PREPOSITIONS in English: under, below, beneath, underneath

Hi, everybody.

Halo semua,

Welcome back to www.engvid.com.

Selamat datang kembali di www.engvid.com

I'm Adam.

Bersama saya Adam

Today's video is about the prepositions: "under", "below", "beneath", and "underneath".

Di video kali ini akan membahas tentang "under", "below","beneath",dan, "underneath"

Now, I know that some people have a problem distinguishing or knowing which one to use

Saya tahu sebagian kesulitan membedakan atau mengetahui mana yang harus digunakan

in what context, so we're going to look at all of them and see which situations call

dalam konteks yang bagaimana, jadi, kita akan menelaah semuanya dan mencocokkan di situasi bagaimana

for which prepositions, and which situations you can mix them up.

preposisi tertentu digunakan, dan preposisi apa yang bisa digunakan untuk semua situasi

Because in many cases you can use "under" or "beneath", for example, or: "under" or

karena di banyak kasus kalian bisa menggunakan "under" atau "beneath", contohnya "under" atau

"below".

"below"

So, some situations you can mix them; other situations you can't.

Jadi, di beberapa situasi kalian bisa menggunakannya bergantian. Di situasi lain, tidak bisa

So let's start with "under".

Mari mulai dengan "under"

When do I use "under"?

Kapan "under" digunakan?

When we talk about a lower level or a lower layer, in terms of space, like...

ketika kita berbicara tentang sebuah tingkatan atau lapisan yang rendah, dalam artian sebuah ruang

So, "spatial" is the adjective of "space", so when we're comparing space, one is lower

jadi, "spatial' (berkenaan dengan ruang) adalah kata sifat dari "space". Jadi saat membandingkan ruang, ruang yang satu lebih rendah

than the other.

daripada yang lain

Okay?

oke?

But, so...

tapi ada juga..

"The ball rolled under the car."

"The ball rolled under the car" (Bola itu berguling dibawah mobil)

Generally, when we have some sort of movement, we're going to use probably "under", although

Umumnya, ketika kita melibatkan sebuah gaya gerak, kita menggunakan "under",

we can sometimes say: "The ball rolled beneath the car."

meskipun terkadang juga bisa "The ball rolled beneath the car"

We're going to look at the difference between "under" and "beneath" after.

Mari lihat perbedaan antara "under" dengan "beneath" setelah ini

So, in this case, you can use: "under", you can use other ones.

jadi di kasus ini, kalian bisa gunakan "under"

But in a situation...

tapi dalam sebuah situasi

Now, when I say: "situation" or "condition", it's usually about people.

maksud saya dengan situasi atau kondisi, biasanya berbicara tentang orang.

Okay?

ya?

When somebody is feeling a particular thing or is in a particular condition or state of

ketika seseorang merasakan hal tertentu atau dalam kondisi/ keadaan pikiran tertentu

mind, we're going to use "under".

kita gunakan"under"

So: "He's under a lot of pressure", means it's the weight of the condition is making

Jadi, "dia berada dibawah banyak tekanan", artinya beban kondisi

him down or is heavy on top of him.

yang membuatnya merasa dibawah keadaan dirinya seharusnya

Okay?

ok?

So: "He's under a lot of pressure."

Jadi, "dia berada dibawah banyak tekanan"

Numbers.

Angka

When we talk about age or quantity, we're going to use: "under", not the other prepositions.

ketika berbicara tentang usia atau jumlah, kita gunakan "under', bukan preposisi yang lain

"This bar is popular among the under-40 crowd."

"bar ini populer di antara pengunjung di bawah usia 40"

Basically, "under" means less than or fewer than-right?-when we're talking about numbers.

"under" berarti kurang dari, kan? ketika kita bicara jumlah

In terms of quantity: "Under 20 people actually showed up to the party", means less than;

Dalam hal kuantitas, "Yang menghadiri pesta kurang dari 20 orang", artinya

fewer than 20 people showed up.

kurang dari 20 orang yang datang

We can also use "under" as a prefix, means we can add it to under...

kita bisa juga gunakan "under" sebagai awalan. BIsa ditambahkan

Other words.

ke kata kata yang lain

Sorry.

Maksudnya

We can use it to under...

kita bisa gunakan untuk menambah makna "kurang"

Other words...

pada kata kata yang lain

Not "underwear"; I have underwear on my mind.

bukan "underwear" (pakaian dalam),

Other words, and basically mean make them less; weakened, or less than, or other situations.

Under bermakna mengurangi, melemahkan,

So: "underweight".

misalnya, "underweight" (kekurangan berat badan)

If someone is underweight, they are less than the healthy weight.

jika seseorang underweight, berat badan mereka di bawah angka yang sehat

Right?

ya kan?

So this is the...

jadi ini

What you should be, and if you're underweight, you're pretty thin.

seharusnya berat badan normal kalian, jika kalian underweight, artinya cukup kurus (di bawah berat normal)

Right?

ya?

You should eat more.

harus makan lebih banyak

If you "underestimate"...

Jika kalian "underestimate" (meremehkan"

So, you notice I can use it with a noun or with a verb, or adjective.

lihat kan saya bisa gunakan itu bersama kata benda atau kata kerja dan kata sifat

I'll give you other examples after.

saya beri contoh yang lain nanti

If you underestimate something or someone, means you don't give them enough credit; you

jika kamu underestimate sesuatu atau seseorang, artinya kalian tidak memuji

don't appreciate them or it at the place where it should be.

atau mengapresiasi mereka sebagaimana mereka seharusnya diapreasiasi

So, again, not enough.

jadi, kurang (pujian/penghargaan)

"Under" can also mean not enough.

"under" juga bisa bermakna tidak/kurang cukup

Now, let's look at "below".

sekarang, lihat contoh kata "below"

So we looked about lower level, etc.

pada "under' bicara tentang level yang lebih rendah, dll

When we use "below", we're still talking about relation of two things; one is lower than

ketika kita gunakan "below", masih seputar hubungan antara dua benda, satu benda lebih rendah

the other, but it's important to remember that usually it's on the same plane.

daripada yang lain, penting diingat bahwa keduanya berada di posisi sejajar

Now, "on the same plane" means the same spot in space.

"On the same plane", artinya berada di dua titik yang sama pada satu ruang

So if something is here and something is here, we don't say: "This is below that."

jadi misalnya ada sesuatu di atas sini dan yang lainnya di bawah sini, kita tidak katakan "(benda) ini dibawah (benda) yang lain

We can say: "It's under this", in terms of the rankings-okay?-but we don't say it's below.

Tapi kita bisa bilang, "It's under this", dalam hal urutan kan?. Tapi kita tidak gunakan kata "below"

So, the word "below" is written below the word "under", because why?

jadi, kata "below" ditulis di bawah kata "under", karena kenapa?

We're on the same plane; we're looking at the whiteboard.

Posisinya sejajar, lihat ke papan tulis

It's the same space and I have the same line, so this is below that.

Ruang yang sama dan di garis yang sejajar, jadi (tulisan) ini di bawah (below) tulisan itu

Okay?

ok?

It's not under it; it's below it, in terms of the plane.

Bukan "under", tapi "below", dalam hal kesejajaran

We also can use "below" when we look at a reference point; in relation to a reference

bisa juga gunakan "below" ketika merujuk ke suatu titik acuan

point.

Now, what do I mean by "reference point"?

apa maksudnya "titik acuan"?

Here's the point where things get compared to.

begini, ada dua nilai perbandingan

For example, average.

misalnya, "rata rata'

"Average" is a reference point; it is not the highest, it is not the lowest.

"rata rata " itu titik acuan, bukan yang paling tinggi juga yang terendah

It is a combination of all the things on the spectrum or whatever, whatever you're comparing,

kombinasi dari semua hal pada sebuah spektrum atau apapun yang kalian bandingkan

and we take the average spot which is technically between highest and lowest.

kita ambil titik rata rata yang secara teknis antara tertinggi dan terendah

So, if we're talking about cars and I'm looking at buying a new car, and I'm looking at all

misalnya membicarakan tentang mobil, saya ingin beli mobil baru

the different makers, like Mercedes, I'm looking at Toyota, whatever - I look at all the prices,

misalnya Mercedes, Toyota, saya lihat harganya

I add them all up, divide by the number of cars, and that's the average price of a new

saya tambahkan semua, dibagi dengan jumlah mobil, dan itulah harga rata rata

car.

dari mobil baru

So, now, do I want to spend somewhere below average or somewhere above average?

jadi, apakah saya akan mengeluarkan uang di bawah rata rata atau di atas?

So we use "below" with the reference point.

Dalam hal ini kita gunakan "below" kalau ada titik acuannya

More than this point, less than.

lebih dari, kurang dari (poin tertentu)

"Below standards", so every company or every product has a certain standard; it must be

"dibawah standar", jadi tiap perusahaan atau produk memiliki standar tertentu,

at least this good.

paling tidak harus sebaik ini

If it is below standard means it's not very good; it needs to be fixed, or replaced, or

jika dibawah standar artinya tidak terlalu baik, perlu diperbagus, atau diganti

just thrown out.

atau dibuang saja

Okay?

oke ?

Now, another...

Going back to the same plane, I forgot to mention: "The apartment below".

kembali lagi ke sini, saya lupa menyebutkan "The apartment below"

So if I...

jadi jika saya

Talking about my neighbour: "below".

berbicara tentang tetangga saya (gunakan) "below"

Why?

kenapa?

Because we're on the same plane in the building.

karena kami ada di bangunan yang sejajar

Right?

We're in the same line, and he is below me; there is a space between us.

kami ada di garis yang sama dan dia tinggal di bawah saya, ada ruang antara kami

Okay?

Okay.

Sometimes...

Sorry.

I just will say, you can say: "The people in the apartment underneath", but we're going

Kalian juga bisa bilang "The people in the apartment underneath", tapi kita bahas

to talk about "underneath" in a second.

nanti

Let's talk about "beneath" first.

Mari bahas "beneath" dulu

In many cases, "beneath" and "under" can be mixed; are interchangeable.

Dalam banyak kasus, "beneath" dan "under" bisa digunakan saling bergantian

You can use either one.

kalian bisa gunakan salah satunya

"Beneath" is just considered more formal than "under".

"Beneath" dianggap lebih formal dibanding "Under"

It's a little bit prettier, it's a little bit more sophisticated; they mean the same

sedikit terdengar lebih indah, lebih berkelas,

thing.

tapi artinya sama saja

But generally speaking, when we're talking about something is a lower level, but it is

Tapi umumnya, kalau berbicara tentang posisi yang lebih rendah, namun

touching, then we're going to use "beneath", if there's a certain touch.

saling bersentuhan, kita gunakan "beneath". Jika bersentuhan

Or if we're talking about the surface and something is under that surface, we're going

atau jika ada permukaan dan ada sesuatu di bawahnya, kita gunakan

to use "beneath".

"beneath"

So: "Beneath the sea".

Jadi, "Beneth the sea" (di bawah laut)

Beneath...

The wire for this microphone is beneath my shirt.

kabel mikrofon ini di bawah baju saya

It's also under my shirt; we can use either way.

bisa juga "under my shirt", bisa gunakan keduanya

But, generally, if it's under a surface or if it's touching, we use "beneath".

tapi umumnya jika dibawah suatu permukaan atau saling bersentuhan, gunakan "beneath"

Something...

Like something that is masked, like we're talking about, again, people, they have emotions,

misalnya, sesuatu yang ditutupi, seperti emosi manusa

their feelings - they have...

perasaan,

They're hiding them, and what they have in the front for people to see is like a mask.

mereka menyembunyikan (perasaan), jadi apa yang diperlihatkan kepada orang lain itu seperti kedok

Okay?

ok

That's why I said: "mask".

karena itu saya bilang "mask" (kedok)

So when we're talking about: "What's behind the mask?" we generally use "beneath".

jadi saat bicara tentang, "ada apa dibalik topeng?", kita biasa gunakan "beneath"

"There's a sad person beneath that happy face."

"ada seseorang yang sedang bersedih dibalik wajah bahagia itu"

Sometimes you can use "behind", sometimes you can use "beneath" because it's really

Kadang bisa gunakan "behind", bisa juga "beneath"

under the skin; beneath the skin, beneath the surface.

di bawah kulit, di bawah permukaan

Okay?

And when we're talking about level in terms of status.

berbicara tentang tingkatan status

So, I am a politician and somebody accuses me of doing something, and I think that is

misalnya saya seorang politisi dan seseorang menuduh saya melakukan sesuatu, dan saya pikir

such a crazy accusation, I'm not even going to answer.

itu tuduhan yang tidak masuk akal, saya tidak berminat untuk mengurusinya

That's beneath me.

Itu dibawah saya

It's beneath my social level.

dibawah tingkatan sosial saya

If I go beneath my level, that means I'm coming to that person's level, which is really bad.

jika saya merendahkan kasta saya, berarti saya sejajar (levelnya) dengan orang itu, yang rendah

So if something is beneath me, it is beneath my social level.

jadi jika sesuatu (kasta) itu di bawah saya, berarti dibawah level sosial saya

If something is beneath contempt, or beneath my dignity, or beneath dignity, it means it

jika sesuatu itu "beneath contempt", atau "beneath my dignity" artinya itu

is not worth my time; not only to answer it, or to even think about it.

membuang waktu, bukan hanya dalam hal menjawab (tuduhan) itu, bahkan hanya memikirkannya pun

I'm not...

I'm not even going to get angry at the accusation because that's...

saya tidak akan marah dengan tuduhan itu karena

That would make me as guilty as the person who made the accusation.

itu akan membuat saya tampak bersalah sebagaimana orang itu

So, this is a very common use of "beneath".

jadi umumnya gunakan beneath

Now, "underneath" is not a combination of "under" and "beneath".

nah, "underneath" bukan campuran kata "under" dan "beneath"

It's basically a more formal way of saying "under"; it is more emphatic.

umumnya bentu formal dari "under", itu terdengar lebih empatik

Okay?

So if I say: "The ball rolled under the car", I could say: "The ball rolled underneath the

jadi jika saya bilang "The ball rolled under the car", bisa juga saya katakan "The ball rolled underneath the

car", but I wouldn't normally.

car", tapi umumnya saya tidak pakai itu (underneath)

People don't use "underneath" as often as they use "under".

Kita tidak pakai "underneath" sesering "under"

Okay?

ok?

Now, you can say underneath, something is touching, so: The puppy or the...

Kalian bisa bilang underneath ketika sesuatu itu bersentuhan.

I have a puppy and he jumped on to my bed, and: "Oh, where is he?

Saya punya anak anjing dan ia melompat ke tempat tidurku, "Hey, dimana dia?"

I can't find him.

saya tidak menemukannya

Oh, he's underneath the blanket."

Oh ternyata dia di bawah selimut

Okay.

Oke

"He's under the blanket" also works.

"He's under the blanket" juga bisa dipakai

It's a bit more formal.

sedikit lebih formal (underneath)

So, now that we have the general idea of when to use these words, let's look at some sample

Sekarang kita sudah mengetahui kapan harus memakai kata kata ini, mari lihat contoh

sentences where you can mix them up.

dimana kita bisa menggunakannya bergantian

Okay, so we're going to look at a few sample sentences.

Ada beberapa contoh kalimat

Now, what I want you to see is that these words are sometimes interchangeable; and I

Nah, saya ingin kalian mengamati kata kata ini bisa digunakan bergantian, dan saya

can write many, many more samples, but they will all basically say the same thing.

bisa menulis banyak contoh kalimat dengan makna yang sama

So: "He has five layers on under that jacket/beneath that jacket/underneath that jacket".

Jadi, "He has five layers on under/beneath/underneath that jacket

So imagine you're in...

Bayangkan kamu tinggal di Kanada

Living in Canada in the winter, you have a jacket, under the jacket you have a sweater,

di musim dingin, kalian punya jaket dan dibawahnya kalian pakai sweater

under the sweater you have a turtle neck, under the turtle neck you have a t-shirt,

lalu baju berkerah kura kura, dibawahnya ada T-shirt

under the t-shirt you have a tank top.

kemudian tank top

In Canada, you have to layer; you have to have many layers to keep all the heat inside.

Di Kanada, kalian harus pakai berlapis lapis pakaiana untuk tetap hangat

So: "He has five layers under that jacket", because it's underneath/beneath/underneath.

jadi, "He has five layers under that jacket", karena underneath/beneath

All of them mean basically the same thing; you can use any one you like.

semuanya bermakna sama, kalian bisa pakai yang mana saja tergantung selera

"Beneath/underneath" more formal; this one, a little bit more emphasis.

"Beneath/underneath" lebih formal, sedangkan yang ini (underneath) untuk lebih menegaskan

"The people in the apartment underneath", means directly underneath because it's touching;

"The people in the apartment underneath" artinya secara langsung bersentuhan (bangunannya)

or: "The people in the apartment under us", because technically it's lower level; "The

atau, "The people in the apartment under us", karena secara teknis lebih rendah

people in the apartment below us", because we're on the same plane - we're on the same

"The people in the apartment below us", karena ruang apartemennya sederet (di bawah) , kami ada di

area in terms of space...

area yang sama dalam hal ruang

Vertical space.

ruang vertikal

So: "The people in the apartment underneath us are so noisy."

"The people in the apartment underneath us are so noisy:

Any one of these will work.

Yang mana saja bisa digunakan

And, again, the key is to remember that it's about the person who is listening to you,

Dan ingat, kuncinya, ingat siapa orang yang kamu ajak bicara

or the person who is reading what you're writing.

atau yang membaca tulisanmu

As long as they understand it, there's no such thing as right or wrong answer.

Selama mereka paham, tidak ada yang benar atau salah

"Did you deliver the message clearly?

"Apakah pesannya sampai dengan jelas?

Yes or no?"

Ya atau tidak

That's what you need to worry about.

Itu yang harusnya lebih kalian pikirkan

So, if you use either one, in this case, you're okay.

Jadi kalau menggunakan salah satunya di antara ini, boleh saja

"Tom is below Jane in the rankings."

"Tom is below jane in the rangkings"

Now, notice I only used "below".

sekarang perhatikan bahwa saya hanya gunakan "below"

Can I say: "under", can I say: "beneath"?

Bisakah diganti "under" atau "beneath"?

No.

tidak bisa

In this case, rankings is basically a socially ranking; or in terms of sports, it's a placement.

dalam hal ini, ranking berarti level secara sosial atau dalam hal pertandingan. Ini berarti posisi

So in this case it's "below" because they're on the same list; they're on the same plane.

Jadi dalam hal ini gunakan "below" karena ada di daftar yang sama,

Okay?

Ok

Where are we?

Sampai mana tadi?

"You might find the book under that pile of laundry/beneath that pile of laundry/underneath

"You might find the book under/beneath/underneath that pile of laundry

that pile of laundry".

So, here's the laundry, all piled up, and under it or beneath it because it's touching,

Jadi, ini cucian, semuanya ditumpuk dan gunakan "Under" atau "beneath" karena saling bersentuhan (dengan buku buku dibawah)

or underneath it because it's touching, are the books.

Atau "underneath" karena itu bersentuhan

Go digging, and you'll find them.

Bongkar bongkar itu dan kalian akan menemukannya

So, again, in most cases, you can interchange.

Di beberapa kasus, bisa bergantian digunakan

If you want to be very, very precise and very, very specific, figure out which situations

Kalau kalian ingin lebih spesifik , di situasi seperti apa

calls for which situations, which prepositions, and use those.

preposisi yang mana, gunakan ini

So, I hope this was all very clear, and I hope you understood it and liked this lesson.

Saya harap semuanya sudah jelas dan kamu paham pelajaran ini

If you did, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.

Kalau paham, tolong berlangganan ke akun Youtube ini

And if you have any questions, please go to www.engvid.com.

dan jika ada pertanyaan, silakan cek www.engvid.com

There's a forum there; you can ask me all the questions you have and I'll be happy to

di sana ada sebuah forum dimana kalian bisa menanyakan apapun dan dengan senang hati

answer them.

saya akan menjawabnya

There's also a quiz on the engVid site where you can test your knowledge of these words.

ada kuis juga untuk mengetes pengetahuanmu

And yeah, come back again; see us soon, and we'll learn some more English together.

yeah, saya akan kembali lagi, sampai jumpa

Bye-bye.

dadah...