A New Social Contract for Global Climate Justice | Huma Yusuf | TED

譯者: Anna Lee 審譯者: Zoe Walmsley

One third of my country, Pakistan, is under water.

我的國家，巴基斯坦， 現在 1/3 的國土淹沒水下。

An exceptional monsoon coupled with flash flooding

一場空前的雨季，

加上喜馬拉雅冰川 加速融化引起的洪水氾濫，

due to the accelerated melting of the Himalayan glaciers

has led to devastating flooding.

造成毀滅性的洪災。

Floods so destructive, so all-consuming,

洪水如此具有破壞性，如此吞噬一切，

that the adjective most frequently used to describe them is “biblical.”

以至於最常被形容為 如同聖經裡提及的大洪水。

The area of land that is underwater is larger than Britain.

被水淹沒的面積比英國還大，

Over 33 million people are affected, stripped of homes and livelihoods.

超過 3300 萬人的 家園和生計被剝奪。

Hundreds have been killed,

數百人死亡。

and those that survived are now dying of malaria,

而倖存者現正面臨瘧疾、 登革熱、痢疾的死亡威脅。

dengue fever, diarrhea.

The crops that we planted have been washed away,

我們種植的莊稼已被沖走，

and our fields will be waterlogged for many months to come,

接下來的幾個月，一些田地 也將因洪水上漲而淹沒，

imperiling the critical wheat-planting season.

危及重要的小麥播種季節。

Pakistan is in shock,

巴基斯坦舉國驚魂未定，

and all it can look ahead to is food insecurity, famine,

眼能所及的是糧食短缺、飢荒、

climate migration and conflict.

氣候遷移和衝突。

Pakistan needs tens of billions in emergency relief funds,

巴基斯坦需要數百億的緊急救濟金，

and it needs them right now.

而且現在就需要。

But I'm not here to talk about today's crisis.

但我不是來這裡談論今天的危機，

I'm here to talk about the way forward.

我是來談未來的發展方向。

As the scale of devastation becomes apparent,

隨著損壞的規模愈來愈明顯，

the sense of climate injustice is mounting.

氣候不公正的感覺也日漸上升。

Pakistan emits less than one percent of global greenhouse gases,

巴基斯坦排放的溫室氣體 不到全球的百分之一，

and yet it is consistently among the countries

卻始終是蒙受氣候變遷災害 最巨的國家之一。

most vulnerable to disasters caused by climate change.

That vulnerability has been horrifyingly laid bare

它的不堪一擊過去幾個月來暴露無遺。

over the last few months.

Calls are growing for the global North to compensate the global South

要求已開發國家賠償 開發中國家的聲浪越來越高，

for the fact that high-emitting activities in developed economies

因為事實上，已開發國家 為發展經濟所產生的高排放

are leading to catastrophic climate change-linked events

卻導致開發中國家遭受氣候變遷災難。

in less developed countries.

Since the Industrial Revolution,

自工業革命以來，

today's wealthy nations have benefited economically

造就了現今的富裕大國， 得利於高碳排的經濟活動。

from high-emitting activities.

The G20 are still responsible

G20 成員國必須為全球 80% 的溫室氣體排放負責。

for 80 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.

The logic is simple:

邏輯很簡單：

industrialized nations that have profited from fossil-fuel-driven development

那些因石化燃料而獲利的工業化國家

should be the ones to pay the bill

應該為蒙受氣候災難的貧窮國家買單。

when climate disasters strike poor countries such as mine.

This idea is not new,

這個想法並不新穎，

nor is it particularly controversial.

也不是特別有爭議。

In 2009,

2009 年，

developed countries promised to mobilize billions in climate finance

已發展國家承諾動用 數十億美元的氣候資金，

to support emerging economies.

支持新興經濟體。

That funding has not materialized.

那筆救濟金尚未兌現，

And so the demands for reparations have.

因此而轉為要求賠償。

But let's be clear.

但是，我們要弄清楚，

Developing countries are not asking for charity.

發展中國家並不是要求施捨。

Having polluted only marginally,

因為碳排污染少之又少，

they are climate creditors, and that credit is now due.

他們其實是氣候債權人， 現在償還的時間到了。

As I said, the logic is simple.

正如我所說，邏輯很簡單，

But the politics are complicated.

但是政治卻很複雜。

Developing countries have not consistently demanded reparations

發展中國家並非一昧要求賠償

for climate change-linked loss and damage.

氣候變遷帶來的損失和破壞。

Many countries in the Global South, led by India and China,

以印度和中國為首的許多發展中國家

subscribe to the “catch up” argument:

贊成趨同論中的「追趕論點」：

the notion that developing countries

該是時候讓發展中國家

should now be allowed their share of pollutants and greenhouse gases

得到應得的汙染及碳排的額度，

in order to build infrastructure

用以建設基礎設施、刺激經濟增長。

and spur economic growth.

This reasoning envisions the West curtailing emissions

這個推論的預設是西方國家減少碳排，

and bearing the financial cost of the economic slowdown,

承擔經濟放緩的財物損失，

while developing countries continue to emit,

而發展中國家則可繼續 排放、建設和成長經濟。

build and grow.

It's a way of saying, "Hey, it's our turn."

這就像是說：「嘿，輪到我們了。」

This "catch up" argument is compelling,

這個「追趕論點」很有說服力，

but it does not speak the language of reparations.

卻不是以賠償為出發點。

Climate justice is based on the notion of not being punished

氣候正義的概念建基於 不因他人的不良行為受懲罰，

for someone else's bad behavior.

It does not sanction more bad behavior.

而非制裁不良行為，

You cannot both demand reparations and the right to emit.

因為你不能在要求賠償的同時 又要保有排放權。

But many developing countries have yet to engage in climate diplomacy,

還有許多發展中國家 尚未參與「氣候外交」──

a process of reconciling the demand for reparations with existing security

一個將索賠與現行的 國安、外交政策調和的進程。

and foreign policies.

And so you'll see cases where some government departments

所以你看到一些政府部門 強烈要求氣候正義的同時，

are demanding climate justice,

while others are seeking foreign funding for coal and gas projects

另一些部門則在找外國資金 開發煤炭和天然氣，

or pursuing defense deals with high-emitting nations.

甚至與高排放國家達成國防協議。

It is difficult to have it both ways.

世事很難兩全其美。

And that's why demanding reparations

這就是為什麼索賠也意味著 一個清潔、綠色的願景──

also means bringing forward a clean, green vision --

one which includes leapfrogging

跨越經濟發展的高排放階段，

the high emitting stage of economic development

into a more sustainable future.

前進到更為永續的未來。

For countries like mine,

對巴基斯坦及相似的國家來說，

that means no more poorly planned expressways

這代表不再有規劃不善的高速公路、

or elite real estate developments dotted with swimming pools

旱災災區也不會再有游泳池、 高爾夫球場的豪華地產。

or golf courses in drought-hit areas.

Because sadly, it is true

因為可悲的事實是，

that the scale of devastation in Pakistan,

巴基斯坦的破壞規模

and in climate calamities elsewhere,

以及其他地方的氣候災難，

is not just the result of climate change

不僅是氣候變遷的結果，

but also a consequence of poor governance,

同時也是治理不善、

of inadequate planning,

規劃不良、

the lack of infrastructure, corruption and the lack of accountability.

基礎設施不足、腐敗 和缺乏問責制度的下場。

This is something the Global South must acknowledge.

這點是開發中國家必須承認的，

But this is absolutely not to place the onus back

可是這絕對不是將氣候災難 卸責給這些國家的藉口。

on climate vulnerable developing countries.

No.

不行！

相反地，現在應該是時候了──

Instead, it is to say that the time has come

for the global North and South to agree [on] the terms of a just transition.

已開發及開發中國家該就 公平過渡達成共識。

Are we ready for a new social contract within countries and between countries?

各國準備好迎接國內及國際間 一套全新的社會公約了嗎？

One way forward

前進的方式之一是

is to adopt a more expansive definition of reparations.

採用更廣泛的賠償定義，

This should take the form of funding for emergency relief, loss and damage,

為緊急救濟、損失和傷害提供金援，

but it should also include technical assistance,

另外還應包括技術援助、

adaptation planning

適應性規劃、

and the skills development needed to tackle the climate challenge.

以及應對氣候挑戰所需的技能發展。

Developed countries should provide funding,

已開發國家除了提供資金，

but they should also provide access to the green technologies

同時也應該提供綠能科技管道，

that can help countries such as Pakistan catch up,

讓巴基斯坦等國能迎頭趕上，

but without the high emissions.

又不會產生高排放。

Pakistan is drowning,

巴基斯坦正在被淹沒，

and its people are desperate.

她的人民急需幫助。

Their present is your future.

他們的現在就是你的未來。

We need a new era of climate diplomacy,

我們需要開啟一個氣候外交時代，

and we need a new recognition that we are in this together.

大家也需要認知── 即我們都在同一條船上。

We can adapt, mitigate, build resilience,

我們要想適應、紓緩、建立抵禦力，

but only if we do it together.

就得全部的人一起投入。

The logic of climate justice is simple.

氣候正義的邏輯很簡單。

Let's make the politics simpler to.

讓我們努力讓政治也簡單一點吧。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲和歡呼聲）

Bruno Giussani: Huma, thank you.

布魯諾·朱桑尼：胡瑪，謝謝。

So when introduced you, I said

剛才介紹妳時，我說……

that the floods have not received enough attention in the global media.

全球媒體對這次的洪災報導不足，

But how are the Pakistani media talking and reporting about them?

巴基斯坦的媒體報導呢？

Huma Yusuf: Thank you for that question.

Huma：謝謝你的問題。

你知道，我們一個月前宣布 全國進入緊急狀態，

You know, we’re just a month into the declaration of a national emergency,

and the floods are already slipping out of the news headlines in Pakistan.

現在巴基斯坦的新聞頭條 已經很少洪水的相關報導了。

I think we're really suffering from the fact

實際的情況對我們很不利，

that the 24-hour news cycle does not know how to tell this story,

因為 24 小時的即時新聞 不知道該如何報導，

a story so big,

這個新聞涉及的範圍太大，

a story that requires you to connect the dots

要報導就得將所有 相關議題一起報導──

to every other story you will ever tell,

whether we're talking about food,

無論是糧食、

the economy, insecurity, domestic militancy.

經濟、不安全、內戰──

There is no story that can be told without also telling this story.

因為這些無一不與洪災相關。

But unfortunately, I don’t think we have that media literacy,

但不幸的是，我認為 我們沒有那種媒體素養，

and the floods are already receding out of our own headlines.

而且洪水已經從我們自己的 新聞頭條中消失了。

So what can we expect from the international press?

自己國內都不報導了, 更別提國際媒體了。

BG: Well, is aid already coming, at least?

BG：那，至少援助開始進來了嗎？

HY: Aid is coming, but not enough and not fast enough.

HY：援助開始進來了， 但還不夠、也不夠快。

And, you know, Pakistan has said that they need about 30 billion dollars

而且，你知道，巴基斯坦說

恢復和重建需要大約三百億美元。

to help with the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase.

And we're at a stage where, for example,

我們正處於一個階段，例如，

I think the UN tomorrow launches a new appeal

聯合國明天要發起 一個六億美元的募款。

that's for 600 million dollars.

So I don’t think that there will ever be enough aid.

然而我認為光靠援助是不夠的。

We do need some of these reparations.

我們確實是需要一些這類的賠償。

We need a better plan

但我們也需要更進一步去計劃，

for how we're going to fund these kinds of climate disasters.

未來如何資助此類的氣候災難。

但不幸的是，在資金還沒進來前，

But unfortunately, even before the money has started flowing,

those questions have started.

問題就已經開始了。

You know, where's the money that's already come through gone?

已經進來的錢到哪去了？

Who is tracking it? What is it being spent on?

有人在追蹤嗎？錢花到哪去了？

And I fear that those kinds of questions deter more funding,

我擔心這些問題會讓後面的資金卻步，

when actually it's the absolute need of the hour.

而現在正是確切需要資金的時刻。

BG: Now, I want just to put an image in the mind of people here.

BG：嗯，我想讓現場的人 腦海中留下一個印象。

我們有次談話中，

One of our conversations,

you told me a story about people in flooded areas

你提到一個洪水地區的新聞，

going around in small boats and hitting structures under water.

災民乘坐的小船撞到水下的建築物。

Tell us about that.

可以告訴大家嗎？

HY: Yes, you saw the pictures that I started with.

HY：那就是演講一開始時的照片。

And I’ve been seeing those, and I haven’t visited myself

我一直看到這些照片，

雖然我自己還沒去過最嚴重的災區。

the most badly affected areas.

And it was only when I received a video from a friend of mine

直到我收到一個朋友寄來的影片，

who was out there reporting in the field,

她在現場報導的影片，

which showed her on a boat going through what I thought was a lake,

她坐在一艘船上，我一開始以為是湖，

and then they start bumping up against things --

可是船開始碰撞到東西，

and you realize that it’s the top of electricity pylons,

而你發現那是電塔的頂端、

and it's the top of school buildings

學校建築的頂樓、

and it's the top of petrol stations

還有加油站最高的那個

with the little, you know, advertising symbol --

小小的招牌。

that I really understood that my country is submerged.

那時我才真的意識到， 我的國家被淹沒了，

It is truly underwater.

真的在水面之下。

And I don't know how you come back from that.

而我不知道這該如何重建。

BG: Thank you for sharing this story and thank you for your talk.

BG：謝謝你今天的分享， 謝謝你的演講。

HY：謝謝你邀請我。

HY: Thank you for having me.

（掌聲）

(Applause)