A Powerful New Neurotech Tool for Augmenting Your Mind | Conor Russomanno | TED

356,701 views ・ 2023-06-29

TED


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譯者: 麗玲 辛 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:04
I became obsessed with the relationship between the brain and the mind
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我在大學踢足球和橄欖球時 有好幾次腦震盪的經驗,
00:08
after suffering a series of concussions
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於是開始對大腦和心智 之間的關係十分著迷。
00:10
playing football and rugby in college.
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00:13
I felt my mind change for years after.
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這些年來,我一直覺得 我的心智發生了變化。
00:17
I was studying computers at the time,
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當時我正在研究電腦,
00:19
and it felt as though I had damaged my hardware
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覺得好像我弄壞了我的硬體,
00:22
and that my software was running differently.
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因而我的軟體運行方式也有所不同。
00:25
Over the following years,
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在接下來的幾年裡,
00:27
a close friend suffered a serious neck injury
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一位好友經歷嚴重的頸部傷害,
00:29
and multiple friends and family members were struggling
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還有多位親友罹患嚴重的心理疾病。
00:32
with crippling mental health issues.
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00:34
All around me, people that I loved dearly were being afflicted by ailments
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在我周遭,深愛的人受到 神經系統或精神疾病的折磨。
00:38
of the nervous system or the mind.
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00:41
I was grappling with all of this
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當我正在努力面對這些問題,
00:42
while pursuing an MFA in Design and Technology at Parsons
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同時也在帕森斯學院 攻讀設計與科技碩士學位,
00:46
when a friend and fellow student showed me an open-source tutorial
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一位朋友兼同學告訴我一個開源課程,
00:49
on how to build a low-cost single-channel EEG system
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介紹如何建構低成本的 單通道腦電圖(EEG)系統
00:53
to detect brain activity.
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來檢測大腦活動。
00:55
After a couple long nights of hacking and tinkering,
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在連續幾個晚上的研究和修改後,
00:59
I saw my brainwaves dancing across the screen for the very first time.
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我第一次看到我的腦波在螢幕上跳動。
01:03
And that moment changed my life.
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那一刻改變了我的生命。
01:06
In that moment,
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那一刻,
01:07
I felt as though I had the possibility to help myself and the people I loved.
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我覺得我有機會 幫助自己和我所愛的人。
01:12
And I also realized that I couldn't do it alone.
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同時我也意識到, 我無法獨自實現這一切,
01:15
I needed help.
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我需要幫助。
01:17
So in 2013, in Brooklyn, with some like-minded friends,
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因此,2013 年,我和一些 志同道合的朋友在布魯克林
01:20
I started OpenBCI, an open-source neurotechnology company.
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共同創辦了OpenBCI, 一家開源神經科技公司。
01:24
In the beginning,
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一開始,
01:26
our goal was to build an inward-pointing telescope
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我們的目標是建造 一個向內看的望遠鏡,
01:29
and to share the blueprints with the world
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並把這藍圖分享給世人,
01:31
so that anybody with a computer could begin peering into their own brain.
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讓每個擁有電腦的人 都可以開始窺探自己的大腦。
01:35
At first, we were an EEG-only company.
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起初,我們只是 一家腦電圖(EEG)公司,
01:39
We sold brain sensors to measure brain activity.
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出售腦部感測器來測量腦部活動。
01:41
I thought that's what people wanted.
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我以為這是人們想要的。
01:43
But over time, we discovered people doing very strange things with our technology.
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然而隨著時間推移,我們發現人們 用我們的技術做了一些非常奇特的事。
01:49
Some people were connecting the equipment to the stomach
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有些人將設備連接到胃部,
01:51
to measure the neurons in the gut
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測量腸道中的神經元,
01:53
and study gut-brain connection and the microbiome.
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研究腸腦連接和微生物基因組群。
01:56
Others were using the tools to build new muscle sensors and controllers
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還有人使用這些工具 來建立新型肌肉感測器
和假肢、機器人的控制器。
02:00
for prosthetics and robotics.
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02:02
And some were designing new devices
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有人則設計新的設備和外掛程式,
02:05
and peripheral add-ons that could be connected to the platform
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可以連接到平台,
測量我從未聽說過的新型數據。
02:08
to measure new types of data that I had never heard of before.
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02:11
What we learned from all of this
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從這一切,我們學到
02:13
is that the brain by itself is actually quite boring.
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大腦本身其實相當無趣。
02:19
Turns out brain data alone lacks context.
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事實證明,大腦數據 本身缺乏情境訊息。
02:22
And what we ultimately care about is not the brain,
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我們真正關心的不是大腦,
02:25
but the mind, consciousness, human cognition.
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而是心智、意識和人類認知。
02:29
When we have things like EMG sensors to measure muscle activity
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當我們擁有肌電圖感測器 來測量肌肉活動
02:32
or ECG sensors to measure heart activity,
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或心電圖感測器來測量心臟活動、
02:34
eye trackers
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眼動儀、甚至環境感測器 來測量我們周圍的世界時,
02:36
and even environmental sensors to measure the world around us,
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02:39
all of this makes the brain data much more useful.
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這些都使得大腦數據更有用。
02:42
But the organs around our body, our sensory receptors,
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然而,我們全身的器官、感覺接受器,
02:45
are actually much easier to collect data from than the brain,
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實際上比大腦更容易收集數據,
02:49
and also arguably much more important for determining the things
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而且對於影響我們真正關心的面向:
02:52
that we actually care about: emotions, intentions and the mind overall.
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情緒、動機和整體心智來說, 可能更加重要。
02:56
Additionally,
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此外,
02:57
we realized that people weren't just interested
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我們意識到人們不僅僅
想要多了解大腦和身體,
03:00
in reading from the brain and the body.
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03:02
They were also interested in modulating the mind
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人們也想知道如何通過 各類感官刺激來調節心智。
03:05
through various types of sensory stimulation.
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03:08
Things like light, sound,
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例如光線、聲音、
03:10
haptics and electricity.
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觸覺和電流。
03:12
It's one thing to record the mind,
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記錄心智是一回事,
03:15
it's another to modulate it.
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調節心智是另一回事。
03:17
The idea of a combined system
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能夠同時讀取和寫入 大腦或身體的結合系統
03:19
that can both read from and write to the brain or body
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03:22
is referred to as a closed-loop system or bidirectional human interface.
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被稱為閉環系統或雙向人機介面。
03:27
This concept is truly profound,
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這個概念確實意義深遠,
03:29
and it will define the next major revolution in computing technology.
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它將定義運算科技的下一個重大變革。
03:34
When you have products that not just are designed for the average user
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當產品不僅是為普遍用戶設計,
03:39
but are designed to actually adapt to their user,
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而是設計來適應個別用戶,
03:42
that's something truly special.
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那才是真正特別的東西。
03:44
When we know what the data of an emotion or a feeling looks like
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當我們知道情緒 或感覺的數據是什麼樣子,
03:47
and we know how to make that data go up or down,
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也知道怎麼讓這些數據上升或下降時,
03:50
then using AI,
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我們就可以使用 AI 來建立 正向或負向的干預模式,
03:51
we can build constructive or destructive interference patterns
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03:55
to either amplify or suppress those emotions or feelings.
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以增強或抑制這些情緒或感受。
03:59
In the very near future,
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在不久的將來,
04:00
we will have computers that we are resonantly
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我們將擁有與之共振 並在潛意識中相連接的電腦,
04:03
and subconsciously connected to,
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04:06
enabling empathetic computing for the very first time.
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從而首次實現共感運算。
04:09
In 2018,
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在 2018 年,
04:11
we put these learnings to work
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我們將這些知識付諸實踐,
04:13
and began development of a new tool for cognitive exploration.
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開始研發用於認知探索的新工具。
04:16
Named after my friend Gael, who passed from ALS in 2016,
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以我的朋友 Gael 的名字命名,
他於 2016 年因 ALS (肌萎縮性側索硬化症)去世,
04:21
we call it Galea.
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我們稱之為 Galea。
04:22
It’s a multimodal bio-sensing headset,
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這是一款多模態生物感測頭盔,
04:24
and it is absolutely packed with sensors.
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內建大量感測器。
04:28
It can measure the user’s heart, skin, muscles, eyes and brain,
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它可以測量用戶的心臟、 皮膚、肌肉、眼睛和大腦,
04:34
and it combines that capability with head-mounted displays
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同時把頭戴式顯示器、擴增現實 和虛擬現實頭盔相結合。
04:37
or augmented and virtual reality headsets.
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04:40
Additionally, we're exploring the integration
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此外,我們正在研究
將非侵入性電神經刺激整合, 使之成為一項功能。
04:42
of non-invasive electrical neural stimulation as a feature.
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04:45
The Galea software suite
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Galea 套裝軟體
04:47
can turn the raw sensor data into meaningful metrics.
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可以將感測器的原始數據 轉化為有意義的指標。
04:51
With some of the sensors,
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通過某些感測器,
04:52
we're able to provide new forms of real-time interactivity and control.
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我們能夠提供新形式的 即時互動和控制。
04:56
And with all of the sensors,
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因為有這些感測器,
04:57
we're able to make quantifiable inferences about high-level states of mind,
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我們能夠對心智的高階狀態 進行可量化的推斷,
05:01
things like stress, fatigue, cognitive workload and focus.
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例如壓力、疲勞、認知負載和專注等。
05:06
In 2019,
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在 2019 年,
05:08
a legendary neurohacker by the name of Christian Bayerlein
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一位傳奇的神經駭客名叫 克里斯蒂安·巴耶爾萊因
05:11
reached out to me.
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與我聯繫。
05:12
He was actually one of our very first Kickstarter backers
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事實上,當我們剛開始時, 他就是我們募資平台最早支持者之一。
05:15
when we got started, early on.
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05:17
Christian was a very smart, intelligent, happy-go-lucky
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克里斯蒂安是一個非常聰明、 機智、無憂無慮、隨和的傢伙。
05:20
and easygoing guy.
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05:21
And so I worked up the courage to ask him, "Hey, Christian,
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所以我鼓起勇氣問他:
「克里斯蒂安,我們可以 將你連接到我們的感測器嗎?」
05:24
can we connect you to our sensors?"
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05:27
At which point he said,
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他當時回答說:
05:29
"I thought you would never ask."
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「我還以為你永遠不會問呢!」
05:30
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:31
So after 20 minutes,
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20 分鐘後,
05:33
we had him rigged up to a bunch of electrodes,
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我們幫他接上好幾個電極,
05:36
and we provided him with four new inputs to a computer.
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並給他四個新的電腦輸入源,
05:40
Little digital buttons, that he could control voluntarily.
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他可以自主控制的一些數字小按鈕。
05:43
This essentially doubled his number of inputs to a computer.
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基本上,他輸入電腦的 數據就多了一倍。
05:47
Years later, after many setbacks due to COVID,
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幾年後,經歷了新冠疫情 帶來的諸多挫折,
05:50
we flew to Germany to work with Christian in person
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我們飛往德國與克里斯蒂安實體合作,
05:53
to implement the first prototype
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打造我們今天將在這裡 展示的首個原型。
05:55
of what we're going to be demoing here today.
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05:57
Christian then spent months training with that prototype
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克里斯蒂安隨後花了數個月的時間 與該原型機進行訓練,
06:00
and sending his data across the Atlantic to us in Brooklyn from Germany
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將他的數據從德國 跨越大西洋,傳送到布魯克林,
06:03
and flying a virtual drone in our offices.
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在我們的辦公室中操作虛擬無人機。
06:07
The first thing that we did was scour Christian's body
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我們做的第一件事就是 檢查克里斯蒂安的身體
06:10
for residual motor function.
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是否殘留運動功能。
06:12
We then connected electrodes to the four muscles
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然後,我們將電極連接到 他最能自主控制的四組肌肉上,
06:15
that he had the most voluntary control over,
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06:17
and then we turned those muscles into digital buttons.
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將這些肌肉轉化為數字按鈕。
06:21
We then applied some smart filtering and signal processing
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接著,我們進行了 一些智能過濾和信號處理,
06:24
to adapt those buttons into something more like a slider
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將這些按鈕轉換為更像是滑塊
06:26
or a digital potentiometer.
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或數位電位器的形式。
06:29
After that,
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之後,
06:30
we turned those four sliders
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我們將這四個滑塊
06:31
and mapped them to a new virtual joystick.
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映射到一個新型虛擬搖桿上。
06:34
Christian then combined that new joystick
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然後克里斯蒂安將這個新搖桿
06:36
with the joystick that he uses with his lip to control his wheelchair,
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結合他原本用嘴唇控制輪椅的搖桿,
06:39
and with the two joysticks combined,
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透過兩個搖桿的結合,
06:42
Christian finally had control over all the manual controls of a drone.
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克里斯蒂安最終掌握了 無人機的所有手動控制。
06:46
I’m going to stop talking about it, and we’re going to show you.
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我現在不再多說了,我們將為你展示。
06:50
Christian,
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克里斯蒂安,歡迎。
06:51
welcome.
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06:53
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:59
At this point,
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此時,
07:00
I'm going to ask everybody to turn off your Bluetooth
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請大家關閉藍牙,
07:03
and put your phones in airplane mode
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並將手機調至飛航模式,
07:06
so that you don't get hit in the face with a drone.
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以免被無人機擊中臉部。
07:08
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:10
How are you feeling, Christian?
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克里斯蒂安,你感覺怎麼樣?
07:12
Christian Bayerlein: Yeah, let's do it.
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克里斯蒂安:好的,我們開始吧。
07:13
Conor Russomanno: Awesome.
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康納·魯索曼諾:太棒了。
07:15
This is a heads-up display that's showing all of Christian's biometric data,
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這是一個平視顯示器, 顯示克里斯蒂安所有的生物識別數據,
07:19
as well as some information about the drone.
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以及有關無人機的一些資訊。
07:21
On the left here, we can see Christian's muscle data.
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在左側,我們可以看到 克里斯蒂安的肌肉數據。
07:26
Christian is now going to attempt to fly the drone.
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克里斯蒂安現在要嘗試駕駛無人機。
07:29
How are you feeling, Christian, feeling good?
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克里斯蒂安,你覺得如何, 感覺不錯嗎?
07:31
CB: Yes.
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克里斯蒂安:是的。
康納·魯索曼諾:好的。 搖滾吧。出發兜風了。
07:33
CR: All right. Rock and roll.
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07:34
Let's take this up for a joyride.
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你準備好,就開始。
07:36
Whenever you're ready.
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克里斯蒂安:我準備好了。
07:37
CB: I'm ready.
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07:43
(Applause and cheers)
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(掌聲和歡呼聲)
07:49
CR: All right, take her up.
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康納·魯索曼諾:好,飛上去吧。
07:54
And now let's do something we probably shouldn't do
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現在,來做點也許不該做的事,
07:56
and fly it over the audience.
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讓它飛過觀眾上方。
07:58
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:12
(Cheers and applause)
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(歡呼聲和掌聲)
08:22
Alright, actually, let’s do this.
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好,讓我們這樣做吧。
08:24
I'm going to ask for people to call out some commands in the audience.
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現在,請觀眾呼喊一些指令。
你來好嗎?
08:28
So how about you?
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08:30
Straight forward.
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前進。
08:32
Straight forward.
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前進。
08:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:37
Alright. How about you?
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好,你呢?
08:38
Man: Up!
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男子:上升!
08:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:41
CR: Not down.
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康納·魯索曼諾:不要下降。
08:43
Oh, he's doing what he wants right now.
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哦,他現在在做他想做的事情。
08:47
Amazing.
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太神奇了。
08:48
(Cheers and applause)
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(歡呼聲和掌聲)
08:52
Alright, let’s bring it back.
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好,讓它回來。
現在,我要接管控制器,
08:54
And what I'm going to do right now is take control of the controller
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08:57
so that you guys know
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這樣你們就確知
08:59
that there isn't someone backstage flying this drone.
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後台沒有人在操縱這架無人機。
09:03
All right, Christian, you're alright with that?
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好,克里斯蒂安,你同意嗎?
克里斯蒂安:是的。
09:05
CB: Yeah.
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09:07
CR: Unplug.
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康納·魯索曼諾:拔掉插頭。
09:10
Forward.
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前進。
09:16
And we're going to land this guy now.
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現在我們來讓這架飛機降落。
09:22
CB: I think I was better than you.
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克里斯蒂安:我覺得我做得比你好。
09:24
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:26
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:28
CR: Amazing.
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康納·魯索曼諾:太棒了。
09:30
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:34
Now I'm going to unplug it so it doesn't turn on on its own.
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現在我要拔掉插頭, 這樣它就不會自己啟動。
09:40
Perfect.
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完美。
09:43
Christian has repurposed dormant muscles from around his body
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克里斯蒂安重新運用了 他身體周圍的休眠肌肉,
09:47
for extended and augmented interactivity.
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以延伸和增強互動性。
09:50
We have turned those muscles into a generic controller
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我們將這些肌肉變成了通用控制器,
09:53
that in this case we've mapped into a drone,
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在本例中,我們將其映射到無人機,
09:55
but what's really cool is that joystick can be applied to anything.
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但很酷的是搖桿可以應用在任何物件。
09:58
Another thing that's really cool
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另一件非常酷的事情是,
10:00
is that even in individuals who are not living with motor disabilities,
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即使對於沒有運動障礙的人來說,
10:04
there exist dozens of dormant muscles around the body
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身體周圍也存在數十塊休眠肌肉,
10:07
that we can tap into for augmented and expanded control interactivity.
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我們可以利用它們 來增強和擴展交互控制。
10:13
And lastly,
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最後一點,
10:14
all the code related to that virtual joystick,
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所有與虛擬搖桿相關的原始碼, 我們將開放其資源,
10:16
we're going to open source
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10:18
so that you can implement it and improve upon it.
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這樣,大家可以使用並改進它。
10:23
There's three things that have stood out to me
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多年來,在進行這個專案 以及其他許多專案時,
10:25
from working on this project and many others over the years.
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有三件事引起了我的注意。
10:28
One,
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首先,
10:30
we cannot conflate the brain with the mind.
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我們不能將大腦與心智混為一談。
10:33
In order to understand emotions
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要了解情緒、
10:35
and tensions and the mind overall,
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緊張以及整體心智,
10:37
we have to measure data from all over the body,
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我們必須測量整個身體的數據,
10:40
not just the brain.
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不僅僅是大腦。
10:42
Two,
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第二,
10:43
open-source technology access and literacy
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開源科技的開放使用及素養
10:46
is one way that we can combat the potential ethical challenges we face
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是我們引進神經科技時, 應對潛在道德挑戰的一種方式。
10:50
in introducing neural technology to society.
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10:53
But that's not enough.
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但這還不夠。
10:54
We have to do much, much more than that.
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我們要做的事情遠不止這些。
10:57
It's very important, imperative, that we set up guardrails
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設立防護措施,並設計 我們想要的未來生活,
11:01
and design the future that we want to live in.
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這一點非常重要、勢在必行。
11:05
Three.
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第三,
11:07
It's the courage and resilience of trailblazers like Christian
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正是像克里斯蒂安這樣的 先驅者的勇氣和韌性,
11:12
who don't get bogged down by what they can't do,
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不會因自己的限制而陷入困境,
11:14
but instead strive to prove that the impossible is in fact possible.
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而是努力證明 不可能其實是可能的。
11:19
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:27
And since none of this would have been possible without you, Christian,
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如果沒有你,克里斯蒂安, 這一切都是不可能的,
11:30
the stage is yours.
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現在舞台交給你了。
11:32
CB: Yeah, hi, everybody.
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克里斯蒂安:是的,大家好。
11:34
Audience: Hi.
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觀眾:你好。
11:36
CB: I'm excited to be here today.
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克里斯蒂安:我很高興今天來到這裡。
11:39
I was born with a genetic condition that affects my mobility
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我天生患有影響行動能力的遺傳疾病,
11:43
and requires me to have assistance.
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需要他人的幫助。
11:47
Despite my disability,
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儘管有障礙,
11:49
I'm a very happy and fulfilled person.
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我是一個非常快樂和滿足的人。
11:53
What truly holds me back are not my physical limitations.
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真正束縛我的不是身體上的限制,
11:58
It's rather the barriers in the environment.
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而是環境中的障礙。
12:01
I'm a tech nerd and political activist.
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我是一個科技愛好者和政治活動家。
12:04
I believe that technology can empower disabled people.
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我相信科技可以賦予障礙人士力量,
12:08
It can help create a better,
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它可以幫助每個人創建一個更美好、
12:12
more inclusive and accessible world
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更包容和更無障礙的世界。
12:15
for everyone.
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12:16
This demonstration is a perfect example.
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這次演示是一個完美的例子。
12:20
We saw what's possible when cutting edge technology
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我們看到了當尖端科技
12:24
is combined with human curiosity and creativity.
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與人類的好奇心和創造力 結合時達成的成果。
12:29
So let's build tools that empower people,
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因此,讓我們創造 能夠賦予人們力量的工具,
12:32
applications that break down barriers
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打破障礙的應用程式
12:36
and systems that unlock a world of possibilities.
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和開啟無限可能性的系統。
12:40
I think that's an idea worth spreading.
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我認為這是一個值得傳播的想法。
12:44
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:45
(Cheers and applause)
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(歡呼聲和掌聲)
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