Second Conditional Sentences + Examples | English Grammar Lesson

第二条件句（虚拟条件句）+ 例句 | 英语语法课

Hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!

大家好！我是mmmEnglish的老师Emma

Today we're going to roll up our sleeves and practise

今天我们撸起袖子

with the second conditional.

把“虚拟条件句”搞清楚

Now this is one of my favourite grammar structures

这是我最喜欢的英语句型之一

in English because we use it in different ways

因为它可以用在各种各样的场合

and we can have lots of fun with it as well.

有很多有趣的用法

So that you know exactly what will happen in this lesson

为了让大家了解本课学习的内容

let me give you a bit of an overview.

我先列个摘要

Firstly we're going to talk about the meaning,

首先，我们讲讲什么是虚拟条件句

when and why you should use the second conditional.

何时何地需要使用它

Then we're going to look at what it looks like,

然后，我们看看它的结构

what words, what tenses, what punctuation

虚拟条件句中用哪些引导词、时态、标点

are important to help you use the second conditional

帮你学会准确地使用它

accurately.

帮你学会准确地使用它

Then I've got a few important extra tips

接着，讲讲正确使用虚拟条件句的几个重要的小贴士

to help you use the second conditional correctly.

接着，讲讲正确使用虚拟条件句的几个重要的小贴士

So make sure you stick around for that part

一定要坚持看到这部分哦~

and of course, there'll be some practice at the end.

当然，最后会有一些小练习

I'll be making a series of videos about conditionals

我会做一系列关于条件句的视频

so make sure you subscribe to the channel and turn on

所以请关注我的频道

notifications so that you know when each

并开启通知

new lesson is ready for you.

以确保不错过每节新课

Now this lesson is a little longer than usual because I

这节课会比平时时间长一些

really want to give you a clear and complete

因为我想把虚拟条件句一次讲清楚

understanding of the second conditional.

因为我想把虚拟条件句一次讲清楚

So go grab a coffee or a cup of tea, settle in.

所以，准备一杯咖啡或茶，好好坐下来听吧

You won't regret it.

你不会后悔的

Before we dive into this lesson, I want to make sure

开始上课前安利一下

you know that the Lingoda Language Sprint

Lingoda的Language Sprint课程

is about to start.

马上要启动了

This intensive online language course runs for

这个高强度的在线语言课程持续90天

ninety days and it's gonna boost your English grammar,

它能强化你的语法

your vocabulary, your speaking skills.

词汇，和会话技巧

Plus you can earn one hundred per cent

而且，只要你能坚持完成这个课程

of your money back if you finish it.

Lingoda就把学费退给你

And because Lingoda are now an official partner

因为Lingoda现在是剑桥大学英语考评部的官方合作机构

of Cambridge Assessment English,

因为Lingoda现在时剑桥大学英语考评部的官方合作机构

all sprinters can take the Cambridge online language

所有参加Language Sprint课程学员，都能免费参加剑桥的在线考试

test for free.

所有参加Language Sprint课程学员，都能免费参加剑桥的在线考试

Sprint registrations are open right now

Sprint课程已经开始注册了

so you still have time to join.

你还有机会参加

In just three months you could be speaking English

在短短三个月时间内，你的口语将更自信、更准确

more confidently and more accurately.

在短短三个月时间内，你的口语将更自信、更准确

But it won't happen unless you take action.

但不行动，就没有成功

So if you're the kind of person who

如果你勇于迎接挑战

thrives on a challenge,

如果你勇于迎接挑战

if you've told yourself that this year is going to be

如果你希望这一年有所突破

the year that you make it happen, then this is the

如果你希望这一年有所突破

perfect opportunity to prove what you're capable of.

这正是证明自己的机会

To see my personal review of the Lingoda Sprint,

要知道我对Lingoda Sprint的个人评价

to learn more about what to expect and find out if it's

要了解相关事宜

actually possible to get that one hundred percent refund

以及如何得到100%退款

watch that video up there

请看上面这个视频

or head to the description below for all the details

在下面的视频简介里也能找到详情

and to secure your place on the next Sprint.

快报名参加下一期的Spint吧

And if you use this code right here,

如果你用这个注册码

you'll also get a discount on your first month's fees.

第一个月的课程也可以打折

So happy sprinting!

祝你一切顺利！

Alright let's get started with this lesson.

好啦，我们开始上课

When can you use the second conditional?

什么时候使用虚拟条件句？

We use it in a few ways:

有下面几种场合：

to imagine that our lives

1. 假设自己或别人的生活与现实中有所不同时

or someone else's life is different;

1. 假设自己或别人的生活与现实中有所不同时

we use it to ask hypothetical questions;

2. 进行假设性的提问时

to give advice;

3. 提建议时

and to give reasons why you can't do something.

4. 解释为什么不能做某事时

So you might have practised a little with the first two

前两种你可能已经略知一二

but the third and the fourth are both interesting

后两种也是虚拟条件句很有趣的用法

and different ways to use the second conditional.

后两种也是虚拟条件句很有趣的用法

So I'm really excited to get into those.

我一会儿详细说说

But let's start with number one.

先说第一种用法

We use the second conditional to talk about things

我们用虚拟条件句谈论某件将来发生率很低的事

in the future that are unlikely

我们用虚拟条件句谈论某件将来发生率很低的事

or things that are impossible in the present.

或者某件现在完全不可能发生的事

So we use it to imagine and to dream

也就是说，我们用它来想象或期盼

that the present situation is different than it really is.

如果与现状有所不同，会怎样

Now this could be because it's impossible now

我们只能想象或期盼，因为这件事现在不可能发生

or because it's really unlikely to become real

或者将来发生的可能性很小

in the future, not completely impossible but unlikely.

不一定完全不可能，但是可能性很小

So with the second conditional, we say

我们就会用虚拟条件句这样说：

if this happened then that would happen.

如果这件事发生了，那么那件事就会发生

So for example,

举个例子

if I had enough money,

如果我有足够的钱

I would buy a house.

早就买房子了

If the present situation was different

如果当前的情况有所不同

then I would do that.

我早就那么做了

If I won the lottery,

如果我中了彩

I'd buy a house.

早就买房子了

Now this is an unlikely event in the future right

这是一件将来发生的可能性很小的事，对吗？

because it's unlikely I'm gonna win the lottery.

因为我中彩的可能性很小

Possible but unlikely.

有可能，但可能性不大

Before we keep going with the other ways

在讲虚拟条件句的其它用法之前

to use the second conditional,

在讲虚拟条件句的其它用法之前

let's spend a little bit of time focusing on

我们先花点时间，看看它的句型结构

what it looks like.

我们先花点时间，看看它的句型结构

Conditional sentences all have an if clause

条件句都有一个if从句

and a main clause

和一个主句

which is sometimes also called the result clause

主句有时也叫结果从句

because it can only happen

因为只有在if从句发生的情况下

if the if clause occurs. It's a condition, right?

结果从句才能发生，if从句是先决条件

If this happens, then that happens.

如果这件事发生了，那么那件事才会发生

Now what exactly makes a conditional sentence

那么，怎么才叫“虚拟”条件句呢？

the second conditional?

那么，怎么才叫“虚拟”条件句呢？

So the second conditional uses a past simple verb

虚拟条件句在if从句中使用一般过去时

in the if clause then 'would'

虚拟条件句在if从句中使用一般过去时

followed by the infinitive verb in the main clause.

在主句中使用“would+动词原形”

If she lived in London, she would have English friends.

“如果她住过伦敦，就会有英国朋友了”

The if clause is the condition.

if从句是条件

Does she live in London?

她住过伦敦吗？

No,

没有

we're talking about a hypothetical situation here right

我们在谈论的是一个假设的情况

so the result clause suggests

所以结果从句告诉我们

what would be different and would tells us

在那种条件下，情况会有所不同

that we're imagining

而“would”意思是这个结果是我们的想象

the result or you know

而“would”意思是这个结果是我们的想象

she would have English friends. It's not real.

如果是那样她就会有英国朋友了，但现实并不是这样

She doesn't have English friends now but

现实中她没有英国朋友

it could happen if she lived in London.

但假如她住过伦敦，就有可能发生

If she lived in London, she would have English friends.

如果她住过伦敦，就可能有英国朋友

Now you can definitely make one or both clauses

在虚拟条件句中，可以只有一个从句是否定句

negative in a second conditional sentence.

也可以两个从句都是否定句

If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.

“如果我当时不想去，我会告诉你的”

If I didn't finish my homework,

“如果我当时没做完作业，我不会告诉老师的”

I wouldn't tell my teacher.

“如果我当时没做完作业，我不会告诉老师的”

And of course,

当然

we can ask second conditional questions too.

我们也可以用虚拟条件句进行提问

Hypothetical questions to ask someone to imagine

用假设性的问题，让别人设想

what they would do in a different situation.

如果情况与现实有所不同，他会怎么做

So these situations are not real

设想的情况并未真实发生

but it's kind of fun to ask these types of questions right?

但问这样的问题挺有意思的

It really helps to keep conversations going sometimes.

可以让谈话顺利进行下去

What would you do if you quit your job?

“如果你辞了职，想做点什么呢？”

If you won a million dollars, would you travel the world?

“如果你得到100万美元，会去周游世界吗？”

If you only had one day in Singapore,

“如果你只能在新加坡停留一天，会做点什么呢？”

what would you do?

“如果你只能在新加坡停留一天，会做点什么呢？”

See how fun these types of questions can be?

看到了吗，这样的问题很有趣

Choose one of them to answer in the comments below

选择上述问题中的一个，在评论区回答

but make sure you write your answer

注意，回答时用完整的虚拟条件句哦~

as a full second conditional sentence

注意，回答时用完整的虚拟条件句哦~

to practise the structure okay?

注意，回答时用完整的虚拟条件句哦~

If I only had one day in Singapore, I would...

“如果我只能在新加坡停留一天，我会......”

Now you can actually use 'could' in the if clause

你也可以在if从句中用“could”提问

to ask a similar question so you would be saying

表示“如果你当时可以做某事”

if you were able to or if it were possible to.

或者“如果你当时有可能做某事”

If you could travel to any country, where would you go?

“如果你可以去任何国家，你会去哪国呢？”

Now notice that when you use 'could' in the if clause,

注意，当你在if从句中使用“could”时

the verb that follows 'could' is in the infinitive form

后面要用动词原形

not in the past simple and that's because it's a modal

不能用一般过去式，因为could是情态动词

verb right? Standard English grammar rule.

这是标准的英语语法

After modal verbs, we always have the infinitive.

在情态动词后，始终使用动词原形

Now we've been talking about

前面我们讲了如何用虚拟条件句谈论假设的情况

hypothetical situations so far

前面我们讲了如何用虚拟条件句谈论假设的情况

but what are these other uses because we can use

还有其它用法

the second conditional to give advice

我们可以用虚拟条件句来提建议

and if you think about it,

想一想

when someone asks you for advice,

当别人问你意见时

you usually try to imagine what you would do

你总是在想象，在他们的境遇下你会怎么做

in their situation and share that with them.

并把你的想法分享给对方

So for example.

比如

If I were you, I'd talk to my boss before I quit my job.

“如果我是你，辞职前会先跟老板谈谈”

Or: If I were her, I'd break up with him.

或者“如果我是她，我早就跟他分手了”

Now if you're wondering why in both of those examples

如果你不明白为什么在两个例句中

I was using 'were' with the subject I,

我都在主语“I”后面用了“were”

I'm going to talk about that in a few minutes.

我一会儿会详细讲

But lastly, you can use the second conditional

最后，可以用虚拟条件句解释原因

to give reasons why you can't do something.

为什么你不能做某事

You've probably already noticed that English speakers

你可能已经注意到了

are usually quite polite to each other.

母语是英语的人讲话比较客气

Instead of just saying 'no' we often try and soften

我们不直接说“不”

our responses by explaining why we can't do something

而是尽量婉转地解释一下，为什么不能做某事

and sometimes you might just want to explain

有时，你可能只是想进一步说明目前的状况

a situation a little more so the second conditional

有时，你可能只是想进一步说明目前的状况

can really help you to do this.

虚拟条件句可以帮你进行解释

So for example. If I had the money, I'd lend it to you.

比如：“如果我有钱，我会借给你的”

I don't have to explain myself any further here.

我不用再说别的了

This sentence already explains that I don't have

这句话已经说明白了，我没钱

the money so I can't help.

所以没法帮你

But it suggests that maybe you want to, that maybe

同时也说明了，如果能帮上忙的话

you would if you could.

你会帮忙的

If I wasn't so busy, I'd invite you over for dinner.

“如果我不这么忙，会请你来吃晚饭的”

But I am really busy so I can't invite you over.

但是我真的很忙，所以没法请你来了

So we've covered what the second conditional looks like

好了，我们已经介绍了虚拟条件句的句型结构

and when you can use it

以及使用场合

but now I want to share some extra tips to help you

现在，我想讲几个小贴士

understand it better and to help you use it accurately.

帮你更好地理解它，并且正确地使用它

So the first one I want to mention is that 'if' is a

第一个小贴士：if是个连词

conjunction, right? The purpose of conjunctions is to

连词的作用是把两个句子，或者两个从句连接起来

join two sentences or two different clauses together.

连词的作用是把两个句子，或者两个从句连接起来

There's a really strong relationship between the two

条件从句里的两个分句关系很紧密

clauses in a conditional sentence,

条件从句里的两个分句关系很紧密

right? They're really connected.

它们是连结在一起的

The if clause contains a condition and the main clause

if从句是条件，主句是结果

contains the result, right? They rely on each other.

它们互相依存

Now you may know that with all conditional sentences,

你可能已经知道了，在所有条件从句中

you can change the order of your clauses.

都可以改变从句的顺序

When this happens, it doesn't change the meaning

顺序变了，意思不变

but there is an important punctuation change

但标点符号得改一下

that you need to make.

但标点符号得改一下

If it stopped raining, I would go for a walk.

“如果当时雨停了，我会去散个步”

I would go for a walk if it stopped raining.

“我会去散个步，如果当时雨停了的话”

Now the meaning in these two sentences

这两句话的意思完全一样

is exactly the same

这两句话的意思完全一样

but notice that when the main clause comes first,

但是注意，当主句在前时

we don't include that comma before the if clause.

if从句前面别加逗号

Now to be honest

不过说实话

this is really only significant if you're sitting an

只有在考试时

English exam or you're doing academic writing.

或者写学术论文的时候，才这需要注意这一点

You're going to get marked down for that type of

只有这两种情况，才会因为标点符号被扣分

punctuation error.

只有这两种情况，才会因为标点符号被扣分

But generally, that's not really something

一般情况下，不用为这个逗号担心得睡不着觉

you need to lose sleep over.

一般情况下，不用为这个逗号担心得睡不着觉

Now in spoken English, the subject and 'would',

在口语中，主语后面加would

they're usually contracted.

通常使用缩写

I'd, you'd, she'd, he'd,

I'd, you'd, she'd, he'd（我会，你会，她会，他会）

they'd, we'd.

they'd, we'd（他们会，我们会）

Now it's much easier to say this

这样说比较快

type of sentence quickly

这样说比较快

and it helps you to sound a little more relaxed as well.

听起来也显得比较放松

But these contractions, very common in spoken English,

这些缩写在口语中很常见

common in informal written English

在非正式的英文写作中也常见

but you shouldn't be using contractions in formal

但在正式的英文写作中不能用

written English, right? Just steer clear completely.

完全不能用哦

Now one of the most interesting parts about the second

最有趣的是

conditional is that it breaks some standard

虚拟条件句打破了be动词的使用规则

be verb grammar rules, right?

虚拟条件句打破了be动词的使用规则

We can actually use 'were' instead of 'was' with I,

在"I, he, she, it"后面，我们可以用"were"来代替"was"

he, she and it, right?

在"I, he, she, it"后面，我们可以用"were"来代替"was"

Both of them are grammatically correct but I guess

was和"were"在语法上都对

'were' is a little more formal

用"were"更正式一些

alright so we would use it in more formal situations.

适用于正式一些的场合

If I was you, I would break up with him.

If I WAS you, I would break up with him（如果我是你，我会跟他分手）

If I were you, I would break up with him.

If I WERE you, I would break up with him（如果我是你，我会跟他分手）

Both of those sentences are the same.

这两句意思一样

If she was taller...

If she WAS taller（如果她高点儿）

If she were taller...

If she WERE taller（如果她高点儿）

she would be an air hostess.

就可以当空姐了

So again we can use either, it's totally okay.

同样，这里用"was"或"were"都可以

'were' is a little more formal.

用"were"更正式一点

All right, phew, oh my gosh!

好啦，终于讲完啦！

So after all of that,

我们在评论区练几个句子吧

I want you to practise writing some sentences with me

我们在评论区练几个句子吧

in the comments. Now if you're feeling pretty confident

如果你很自信

about this, go ahead and create your own sentences,

可以自己造句

freestyle, you know. Get creative.

随便造，创新点儿

Give advice. Talk about hypothetical situations.

可以用虚拟条件句提建议，谈论一个假设的情况

Give reasons why but if you're feeling still maybe a

或解释原因。但如果你还不是特别自信

little uncertain,

或解释原因。但如果你还不是特别自信

I've added these questions in the description below

我已经在描述区给出这些填空题

so all you need to do is copy them and paste them into

你只需把这些题复制粘贴到评论区

your comment and then complete the answers yourself.

然后填空就行了

So I'll be down there checking your answers

我周末会去看你们的答案

all weekend to make sure you're getting them right

确保你们会用这个句型了

and if you need some help and support, I'll be there.

如果你们需要帮助，我会一直在的

If you enjoyed this lesson, make sure you give it a like,

如果你喜欢这节课，别忘了点赞

subscribe to my channel so that you know

关注我的频道

when the next lesson is going to be ready for you.

这样就不会错过新课了

As I said, I will be adding more lessons

刚才说过了，我还会做关于第一条件句、第三条件句、混合条件句的系列课程

just like this, with the first, the third, mixed conditionals

刚才说过了，我还会做关于第一条件句、第三条件句、混合条件句的系列课程

as well. They're coming.

很快就来

So I'm guessing that your grammar brain is a little

我想现在你语法学的有点累了

fried right now so if you're keen to keep practising

如果还想继续学习

with me, let's try something a little lighter,

看些轻松的课程吧

maybe some pronunciation perhaps.

比如语音课

Thanks for watching friends.

谢谢收看

I will see soon. Bye!

下回见，再见!