Prepositions of TIME ๐Ÿ‘‰ IN / ON / AT / BY ๐Ÿ‘ˆ Common English Grammar Mistakes

965,736 views ใƒป 2017-10-11

mmmEnglish


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:10
Hello! This is Emma from mmmEnglish,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏ๏ผ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏmmmEnglishใฎEmmaใงใ€mmmEnglishYouTubeใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ
00:13
back with another lesson
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ใฎๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
00:15
on the mmmEnglish YouTube channel.
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ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:18
Now a few weeks ago
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ๆ•ฐ้€ฑ้–“ๅ‰
00:20
I made a video lesson using articles in English.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ† ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:24
If you missed it, you can watch it up here.
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่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใŸๆ–นใฏใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:27
But in that video, I said that
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€
00:29
articles are one of the
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่จ˜ไบ‹ใฏๅคšใใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒŸใ‚นใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
00:30
biggest problems for English students
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใจใฃใฆๆœ€ๅคงใฎๅ•้กŒใฎ1ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ฟฐใน
00:33
because they are the cause of
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00:35
so many grammar mistakes!
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:37
And it's true!
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™๏ผ
00:39
As a University English teacher,
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ๅคงๅญฆใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๆ•™ๅธซใจใ—ใฆใ€
00:41
I saw these mistakes all the time!
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็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ
00:44
But
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00:44
coming very close behind mistakes with articles
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—
ใ€ๅ† ่ฉžใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใฎ
00:48
are mistakes with prepositions.
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ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:51
Now, prepositions are words
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ
00:53
like these
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™
00:55
in, on, at,
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inใ€onใ€atใ€
00:56
by
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by
00:57
with
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00:59
for
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for
01:00
over under
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over under
01:02
of
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of
01:03
to
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to
01:04
There are many of them in English
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒๅคšใใ€
01:06
and like articles,
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ๅ† ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†
01:08
prepositions are difficult to understand.
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ใซ็†่งฃใ—ใซใใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:11
Sometimes the reasons why you should choose one
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’้ธใถในใ็†็”ฑใฏ
01:15
over another,
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01:15
it's not really obvious.
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ใ€
ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ˜Ž็™ฝใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:18
And sometimes there are
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ใพใŸ
01:20
exceptions and differences depending on
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01:23
who you actually talk to
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01:26
whether they speak American English or
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ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใจใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ™ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไพ‹ๅค–ใ‚„้•ใ„ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:29
British English.
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ใ€‚
01:30
So what's the secret to these prepositions?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็ง˜ๅฏ†ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’
01:34
How can you possibly know
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01:36
when and how
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ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†
01:38
to use them correctly?
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ใซๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:41
Well, the answer might not be one that you like.
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ใพใ‚ใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฅฝใใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:45
There's no simple rule,
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏ
01:47
there's no one answer.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็ญ”ใˆใฏ1ใคใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:49
Prepositions need to be learnt in context
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ
01:52
with the other words that they're used with.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๅ˜่ชžใจใฎ้–ข้€ฃใงๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:56
Trying to understand
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01:57
why we say
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็งใŸใกใŒ
01:58
"in the car" and
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ใ€Œ่ปŠใฎไธญใงใ€ใจ
02:00
"on the bus"
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚นใฎไธญใงใ€
02:01
will only end in tears and frustrations!
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ใจ่จ€ใ†็†็”ฑใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆถ™ใจๆฌฒๆฑ‚ไธๆบ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™๏ผ
02:05
By learning the phrase
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02:07
"in the car"
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ใ€Œ่ปŠใฎไธญใงใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’
02:08
together, all together
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ไธ€็ท’ใซๅญฆใถใ“ใจใงใ€ไธ€็ท’
02:10
will make it easier to remember it
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ใซ่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใ€ๆฏŽๅ›žๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:13
and also to get it right every time.
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ใ€‚
02:16
You're not thinking about which preposition
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:19
but you're remembering the phrase.
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:21
All of the words together.
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ไธ€็ท’ใซใ™ในใฆใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚
02:24
Now last week I talked about these prepositions
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ๅ…ˆ้€ฑใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใ€
02:28
in, on, at
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inใ€onใ€at
02:30
and by.
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ใ€byใง่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:31
But all when they're used to talk about place
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚„ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ™ในใฆ
02:34
or the position of something.
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ใ€‚
02:37
Let's meet at the library.
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ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:39
He's in the kitchen.
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ๅฝผใฏๅฐๆ‰€ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:41
I'll see you on the bus.
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ใƒใ‚นใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:44
He's waiting by the car.
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ๅฝผใฏ่ปŠใฎใใฐใงๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:47
If you missed that lesson,
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ใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’้€ƒใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
02:48
you can catch it up here.
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ฟฝใ„ใคใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
But today we're going to focus on these
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŒใ˜ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™
02:53
same prepositions
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02:55
but for when they give information about time.
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:59
I'll be there in five minutes.
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็งใฏ5ๅˆ†ใงใใ“ใซ็€ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœจๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎ
03:02
I'll meet you at 3pm
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ๅˆๅพŒ3ๆ™‚ใซใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:05
on Thursday.
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ใ€‚
03:08
We need to be there
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็งใŸใกใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
03:09
by noon.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:12
So first,
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03:12
let's go over the main points
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ใพใšใ€
03:15
that we need to remember.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹่ฆ็‚นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:17
"At" is used in reference
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ใ€ŒAtใ€ใฏ
03:19
to specific times on the clock
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ใ€ๆ™‚่จˆใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๅˆป
03:21
or points of time in the day.
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ใพใŸใฏ1ๆ—ฅใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:25
"In" usually refers to
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ใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใ€ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€
03:27
periods of time.
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ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:29
And "on" is used
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œonใ€ใฏ
03:30
with dates and named days of the week.
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ๆ—ฅไป˜ใจๅๅ‰ไป˜ใใฎๆ›œๆ—ฅใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:34
And "by" is used
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใฏ
03:37
specifically with an end point of time
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็‰นใซใ‚จใƒณใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€้…ใใจใ‚‚
03:39
and it means
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
03:40
no later than.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
Let's start with "at".
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ใ€Œatใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:45
Use "at" for very specific times.
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้žๅธธใซ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใ€Œatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:48
Clock times for example.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ™‚่จˆใฎๆ™‚ๅˆปใ€‚
03:51
The train arrives at 3:30.
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้›ป่ปŠใฏ3ๆ™‚30ๅˆ†ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:54
The party starts at midnight.
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ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใฏ็œŸๅคœไธญใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:57
The meeting will finish at 5:30.
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ไผš่ญฐใฏ5:30ใซ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:01
I'll be there at noon
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็งใฏ
04:03
or at midday
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ๆญฃๅˆใ‹
04:05
at midnight
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็œŸๅคœไธญใฎ็œŸๅคœไธญ
04:06
at dawn
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ใฎๅคœๆ˜Žใ‘
04:07
at dusk.
102
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ใซใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:09
All of these words refer to
103
249520
1980
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ™ในใฆ
04:11
specific time
104
251500
1980
็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™
04:13
but we can also use "at" with
105
253740
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ใŒใ€ๅฝผใŒๅคœใฎ้‹่ปขใ‚’ๅฅฝใพใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไป–ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ€Œatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ
04:15
other specific times of the day, like
106
255740
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04:18
He doesn't like driving at night.
107
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:22
I'm going shopping at lunchtime.
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ใƒฉใƒณใƒใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ ใซ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
I read my daughter a story at bedtime.
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็งใฏๅฐฑๅฏๆ™‚ใซๅจ˜ใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:30
Let's talk about it at dinner tonight.
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ไปŠๅคœใฎๅค•้ฃŸใงใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:34
So there, I just called the time
111
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ใใ“ใงใ€็งใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ๅ‘ผใณใพใ—ใŸ
04:37
dinner.
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ใ€‚
04:39
It's not the meal name there,
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ใใ“ใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎๅๅ‰ใงใฏใชใ
04:40
I'm using the time.
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ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:42
We'll talk about it at dinner
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ไปŠๅคœใฎๅค•้ฃŸๆ™‚ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
04:45
time, tonight.
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ใ€‚
04:47
But often it's not spoken.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐใใ‚Œใฏ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:50
One thing that you must be careful about is with
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ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฎ1ใคใฏใ€
04:53
morning, afternoon
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1800
ๆœใ€ๅˆๅพŒใ€
04:55
evening and night.
120
295940
1960
ๅค•ๆ–นใ€ๅคœใงใ™ใ€‚
04:57
We say "at night"
121
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅคœใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
04:59
but for all of these other times of the day
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๆ™‚้–“ๅธฏใฏใ™ในใฆ
05:02
we say
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860
05:03
"in the morning"
124
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2020
ใ€Œๆœใ€
05:05
"in the afternoon"
125
305700
1500
ใ€ŒๅˆๅพŒใ€
05:07
"in the evening"
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ใ€Œๅค•ๆ–นใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:10
So
127
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500
05:10
- and don't forget the article as well, right?
128
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚‚ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใญใ€‚
05:13
Now there's also some really common
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313860
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็พๅœจใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ›บๅฎšๅผใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š
05:15
fixed expressions
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05:17
that use the preposition "at"
131
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05:20
when you're referring to
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ใพใ™
05:21
a specific point in time.
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ใ€‚
05:24
She's working at the moment.
134
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็พๅœจๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
So when you're talking about
135
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
05:28
an action that is happening around the present moment,
136
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็พๅœจใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
05:32
you're not using "in the moment"
137
332780
1960
ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใใฎ็žฌ้–“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:34
- all the Italians out there!
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-ใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขไบบ๏ผ
05:37
In the moment, I'm working on a very interesting project.
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็พๅœจใ€็งใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:40
No!
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็•ชๅท๏ผ
05:41
It's "at the moment"
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒไปŠใ€
05:43
At the moment,
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05:44
I'm working on a very interesting project.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚็พๅœจใ€็งใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:48
She's a little busy at present,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็พๅœจๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
05:50
can I get her to call you back?
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ใ€็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซใ‚ใชใŸใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘็›ดใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:53
It's quite formal
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™
05:54
but "at present" means at this time.
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œ็พๅœจใ€ใจใฏ็พๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:58
I finish the course at the end of April.
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็งใฏ4ๆœˆๆœซใซใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:02
So "at the end of" or "at the
149
362320
1900
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใฎใ€Œ็ต‚ไบ†ๆ™‚ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
06:04
start of" a period of time
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1800
้–‹ๅง‹ๆ™‚ใ€
06:06
is also a common way
151
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ใ‚‚
06:07
to refer to a
152
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ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•
06:08
specific point in time.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“
06:11
Note that if you say something happened in the middle
154
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ใฎ้€”ไธญใงไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†
06:14
of a period of time,
155
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1400
06:16
you need to use the preposition
156
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œinใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:17
"in".
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780
ใ€‚
06:18
But I'll talk more about that in a moment.
158
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:21
We arrived at the same time.
159
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ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:24
So we use "at the same time"
160
384540
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
06:27
to say that two separate actions
161
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ใ—ใฆใ€2ใคใฎๅˆฅใ€…ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ
06:29
happened simultaneously
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ใŒๅŒๆ™‚ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
06:32
- at one time.
163
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-ไธ€ๅบฆใซใ€‚
06:34
Okay let's talk about the preposition "in".
164
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œinใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:38
"In" is used for periods of time,
165
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ใ€ŒInใ€ใฏไธ€ๅฎšๆœŸ้–“ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
06:41
so seasons or months
166
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ๅญฃ็ฏ€ใ‚„ๆœˆ
06:44
or even longer periods of time
167
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1860
ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏ
06:45
like centuries or decades or years.
168
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ๆ•ฐไธ–็ด€ใ€ๆ•ฐๅๅนดใ€ๆ•ฐๅนดใชใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆœŸ้–“ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:50
I was born in 1986.
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็งใฏ1986ๅนดใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:54
He'll visit them in October.
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ๅฝผใฏ10ๆœˆใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’่จชใญใพใ™ใ€‚
06:57
The ski resort is closed in summer.
171
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ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใƒชใ‚พใƒผใƒˆใฏๅคๅญฃไผ‘ๆฅญใงใ™ใ€‚
07:01
He grew up in the seventies.
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ๅฝผใฏ70ๅนดไปฃใซ่‚ฒใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:04
That's the period of time between 1970 and 1980.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ1970ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰1980ๅนดใพใงใฎๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:10
It happened in the 16th century.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ16ไธ–็ด€ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:14
Don't worry,
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ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€
07:15
it all happened in the past.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:19
Just as we use "in" for periods of time
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ใ€Œinใ€ใ‚’ไธ€ๅฎšๆœŸ้–“ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†
07:22
we also use it for periods of time
178
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2400
07:24
during the day
179
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ใซใ€
07:26
when we're not being specific.
180
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็‰นๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๆ—ฅไธญใฎไธ€ๅฎšๆœŸ้–“ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:29
So...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰...
07:30
They're leaving in the evening.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅค•ๆ–นใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:34
The baby sleeps in the afternoon.
183
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏๅˆๅพŒใซๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚
07:37
I work most productively in the morning.
184
457780
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็งใฏๆœใซๆœ€ใ‚‚็”Ÿ็”ฃ็š„ใซๅƒใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:41
But compare this to
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’
07:44
I start work at 9am.
186
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็งใŒๅˆๅ‰9ๆ™‚ใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:47
So there's specific time and there's kind of general time.
187
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใจใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:52
We can also use "in" to describe
188
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ใ€Œinใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
07:55
the amount of time needed to do something.
189
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ใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:59
So again, we're talking about a
190
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
08:01
period of time.
191
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ใ€‚
08:03
A period of time.
192
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ไธ€ๅฎšๆœŸ้–“ใ€‚
08:06
They managed to complete the job in two weeks.
193
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใชใ‚“ใจใ‹2้€ฑ้–“ใงไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:11
You can drive around the island in a day.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅใงๅณถใ‚’ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:16
We can also use "in" to explain
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œinใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
08:20
when something will happen in the future.
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ใ—ใฆใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:23
I'll be ready in five minutes.
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5ๅˆ†ใงๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:27
He's gone away but he'll be back in a couple of days.
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ๅฝผใฏๅŽปใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅๅพŒใซๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:32
You can collect your parcel in a week.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฐๅŒ…ใ‚’้›†ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:36
Now remember I told you earlier
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆ
08:37
that if you're using the expression
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:39
at the end of or at the start of something
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใพใŸใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใซๅผ
08:42
you need to use the preposition "at".
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:46
At the start of July.
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7ๆœˆใฎๅˆใ‚ใซใ€‚
08:48
Return it to me at the end of the day.
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ไธ€ๆ—ฅใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใใ‚Œใ‚’็งใซ่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:52
But, if you're referring to the middle of a period of time
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใฎ็œŸใ‚“ไธญใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
08:58
your preposition needs to be "in"
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ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ6ๆœˆ
09:01
"in the middle"
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ไธญๆ—ฌใซใ€Œไธญใ€ใ€Œไธญใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:03
In the middle of June .
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ใ€‚
09:05
Or it's too hot to go out in the middle of the day.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๆš‘ใ™ใŽใฆๆ—ฅไธญใซๅค–ๅ‡บใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:10
Okay, here's another really common fixed expression.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ›บๅฎšๅผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:15
"In time"
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ใ€Œ้–“ใซๅˆใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
09:17
You'll hear it all the time!
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ„ใคใ‚‚่žใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
09:20
We made it in time.
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้–“ใซๅˆใฃใŸใ€‚
09:23
Luckily, we arrived just in time.
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ๅนธใ„ใชใ“ใจใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ้–“ใซๅˆใฃใฆๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:27
This means that you weren't late
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้…ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„
09:29
or you arrived just before the event started.
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ใ‹ใ€ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚‹็›ดๅ‰ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:34
Don't confuse this with
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09:36
"on time"
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09:37
which is another fixed expression
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๅ›บๅฎš่กจ็พใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใ€ใจๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใง
09:40
Please arrive on time.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:42
This means at the starting time,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅพŒใงใงใฏใชใใ€้–‹ๅง‹ๆ™‚ใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
09:45
not later.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:47
If you're told to arrive on time,
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ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€
09:50
don't be late!
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้…ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผ
09:52
The teacher told them to arrive on time.
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
09:57
And even though they slept in,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
09:59
they arrived just in time!
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ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉ้–“ใซๅˆใฃใฆๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ
10:04
Now let's explore
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€
10:05
more about this preposition now.
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ใ“ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:08
"On"
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณ
10:10
In English we can use this preposition for
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’
10:12
specific descriptions of time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:15
Most commonly with days of the week
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใฏใ€ๆ›œๆ—ฅใจๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎ
10:17
and parts of days of the week.
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ไธ€้ƒจใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:21
She's working on Monday.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:24
That's a specific and a unique time.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎใใ—ใฆใƒฆใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚ฏใชๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:27
She usually works on Mondays.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้€šๅธธๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅƒใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:31
By using the plural form there,
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ใใ“ใง่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
10:33
I'm suggesting that this is a regular event.
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ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใชใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:36
It happens every week.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๆฏŽ้€ฑ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:38
We're going to the theatre on Wednesday evening.
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ๆฐดๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๅคœใซๅŠ‡ๅ ดใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:43
Let's have a coffee on Friday morning.
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้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๆœใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:47
It's his birthday on Saturday.
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ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใฏๅฝผใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚
10:50
So note that in spoken English
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
10:53
"on" is often omitted in context like this.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใฏ็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:58
She's working Monday.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:00
So don't be confused if
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
11:02
suddenly when someone says a sentence like this
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ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’็ช็„ถ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ
11:05
you can't hear the preposition.
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ใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒ่žใ“ใˆใชใใชใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๆททไนฑใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:07
In spoken English, it's often dropped.
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่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ่ฝใจใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:11
"On" is also used with dates.
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใฏๆ—ฅไป˜ใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:14
The interview is on the 29th of April.
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ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใฏ4ๆœˆ29ๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚
11:18
He was born on February 14th.
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ๅฝผใฏ2ๆœˆ14ๆ—ฅใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:23
It's also used with special days.
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็‰นๅˆฅใชๆ—ฅใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:27
She was born on Valentine's Day.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒผใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:30
We're moving house on Christmas Eve.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใ‚คใƒ–ใซๅฎถใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:34
I have an exam on my birthday.
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่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใซ่ฉฆ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:38
But here's another little exception
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎๅฐใ•ใชไพ‹ๅค–
11:40
that you need to keep in mind.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:42
When you're talking about festivals and
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ใŠ็ฅญใ‚Šใ‚„็‰นๅˆฅใชๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
11:45
about special periods of time,
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ใจใใฏใ€
11:48
you can use "at".
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ใ€Œatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:51
So, are you going home at Christmas?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:55
So that's talking about the time around Christmas.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
11:58
If you're referring to the specific day,
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ—ฅใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
12:01
you need to use "on".
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:03
On Christmas Day.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใฎๆ—ฅใ€‚
12:05
On New Year's Eve.
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ๅคงๆ™ฆๆ—ฅใซใ€‚
12:08
What are you doing on New Year's Day?
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ๅ…ƒๆ—ฅใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:11
What are you doing at New Year's?
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ใŠๆญฃๆœˆใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:15
Now this question is more general,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„
12:18
you're referring to the period of time
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎไผ‘ๆ—ฅใฎๅ‘จใ‚ŠใฎๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:21
around this holiday
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12:23
usually there is a few days where
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้€šๅธธใ€
12:25
everyone's not working and
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่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒๅƒใ„ใฆใŠใ‚‰ใšใ€
12:27
they're relaxing and hanging out so
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ใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใฆใถใ‚‰ใถใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ—ฅใŒๆ•ฐๆ—ฅใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
12:29
"on Year's Day" means specifically that day
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ใ€Œๅนดใฎๆ—ฅใ€ใฏ็‰นใซใใฎๆ—ฅใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
12:35
but if you say
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€ŒใŠๆญฃๆœˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎ
12:37
"at New Year's"
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12:38
you just mean the time around that day.
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ใฏใ€ใใฎๆ—ฅใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝ
12:42
Another fixed expression
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ๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎๅ›บๅฎšๅผ
12:44
that can be a little bit confusing is
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ใฏใ€
12:47
"at or on the weekend".
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ใ€Œ้€ฑๆœซใพใŸใฏ้€ฑๆœซใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:51
What are you doing on the weekend?
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้€ฑๆœซใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:53
is more common in American English and
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„
12:56
What are you doing at the weekend?
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ใงใ™ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€ฑๆœซใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:58
is more common in British English.
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:00
But either way, you'll be understood.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ›ใ‚ˆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:03
Both of them mean the same thing.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
13:06
But it's good to know that there are
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ2ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:08
two different ways to express this.
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ใ€‚
13:11
And lastly, "by" .
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใ€‚
13:13
Our last little preposition
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅฐใ•ใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
13:15
is very useful to give information about time.
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ใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
13:20
You can use "by" with the end time of an activity.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ“ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฎ็ต‚ไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆปใงใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:26
The show should be finished by 9pm.
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ใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใฏๅˆๅพŒ9ๆ™‚ใพใงใซ็ต‚ไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:29
It means no later than.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้…ใใจใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:32
So when it's used with a specific time,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
13:35
it can mean on or before that time.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใฎๆ™‚้–“ใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œไปฅๅ‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:39
Please return these books by Friday.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœฌใฏ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใพใงใซ่ฟ”ๅดใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:42
That means no later than Friday.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใพใงใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:46
So let's recap.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใฎใง
13:48
Let's go over everything that we learnt in this lesson
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ชฟในใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:50
because it was a lot to take in!
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ใ€‚
13:53
"At" is generally used in reference to
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ใ€ŒAtใ€ใฏ้€šๅธธ
13:57
specific times on the clock
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ใ€ๆ™‚่จˆใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๅˆป
13:59
or specific points of time in the day.
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ใพใŸใฏ1ๆ—ฅใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
14:03
"In" generally refers to longer periods of time.
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ใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใ€ใจใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:07
"On" is used with dates or named days.
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒณใ€ใฏใ€ๆ—ฅไป˜ใพใŸใฏๅๅ‰ไป˜ใใฎๆ—ฅใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
14:11
And "by" is used with times and named days
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใฏๆ™‚้–“ใจๅๅ‰ไป˜ใใฎๆ—ฅใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
14:15
but specifically telling us an end time.
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ใŒใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฏ็ต‚ไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆปใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:21
Well that's it for this lesson!
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใชใŸ่‡ช่บซใซๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
14:23
I hope that it's been good revision for you
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ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ่‰ฏใ„ๆ”น่จ‚ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
14:26
to remind yourself about the correct way to
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14:29
use these really common English prepositions
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14:33
that give more information about time.
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ใ€‚
14:37
Now if you've got any questions at all,
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ใ”ไธๆ˜Žใช็‚นใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰
14:40
put them in the comments below
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ใ€ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใซใ”่จ˜ๅ…ฅ
14:41
and I will try to answer them as soon as I can.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๆ—ฉใๅ›ž็ญ”ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:45
If you really love
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mmmEnglish ChannelใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฅฝใใง
14:46
the mmmEnglish Channel and you enjoy my lessons,
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ใ€็งใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
14:49
then please make sure you
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14:51
subscribe just here or here.
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ใ“ใ“ใพใŸใฏใ“ใ“ใง่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:55
And check out
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ใใ—ใฆ
14:56
some of the other lessons that I've prepared.
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ใ€็งใŒๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ—ใŸไป–ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:59
This playlist here is full of grammar videos
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ใ“ใ“ใฎใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚คใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใฎใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
15:03
and this one here will
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15:05
help you to practice your speaking skills.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:07
Thanks for watching and I will see you in the next lesson.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:11
Bye for now!
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ใพใŸใญ๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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