ„ชใฏใฒใฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎๆญฃๅผใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ€
08:55
all of these are another way to say: "and", so don't let these words scare you; it's just
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ€ ใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
09:02
another way to say: "also", "and", you add another piece of information.
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ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™: ใ€ŒใพใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ ๅˆฅใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:08
Okay, next idea for what's informal use: "TV". "TV", what is "TV"? It's an abbreviation;
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฏใ€Œใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ€ใ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ€ใจใฏ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็•ฅ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
09:19
it's the short form of a word. The full word is: "television". So what does this mean?
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ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จใช่จ€่‘‰ ใฏใ€Œใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:26
Do not use abbreviations in formal writing. You can use "TV" in informal writing. Don't
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ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏ็•ฅ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ ใ‘ใŸๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ€ŒTVใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:35
use abbreviations in formal writing.
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ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡ๆ›ธใงใฏ็•ฅ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:40
Next idea: "!". In informal writing, you can write: "!", it's okay. In formal writing:
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข๏ผšใ€Œ๏ผใ€ใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ!ใ€ใจๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ›ธ้ขใง๏ผš
09:50
can you do this? No. So no "!".
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œ๏ผใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:56
Another difference: in informal writing, you can use the word: "a lot". "I have a lot of
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ้•ใ„: ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ "a lot" ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
10:03
friends.", "I have a lot of hobbies.", "I have a lot to say to you.", "I have a lot
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ๅ‹้”ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œ่ถฃๅ‘ณใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œ ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹
10:09
to teach you." In formal writing, the better thing to use is: "much/many". Okay, so if
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ใ€ใ€Œๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ›ธใๆ–นใง ใฏใ€"much/many" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ
10:17
you write a letter in your company: "much/many" better idea. They all mean: "a lot".
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไผš็คพใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“/ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใฎ ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:25
Finally, in informal writing, non-Latin words are common. Now, why do I say: "non-Latin"?
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ˜่ชž ใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใชใœใ€Œ้žใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
10:35
For those of you who speak Spanish, French, Italian, these are Latin-based languages.
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ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:43
For example: "intelligente" in French, the English word... The English equivalent: "intelligent".
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ไพ‹: ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใฎ "intelligente"ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ ๅ˜่ชž... ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅŒ็ญ‰็‰ฉ: "intelligent"ใ€‚
10:51
So you can see that many words in English have a Latin root. Now, these words are usually
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅคšใใฎๅ˜่ชžใซ ใฏใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใฎ่ชžๆบใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ
10:58
more formal, so you don't want to use Latin words. You want to use common words. Okay?
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใฎใงใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚Šใตใ‚ŒใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:07
So non-Latin words/common words, this is in informal writing, but you don't want to use
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ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ˜่ชž/ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ˜่ชžใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ™ใŒ
11:13
it in formal writing.
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ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:16
In formal writing: use Latin based words, use uncommon words. Okay? That's a characteristic.
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ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็‰นๅพดใงใ™ใ€‚
11:24
So I would use the word: "intelligent", I would use the word... Instead of "smart".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œ่ณขใ„ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ่ณขใ„ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œ่ณขใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:29
Maybe with my friends, I write: "smart", here, I might use: "intelligent".
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ๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒžใƒผใƒˆใ€ใจๆ›ธใใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใƒ†ใƒชใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒˆใ€ใจๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:34
Okay, so for a full list of some of these words I'm talking about, - you know, another
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎ
11:40
example would be: "kids", "children" -, phrasal verbs, expressions to use in informal writing
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ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใ€ใ€ๅฅ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใจๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:49
versus formal writing, for a longer list, you can come visit our website at www.engvid.com.
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่ฉณ็ดฐใชใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:56
You can also visit our website to do our quiz to see how much of this you remember.
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ใพใŸใ€็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™.
12:01
Until next time.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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