THIS THESE THAT THOSE | How to USE and PRONOUNCE in British English

302,141 views ใƒป 2018-05-24

English with Lucy


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
(calm electronic theme music)
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๏ผˆ่ฝใก็€ใ„ใŸ้›ปๅญใƒ†ใƒผใƒž้Ÿณๆฅฝ๏ผ‰
00:11
- Hello everyone, and welcome back to English with Lucy.
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-ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ ใ€‚ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:14
What a long time!
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ใชใ‚“ใฆ้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
00:16
So much has happened since I've been away.
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็งใŒไธๅœจใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:19
I basically went on a trip, and then I got really,
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็งใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๆ—…่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€
00:23
really ill, and I just had to recover.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็—…ๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใŸใ ๅ›žๅพฉใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:24
I could hardly speak.
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็งใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:25
If you follow me on Instagram you will know about that,
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Instagramใง็งใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ™ใ‚Œ ใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:28
but, I'm back today with a really
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ใŒใ€็งใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใ€
00:30
highly-requested grammar video.
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้žๅธธใซ่ฆๆœ›ใฎๅคšใ‹ใฃใŸๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:32
We're going to be talking about the difference
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00:35
between "this," "these," "that," and "those."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:39
It's a seriously important lesson.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ•™่จ“ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:42
I hear people confuse these words all the time.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่žใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:45
And, on almost every single Instagram post,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ™ในใฆใฎ InstagramใฎๆŠ•็จฟใงใ€
00:48
somebody asks me to make at least a video
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใซๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
00:50
about "these" and "this."
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ใ€‚
00:52
So, hopefully, that's going to be really,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€
00:54
really useful for you.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:56
Before we get started, I'd just like to thank
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
00:58
the sponsor of today's video.
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ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ‚นใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:00
It's Lingoda, with an extra special offer for you.
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01:04
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01:08
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่ณ‡ๆ ผใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ•™ๅธซใ‚’้›‡็”จใ—ใฆ ใ€ๅฐใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€
01:11
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01:15
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใง่ฉฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซๆ‰ฟ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:19
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01:21
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01:37
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01:40
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6ใ‹ๆœˆใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹
01:43
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ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
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01:50
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ใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:54
Right, let's get on with the lesson.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:56
"This," "that," "these," and "those" are demonstratives.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏๆŒ‡็คบ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:01
We use "this," "that," "these," and "those,"
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
02:04
I have to get good at saying that,
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
02:06
to point to people or things.
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ใ€‚ไบบใ‚„็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:08
"This" and "that" are singular,
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใง
02:11
and "these" and "those" are plural.
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ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
02:15
"This," singular, and "these," plural,
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€๏ผˆๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝข๏ผ‰ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€๏ผˆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข๏ผ‰
02:18
refer to things that are close to the speaker,
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ใฏ
02:22
much like the word "here."
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ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่ฉฑ่€…ใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:25
Here, "this," "these."
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚
02:28
On the other hand, "that" and "those"
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
02:31
refer to things that are further away from the speaker,
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ใ€่ฉฑ่€…ใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ้›ขใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—
02:35
much like the word "there."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:38
"That," "those," there.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใใ“ใซใ€‚
02:41
So, "this" and "these" are here,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:44
"that" and "those" are there.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
"This," "these," here.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€‚
02:48
"That," "those," there.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใใ“ใซใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚นใงใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใฉใ‚Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใง
02:50
Learn that and remember it in your head,
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใณใ€้ ญใฎไธญใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:52
because at some point you might need
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02:54
to remember which one is which.
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ใ€‚
02:56
Before we talk about the ins and outs,
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ใ‚คใƒณใจใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅ‰ใซ
02:59
the fine details of "this," "that," "these," and "those,"
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ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
03:03
let's talk about the pronunciation of the words
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ใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐ ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณ
03:06
and how they differ from each other,
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ใจใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ
03:07
because I know so many students struggle
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้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ
03:10
with the pronunciation, especially of "this" and "these."
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ใ€ ็‰นใซใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
"That" and "those," completely different vowel sounds.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏๅ…จใ ้•ใ†ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:20
Ah, "that."
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€‚
03:22
Oh, "those."
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚
03:25
Those shouldn't be too difficult.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:27
Note that sometimes people might put a glottal stop
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03:30
at the end of "that."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅฃฐ้–€็ ด่ฃ‚้ŸณใŒๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:31
"Now that is amazing."
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ใ€ŒไปŠใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:33
See? That's naturally how I would say,
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝ“็„ถใ€
03:36
"That is amazing."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ™ใ”ใ„ใ€ใจ็งใŒ่จ€ใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:39
"Those," make sure you're ending with a "zzz" sound.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œzzzใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
03:44
Don't end it with a "sss" sound.
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ใ€Œsssใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:47
So, it's not "thossse," which is actually quite hard to say.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œthossseใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้žๅธธใซ่จ€ใ„ใซใใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:52
It's "thozze," "those."
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œthozzeใ€ใ€ใ€Œthoseใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:57
Now, "this" and "these."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€‚
03:59
Well, firstly, the vowel sound is very similar,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใพใšใ€ ๆฏ้Ÿณใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆ
04:03
but, it is different.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:05
With "this," we have an "ih," "ih."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใซใฏใ€Œihใ€ใ€Œihใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
It's a short vowel sound.
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็Ÿญใ„ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:11
"These" we have "eee."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใซใฏใ€Œeeeใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
It's a long vowel sound.
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้•ทใ„ๆฏ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:16
The mouth shape is the same "ih," "ee," "ih," "ee."
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ๅฃใฎๅฝขใฏ ใ€Œihใ€ใ€Œeeใ€ใ€Œihใ€ใ€Œeeใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:22
We just elongate the vowel sound for "these."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใ‚’้•ทใใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:25
And then, the most important thing in my opinion,
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ€็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจ
04:29
is the phoneme at the end of the word.
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ใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ด ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:32
"Thissss."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ ใ€
04:34
"Thesssse."
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ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒƒใ‚ปใ€
04:37
So, "this" has a "sss" sound, and "these" has a "zzz" sound,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œthisใ€ใฏใ€Œsssใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใง ใ€ใ€Œtheseใ€ใฏ
04:44
like with "those."
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ใ€Œthoseใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€Œzzzใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:45
I hear a lot of students say, "Thessse. Thessse,"
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ๅคšใใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ ใŒใ€Œใƒ†ใƒƒใ‚ปใ€‚ใƒ†ใƒƒใ‚ปใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚’่žใใพใ™ใŒใ€
04:50
and I don't know if they're trying to say, "This,"
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใƒ†ใƒƒใ‚ปใ€ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:53
or "thesse."
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ใ€‚
04:55
So, make sure, "Thisss," short "is" sound, ending in an "s."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒThisssใ€ใ€็Ÿญใ„ ใ€Œisใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:00
"Is," "this."
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"ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€‚"
05:02
"Theeese," long e sound ending in a zed: "Theeeze."
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ใ€ŒTheeeseใ€ ใ€zedใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹้•ทใ„eใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰๏ผšใ€ŒTheeezeใ€ใ€‚
05:09
"Thesss" is like a combination of the two.
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ใ€ŒThesssใ€ใฏ2ใคใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:13
It's not the end of the world, but
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ–็•Œใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใฏ
05:15
you might miscommunicate a little.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฐ‘ใ—่ชค่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:18
You might be referring to multiple things.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:20
You're trying to say, "These," which is a plural.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:22
But people will think you're trying to say one thing,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:25
"This," because it's a singular.
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ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:27
So, just bear that in mind and practise a little at home.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟต้ ญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆ ใ€ๅฎถใงๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:30
So, we use "this," "that," "these," and "those"
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้™ๅฎš่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œthisใ€ใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใ€ ใ€Œtheseใ€ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œthoseใ€
05:34
as determiners.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:36
For example: "What's this book about?"
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
05:39
"That door's unlocked."
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ใ€Œใใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏ่งฃ้™คใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:42
"I really like those socks."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ดไธ‹ใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:44
We also use them as pronouns.
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ใพใŸใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:48
"This is lovely."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ•ตใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:50
"That is a great achievement."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆˆๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:54
"You can take these home."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฎถใซๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:57
But, what are the rules?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:59
We use "this" and "that" with singular, uncountable nouns,
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ใ€Œthisใ€ใจใ€Œthatใ€ใฏใ€ ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ€
06:04
singular, uncountable nouns.
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ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:07
"This bread is stale."
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎใƒ‘ใƒณใฏๅคใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:09
Stale means not fresh.
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ๅคใ„ใจใฏใ€ๆ–ฐ้ฎฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:11
And, an uncountable example: "Please pass me that coffee."
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ•ฐใˆๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉใฎไพ‹๏ผš ใ€Œใใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’็งใซๆธกใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€‚
06:18
We use "those" and "these" with plural nouns.
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ใ€Œthoseใ€ใจ ใ€Œtheseใ€ใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:22
"These shoes are yours."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ดใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:25
"Those houses are for sale."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฎถใฏๅฃฒใ‚Šใซๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:28
Note: we tend to use "this" with words describing
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ๆณจ๏ผšๆ™‚้–“ใจๆ—ฅไป˜ใ‚’่กจใ™ๅ˜่ชžใงใ€Œthisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒ
06:32
time and dates.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:34
For example: "This morning, I went on a run."
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ไปŠๆœใ€็งใฏ่ตฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
06:38
Or, "I'm going to Paris this week."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€ŒไปŠ้€ฑใฏใƒ‘ใƒชใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:42
We can use "that" with words describing time and date,
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏๆ™‚้–“ใจๆ—ฅไป˜ใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใงไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
06:44
but it's normally about something that was a long time ago
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้€šๅธธ
06:48
that you're remembering or something in the future
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใšใฃใจๅ‰ใฎใ“ใจ ใ€
06:50
that might or might not happen.
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ใพใŸใฏ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—่ตทใ“ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:53
For example: "Ah yes, the summer of 2012, that summer
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ ใ€2012ๅนดใฎๅคใ€ใใฎๅค
06:58
was a great summer."
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ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅคใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:00
It happened a long time ago.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใšใฃใจๅ‰ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:02
Or, "I wonder if I'll ever get married. That day
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ง ใฏ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ใใฎๆ—ฅ
07:05
would be great!"
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ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†๏ผใ€
07:06
Just a subtle hint there.
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ใใ“ใซๅพฎๅฆ™ใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:09
Right! Let's look at pronouns.
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ๅณ๏ผ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:11
We normally use "this," "that," "these," and "those"
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็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
07:13
as pronouns to refer to things or ideas.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:17
For example: "We're going for a Sunday roast first,
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‡ใƒผใƒญใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’
07:20
and then for a walk around the village.
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่กŒใ„ใ€ๆฌกใซๆ‘ใ‚’ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ—
07:22
Are you happy with that?"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใงๆบ€่ถณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:24
It means, "Are you happy with the idea of going for a roast
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ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆ ใซ็„™็…Žใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„
07:28
first and then a walk?"
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ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:30
The whole thing is an idea at the moment.
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็พๆ™‚็‚นใงใฏใ™ในใฆใŒใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
07:33
"Are you happy with that idea?"
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎ่€ƒใˆใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:34
"It sounds like a great idea to me.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
That is my dream Sunday."
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎๅคขใฎๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:39
Or, talking about music: "Can you turn that down please.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™๏ผšใ€Œ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ–ญใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚
07:42
I hate Heavy Metal."
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็งใฏใƒ˜ใƒ“ใƒผใƒกใ‚ฟใƒซใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:44
Or, things, if I'm talking about someone's earrings.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€็งใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใฎใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ ใ€‚
07:47
"Those are beautiful."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:50
Those earrings are beautiful.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:52
We can also use "this," "that," "those," and "these"
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œthisใ€ใ€ ใ€Œthatใ€ใ€ใ€Œthoseใ€ใ€ใ€Œtheseใ€
07:55
to refer to people when we want to identify ourselves
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซ
07:59
or others or we want to ask the identity of other people.
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ใ‚„ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใŸใ‚Š ใ€ไป–ใฎไบบใฎ่บซๅ…ƒใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไบบใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:04
For example: "This is my brother, George."
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎๅ…„ๅผŸใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:08
Or, "That's my mother over there."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใใ“ใฎๆฏใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
08:11
Or, "Hello. Is that John?
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:14
This is Lucy speaking."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:16
"Is that John?" because he's far away.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ๅฝผใฏ้ ใใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:19
And, "This is Lucy," because I am right here.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใงใ™ใ€ ใ€‚
08:23
I'm close to myself, in fact, I'm inside myself.
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไธญใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:25
Well, anyway. Yes.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใจใซใ‹ใใ€‚ ใฏใ„ใ€‚
08:27
So, as I said at the beginning, we use "this" and "these"
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ†’้ ญใง็”ณใ—ไธŠใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
08:30
to refer to things that are here
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ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—
08:32
and "that" and "those" to refer to things that
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ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
08:35
are over there.
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ใฏใ‚ใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:37
"Can I use this pen?"
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎใƒšใƒณใฏไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
08:39
"I'll print this tomorrow."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅฐๅˆทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:41
"I got these done last week, in San Francisco."
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ใ€Œๅ…ˆ้€ฑใ€ใ‚ตใƒณใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝœๆฅญใ‚’ ่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:44
It's true, it's an amazing colour, isn't it?
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™ใ€ ใ™ใ”ใ„่‰ฒใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:47
Beckoning Begonia by Chillac.
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ใ‚ทใƒคใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใƒ™ใ‚ดใƒ‹ใ‚ขใฎๆ‰‹ๆ‹›ใใ€‚
08:49
Back to English lessons.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:51
"That" and "those": "What's that over there?"
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€๏ผš ใ€Œใ‚ใใ“ใฏไฝ•๏ผŸใ€
08:54
"Those pictures we took yesterday were amazing!"
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸ ใฏใ™ใ”ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผใ€
08:57
"Ah, Seville, that's my favourite place."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ปใƒ“ใƒชใ‚ขใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:01
However, let's talk now about emotional distance.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ ใงๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใช่ท้›ขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:05
Sometimes there's not a real physical distance,
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ๆ™‚ใซใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ข
09:08
there's an emotional distance.
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ใŒใชใใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใช่ท้›ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:09
This is pretty advanced, so, if you can conquer this,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅพๆœใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
09:12
you can conquer anything.
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ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ๅพๆœใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:13
Remember, this isn't a 100% strict rule,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ100๏ผ…ๅŽณๅฏ†ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใงใฏใชใใ€
09:16
it mostly depends on tone of voice.
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ไธปใซๅฃฐใฎใƒˆใƒผใƒณใซไพๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:19
But, just so that you understand it in general.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ ใ‘ใซใ€‚
09:21
We generally use "this" and "these" to refer to things
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็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใจ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
09:25
that we feel positive about.
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ใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅ‰ๅ‘ใใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:27
To refer to things that we feel positive about,
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็งใŸใกใŒๅ‰ๅ‘ใใซ
09:30
that we are pleased to be associated with, or we approve of.
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ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€็งใŸใกใŒ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆๅ–œใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็งใŸใกใŒๆ‰ฟ่ชใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใ€‚
09:34
For example: "I love these new hats that everyone
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ใฟใ‚“ใช
09:37
seems to be wearing!"
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ใŒ็€ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅธฝๅญใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™๏ผใ€
09:39
I like the hats.
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็งใฏๅธฝๅญใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
09:40
I approve of the hats.
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็งใฏๅธฝๅญใ‚’ๆ‰ฟ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:42
I use these.
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:43
I'm a simple woman.
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็งใฏๅ˜็ด”ใชๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚
09:44
We use "that" and "those" to create a bit of distance,
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—่ท้›ขใ‚’็ฝฎใ„
09:47
things that we might disapprove of, things
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไธๆ‰ฟ่ชใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
09:49
that we don't like, things that we don't want
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ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ ๅซŒใ„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใŸใใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœๆˆ
09:51
to be associated with.
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:53
"Have you seen those awful shoes!"
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฎใฒใฉใ„้ดใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผใ€
09:56
Or, "What did that friend of yours say?"
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใใฎๅ‹ไบบใฏไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
09:59
I don't like the friend, so I'm saying, "That friend."
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็งใฏใใฎๅ‹้”ใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใง ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฎๅ‹้”ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:02
Now, let's discuss shared knowledge and new information.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใจๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:06
We sometimes use "that" instead of "the" to refer
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็งใŸใกใฏๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ€Œtheใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
10:09
the listener to shared knowledge, things that
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ใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒŠใƒผใซๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
10:12
we both know.
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็งใŸใกไธกๆ–นใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
Often, when we're explaining something or
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใŸใกใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใพใŸใฏ
10:15
we're telling a story.
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็งใŸใกใŒ็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€‚
10:17
So, this is pretty informal.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚
10:18
For example: "You know that house down the road?
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ใใฎๅฎถใฏ้“ใฎๅ…ˆใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹
10:21
It's getting demolished on Sunday."
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๏ผŸๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅ–ใ‚ŠๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:24
We both know about the house.
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็งใŸใกใฏไบŒไบบใจใ‚‚ใใฎๅฎถใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:25
It's shared knowledge, so I'm referring to it as
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ
10:27
"that house" down the road.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฎๅฎถใ€ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:29
I don't need to specify which one because
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็งใฎๅ‹ไบบใฏ็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:31
my friend will know what I'm talking about.
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ใ€‚
10:34
We sometimes use "this" instead of "a" or "an"
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ใ€Œaใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œanใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œthisใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
10:38
to refer to something important or recent,
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ใ—ใฆใ€้‡่ฆใพใŸใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—
10:41
or to introduce a new thing or person into
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„ไบบใ‚’ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใ‚„ไผš่ฉฑใซ็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:44
a story or conversation.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:45
For example: "This random woman came into
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ใƒ ใชๅฅณๆ€งใฏ
10:48
my garden last week."
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ๅ…ˆ้€ฑ็งใฎๅบญใซใ‚„ใฃใฆๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:50
If I were to say, "That random woman," it would mean
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฎ ใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ใƒ ใชๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใใฎใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ใƒ ใชๅฅณๆ€ง
10:54
that we already know who that random woman is.
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ใŒ่ชฐใชใฎใ‹ใฏใ™ใงใซใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:56
It would be shared knowledge.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:58
Because it's "this random woman," it's a new person,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ใƒ ใช ๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไบบใง
11:01
it's a new element for the conversation.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไผš่ฉฑใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ฆ็ด ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:03
So, "that" is very informal, that's language that we
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏ้žๅธธใซ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
11:05
use whilst having conversations with friends.
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ๅ‹ไบบใจไผš่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚
11:08
What about formal writing, because I guess a lot of you
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใฎใงใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใฏใฉใ†
11:12
are doing exams?
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ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:13
This will be important for you.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
11:15
So, we use "that" and "those" in formal writing
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ๆญฃๅผใช่จ˜่ฟฐใง
11:19
as substitutes for "the one" or "the ones."
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œ 1ใคใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ1ใคใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:24
For example: "The best example is that given
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œๆœ€่‰ฏใฎ ไพ‹ใฏ
11:27
in the first paragraph."
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต่ฝใง็คบใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:29
The best example is the one, the example, given
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ๆœ€่‰ฏใฎไพ‹ใฏ
11:33
in the first paragraph.
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต่ฝใง็คบใ—ใŸไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:35
Or, "The most successful experiments were those
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใฏ
11:38
performed in dark conditions."
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ใ€ๆš—ใ„ๆกไปถใงๅฎŸ่กŒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
11:41
The most successful experiments were the ones,
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใฏใ€ๆš—ๆกไปถ
11:44
the experiments, performed in dark conditions.
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ใง่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸๅฎŸ้จ“ ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:48
It does make you sound ever-so-posh.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซใชใ่ฑช่ฏใซ่žใ“ใˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:51
Please note, though, that we don't normally use
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ้€šๅธธ
11:53
"that" to refer to people or animals.
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ใ€ไบบใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใฎใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:57
It doesn't sound right.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:58
"Have you seen my cat? The one with the orange fur."
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ็Œซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ ๏ผŸใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธ่‰ฒใฎๆฏ›็šฎใฎ็Œซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
12:01
I wouldn't say, "That with the orange fur."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œ ใฏใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธ่‰ฒใฎๆฏ›็šฎใ ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:03
We can, however, use "those" as a substitute
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไบบใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉ ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใ
12:06
for people and animals.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:08
"The students did well in their exams.
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ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใงใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚Asใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใŸๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใฏ
12:10
Those that got As were presented with a certificate."
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่จผๆ˜Žๆ›ธใŒๆ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
12:14
"Those" referring to the students.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:17
"That was a lot of information!"
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ใ€Œใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ—ใŸ๏ผใ€
12:19
(laughter"
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘ใ„๏ผ‰
12:21
I hope that "this," "that," "these," and "those"
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€
12:24
is a bit clearer to you.
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ใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰
12:26
If you have to take one thing away from this lesson,
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1ใคใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€
12:29
I would say it's the pronunciation.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ 
12:31
Just remember that "thees" doesn't exist.
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ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎใ€Œtheesใ€ใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:34
It's "this" or "these."
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œthisใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œtheseใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:37
Just sorting out that last phoneme: "sss" or "zzz,"
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ ้Ÿณ็ด ใ€Œsssใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œzzzใ€ใ‚’ๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง
12:41
it really will make your speaking a lot clearer.
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ใ€่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:44
It does take a bit of practise, I do understand
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ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€็งใฏ
12:46
that perfectly well.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:48
Hispanic speakers, I know it's tough for you,
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ใƒ’ใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ็ณปใฎ่ฉฑ่€…ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่ชžใง
12:50
because you don't have that short "ih" sound
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ใฏ ใใฎ็Ÿญใ„ใ€Œihใ€ใฎ้ŸณใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
12:53
in your language.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:54
So, your homework for today is to write four
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎฟ้กŒ ใฏใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซ4ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจ
12:57
sentences in the comment section: one with "this,"
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ใงใ™๏ผš 1ใคใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใ€
13:00
one with "that," one with "those," one with "these."
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:02
And, I encourage you all to look through everyone's
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ€ไฟฎๆญฃ
13:05
comments and see if you can help out with any corrections.
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ใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:08
I always try and look at the comment sections,
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13:10
especially when I've just uploaded the video.
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็‰นใซ ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ—ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:12
So, make sure you've clicked the notification bell,
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13:14
because for like an hour after uploading,
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ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ๅพŒ1ๆ™‚้–“ใปใฉ
13:17
I will be on my computer making sure everyone's happy,
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ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผ ใงsuใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€้€š็Ÿฅใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใฟใ‚“ใชใŒๅนธใ›ใงใ€
13:20
making sure that everyone likes the video,
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ใฟใ‚“ใชใŒใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ€
13:23
giving you the love hearts, giving you the comments.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซๆ„›ใฎๅฟƒใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
13:25
That's it for today's lesson.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚
13:27
I hope you liked it.
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ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
13:28
I hope you enjoyed it.
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ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
13:29
If you have any recommendations for future lessons,
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ไปŠๅพŒใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
13:32
please comment down below.
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ไธ‹ใซใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:33
I love hearing your recommendations.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆŽจ่–ฆใ‚’่žใใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ‰ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹Lingoda
13:35
Don't forget to check out Lingoda, the offer links
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ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
13:38
in the description box along with the codes.
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ใ€‚
13:41
And, don't forget to connect with me on all
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ็งใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใง็งใจใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใง
13:43
of my social media: I've got my Facebook,
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็งใฏFacebookใ€
13:45
I've got my Instagram, and I've got my Twitter,
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Instagram ใ€Twitterใ‚’ๆŒใฃ
13:49
and I will see you soon for another lesson.
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ใพใŸๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:51
(blows kiss)
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๏ผˆใ‚ญใ‚นใ‚’ๅนใ๏ผ‰
13:54
(calm electronic theme music)
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๏ผˆ่ฝใก็€ใ„ใŸใ‚จใƒฌใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒญใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใ‚ธใƒƒใ‚ฏ๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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