A Republican mayor's plan to replace partisanship with policy | G.T. Bynum

51,632 views ・ 2018-01-01

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
So last year, I ran for mayor of my hometown, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
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去年我在家鄉俄克拉荷馬州 土爾沙市競選市長。
00:17
And I was the underdog.
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我處於劣勢。
00:18
I was running against a two-term incumbent,
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我的對手是已經 做了兩任的現任市長,
00:21
and my opponent ran the classic partisan playbook.
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他採用的是典型的 黨派偏見(盲目擁護)策略。
00:25
He publicized his endorsement of Donald Trump.
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他宣傳他有唐諾川普的背書。
00:27
He publicized a letter that he sent to President Obama
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他宣傳他寄給歐巴馬總統的信,
00:30
protesting Syrian refugees,
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內容是抗議敘利亞難民,
00:32
even though none of them were coming to Tulsa.
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即使根本沒有 敘利亞難民到土爾沙市來。
00:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:37
He ran ads on TV that my kids thought made me look like Voldemort,
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我的孩子認為他的電視廣告 讓我看起來像佛地魔,
00:42
and sent out little gems in the mail, like this.
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他還用信件寄出像這樣的珍品。
00:48
[America's most liberal labor union has endorsed]
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〔美國最自由主義的勞工工會背書〕
00:50
Never mind that "America's most liberal labor union,"
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別在意這句「美國最 自由主義的勞工工會」,
00:53
as defined by this ad, was actually the Tulsa Firefighters Union,
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根據這張廣告的定義, 其實是土爾沙消防隊工會,
00:58
hardly a famed bastion of liberalism.
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實在算不上有名的自由主義捍衛者。
01:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:02
Never mind that while she was running for president
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別在意當她正在競選總統時,
01:05
and he was serving in his final year in that office,
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他正在白宮任期的最後一年,
01:08
Hillary, Barack and I could just never find the time to get together
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希拉蕊、巴拉克和我, 我們實在找不出時間聚聚
01:11
and yuck it up about the Tulsa mayor's race.
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來笑談土爾沙市市長選戰。
01:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:17
Never mind that I, like my opponent,
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別在意我和對手一樣
01:21
am a Republican.
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都是共和黨員。
01:22
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:25
And so when something like this hits you in a campaign,
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所以,當你在選戰時受到這種攻擊,
01:30
you have to decide how you're going to respond,
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你得要決定如何回應,
01:34
and we had a novel idea.
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而我們有個新穎的點子。
01:36
What if, instead of responding with partisanship,
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如果不採用黨派偏見來回應,
01:41
we responded with a focus on results?
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而是把焦點放在結果來回應呢?
01:43
What if we ran a campaign
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如果我們的競選活動
01:46
that was not about running against someone,
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重點不在於對抗某個人,
01:50
but was about bringing people together behind a common vision?
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而是用一個共同的遠景 把人們結合在一起呢?
01:53
And so we decided to respond not with a negative ad
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所以我們決定不要用 負面廣告來回應,
01:58
but with something people find even sexier --
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而是用人們會覺得 更迷人的回應方式──
02:01
data points.
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資料點。
02:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:05
And so we emphasized things like increasing per capita income in our city,
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我們強調增加我們市民的平均收入,
02:10
increasing our city's population,
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增加我們城市的人口,
02:13
and we stuck to those relentlessly, throughout the campaign,
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在整個競選活動期間, 我們都這樣堅持著,
02:18
always bringing it back to those things
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總是都帶回到我們的選民
02:20
by which our voters could measure, in a very transparent way,
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可以用非常透明的方式 來測量的東西上,
02:25
how we were doing,
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我們做得如何,
02:26
and hold me accountable if I got elected.
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如果我當選了我就要為這些負責。
02:28
And a funny thing happened when we did that.
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當我們那樣做之後, 發生了有趣的事。
02:31
Tulsa is home to one of the most vibrant
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土爾沙市是美國有最多
02:33
young professional populations in the country,
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朝氣和年輕職業人口的家鄉之一,
02:35
and they took notice of this approach.
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而他們注意到了這個方法。
02:39
We have in our culture in our city,
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在我們的城市裡、我們的文化中,
02:41
an ethos where our business leaders don't just run companies,
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有種風氣,就是我們的 企業領導人不只是經營公司,
02:45
they run philanthropic institutions and nonprofits,
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他們也經營慈善機構和非營利機構,
02:49
and those folks took notice.
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那些人注意到了。
02:51
We have parents who are willing to sacrifice today
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我們有些父母,願意犧牲今天,
02:55
so that their kids can have a better future,
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來讓他們孩子有更好的未來。
02:57
and those people took notice, too.
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那些人也注意到了。
03:00
And so on election day,
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所以,在投票日,
03:02
I, G.T. Bynum,
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我,G.T. 拜能,
03:04
a guy whose name reminds people of a circus promoter ...
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一個名字會讓人聯想到 馬戲團贊助者的傢伙,
03:08
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:09
a guy with the raw animal magnetism of a young Orville Redenbacher ...
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一個有著年輕奧維爾雷登巴克魅力的 傢伙,(註:爆米花企業家)
03:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:17
I won the election by 17 points.
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我贏選舉,且贏了 17%。
03:21
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
03:26
And we did it with the support of Republicans and Democrats.
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我們有共和黨和民主黨的 支持才做到的。
03:31
Now, why is that story and that approach so novel?
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為什麼那個故事和方法如此新穎?
03:36
Why do we always allow ourselves
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為什麼我們總是允許我們自己
03:38
to fall back on philosophical disagreements
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落回到哲學的歧見裡面,
03:41
that ultimately lead to division?
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最終導致分裂?
03:46
I believe it is because politicians
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我認為是因為政治人物
03:48
find it easier to throw the red meat out to the base
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覺得丟出一塊紅肉滿足支持者
03:51
than to innovate.
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比創新容易。
03:53
The conventional wisdom is that to win an election,
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一般的看法是,若要贏得選舉,
03:55
you have to dumb it down
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你得降到大眾的低智商水平,
03:57
and play to your constituencies' basest, divisive instincts.
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迎合你的選民基礎和分歧的天性。
04:03
And when somebody wins an election like that,
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當有人用那樣的方式贏得選舉,
04:06
they win, that's true,
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他們就是贏了,那是事實,
04:09
but the rest of us lose.
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但我們剩下的人就輸了。
04:12
And so what we need to do is think about how can we change that dynamic.
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所以我們得想想 要如何改變那種動力。
04:16
How can we move in a direction
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我們要如何調整方向,
04:20
where partisanship is replaced with policy?
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用政策來取代黨派偏見?
04:23
And fortunately, there's a growing bipartisan movement across this country
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幸運的是,在全美, 超黨派運動正在成長,
04:27
that is doing just that.
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這個運動做的就是那件事。
04:29
One of its heroes is a guy named Mitch Daniels.
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其中一位英雄,叫米奇丹尼爾。
04:32
Mitch Daniels served as George W. Bush's budget director,
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米奇丹尼爾是小布希總統的預算主管,
04:36
and during that time,
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在那段時間,
04:37
he created what was called the PART tool.
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他創造了一個工具,叫「PART」。
04:40
The PART tool allowed people to evaluate a broad range of federal programs
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「PART」讓人們能評估 各種聯邦計畫,
04:46
and apply numerical scoring for them
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並對它們採用數值評分,
04:49
on things like program management and project results.
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評估計畫管理、專案結果等等。
04:52
And using this, they evaluated over a thousand federal programs.
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用這個工具,他們評估了 超過一千個聯邦計畫。
04:57
Over 150 programs had their funding reduced
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有超過 150 個計畫的資金被縮減,
05:01
because they could not demonstrate success.
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因為它們無法展現出成功。
05:05
But unfortunately, there wasn't ever a well-publicized increase in funding
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不幸的是,對於確實有展現出 成功的那些計畫,
05:09
for those programs that did demonstrate success,
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從來也沒有廣為人知的資金增加,
05:12
and because of this, the program was never really popular with Congress,
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因為這個原因,這計畫 一直沒在國會受歡迎,
05:15
and was eventually shuttered.
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最終被終止了。
05:17
But the spirit of that program lived on.
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但這個計畫的精神還繼續活著。
05:20
Mitch Daniels went home to Indiana,
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米奇丹尼爾回到印第安納的家鄉,
05:22
ran for governor, got elected,
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競選州長,且當選了,
05:24
and applied the same premise to state programs,
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他把同樣的前提假設用到州計畫上,
05:27
reducing funding for those programs that could not demonstrate success,
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無法展現出成功的計畫, 資金就會被縮減,
05:32
but this time, he very publicly increased funding for those programs
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但這一次,他非常公開地 對於展現出成功的計畫
05:37
that could demonstrate success,
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提供更多資金,
05:39
things like increasing the number of state troopers
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比如像是增加他們所需要擁有的
05:42
that they needed to have,
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州警數目、
05:43
reducing wait times at the DMV --
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減少監理處的等候時間──
05:46
and today, Mitch Daniels is the president of Purdue University,
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現今,米奇丹尼爾是 普渡大學的校長,
05:49
applying yet again the same principles,
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他又使用同樣的原則,
05:52
this time at the higher ed level,
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這次用在更高的教育層級,
05:54
and he's done that in order to keep tuition levels for students there flat
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他那麼做的目的是要
維持學生的學費五年不漲價。
05:58
for half a decade.
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06:00
Now, while Mitch Daniels applied this at the federal level,
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雖然米奇丹尼爾在聯邦層級、
州層級、高等教育層級 採用這些規則,
06:03
the state level, and in higher ed,
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06:05
the guy that really cracked the code for cities
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但真正為城市做到這些的,
06:08
is a Democrat, Martin O'Malley,
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是民主黨的馬丁歐麥利,
在當巴爾的摩市長的期間做到的。
06:11
during his time as Mayor of Baltimore.
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06:14
Now, when Mayor O'Malley took office,
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當歐麥利市長就職,
06:15
he was a big fan of what they'd been able to do in New York City
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他非常崇拜紐約市
對於打擊犯罪所做的事。
06:19
when it came to fighting crime.
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06:21
When Rudy Giuliani first became Mayor of New York,
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當魯迪朱利安尼最初 成為紐約市長時,
06:24
crime statistics were collected on a monthly, even an annual basis,
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犯罪統計數字是每個月 甚至每年收集一次的,
06:29
and then police resources would be allocated based on those statistics.
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警方資源則是根據 這些統計數字來分配。
06:34
Giuliani shrunk that time frame, so that crime statistics
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朱利安尼把時間範圍縮短,
這麼一來,就必須要每天 甚至每小時收集犯罪統計數字,
06:37
would be collected on a daily, even hourly basis,
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06:41
and then police resources would be allocated
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接著,很快把警方的資源
06:44
to those areas quickly where crimes were occurring today
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分配到現今在發生犯罪的區域,
06:48
rather than where they were occurring last quarter.
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而不是分配到上季發生犯罪的區域。
06:52
Well, O'Malley loved that approach, and he applied it in Baltimore.
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歐麥利很喜歡那個方法, 所以它用在巴爾的摩。
06:55
And he applied it to the two areas that were most problematic for Baltimore
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他把那個方法用在 巴爾的摩打擊犯罪方面
問題最大的兩個區域。
07:01
from a crime-fighting standpoint.
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07:03
We call these the kidneys of death.
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我們稱它們是死亡的腎臟。
07:05
[Baltimore homicides and shootings, 1999]
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〔巴爾的摩自殺案和 槍擊案,1999 年〕
07:07
So there they are, the kidneys.
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腎臟就在圖上這裡。
07:09
Now watch this.
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看看這個。
07:11
Watch what happens when you apply data in real time
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看看採用即使資料和快速部署資源
07:14
and deploy resources quickly.
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之後會發生什麼事。
07:19
In a decade, they reduced violent crime in Baltimore
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用這個方法,在十年間,
07:21
by almost 50 percent, using this approach,
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巴爾蒂摩的暴力犯罪減少了近一半,
07:24
but the genius of what O'Malley did
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但歐麥利的天才之舉
07:27
was not that he just did what some other city was doing.
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並不是他用了其他城市的做法。
07:29
Lots of us mayors do that.
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很多市長都會這樣。
07:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:33
He realized that the same approach could be used to all of the problems
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他了解到,同樣的方法
可以被用在他的城市 所面臨的所有問題上。
07:37
that his city faced.
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07:39
And so they applied it to issue after issue in Baltimore,
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所以,在巴爾的摩,他們把它 用在一個又一個的議題上,
07:41
and today, it's being used by mayors across the country
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現今,全國各地的市長都在用它
07:45
to deal with some of our greatest challenges.
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來處理我們許多的大挑戰。
07:48
And the overall approach is a very simple one --
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而整體的方法非常簡單──
07:51
identify the goal that you want to achieve;
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找出你想要達成的目標;
07:54
identify a measurement by which you can track progress
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找出可用來追蹤該目標進展的測量值;
07:57
toward that goal;
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07:59
identify a way of testing that measurement cheaply and quickly;
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找出一種便宜又快速的方式 來測試該測量值;
08:05
and then deploy whatever strategies you think would work,
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然後把所有你認為 可能有用的策略都部署出去,
08:09
test them,
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測試它們,
08:11
reduce funding for the strategies that don't work,
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針對沒有用的策略, 減少它們的資金,
08:14
and put your money into those strategies that do.
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然後把你的錢投入有用的策略上。
08:17
Today, Atlanta is using this to address housing issues
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現今,亞特蘭大在用這個方法
來處理無家可歸者的住房議題。
08:20
for their homeless population.
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08:22
Philadelphia has used this to reduce their crime rates
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費城用這個方法來降低 他們的犯罪率,
08:25
to levels not enjoyed since the 1960s.
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降到從 1960 年代之後 就沒享受過的低點。
08:28
Louisville has used this not just for their city
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路易斯維爾不只為該城市 採用這個方法,
08:32
but in a community-wide effort bringing resources together
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也在社區層級努力 將資源集合在一起,
08:35
to address vacant and abandoned properties.
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來處理空著的、廢棄的資產。
08:39
And I am using this approach in Tulsa.
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我也在土爾沙市用這個方法。
08:41
I want Tulsa to be a world-class city,
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我想要讓土爾沙成為世界級的城市,
08:45
and we cannot do that if we aren't clear in what our goals are
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我們不可能辦到,除非我們 清楚知道我們的目標是什麼,
08:49
and we don't use evidence and evaluation to accomplish them.
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且要用證據及評估來達成那些目標。
08:54
Now, what's interesting, and we've found in implementing this,
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當我們在導入這個方法時, 發現了有趣的事,
08:58
a lot of people, when you talk about data,
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當你在談論資料時,
09:01
people think of that as a contrast to creativity.
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很多人會認為那是創意的對比。
09:05
What we've found is actually quite the opposite.
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但我們發現事實完全相反。
09:07
We've found it to be an engine for creative problem-solving,
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我們發現它其實是 創意式解決問題的引擎,
09:10
because when you're focused on a goal,
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因為如果你把焦點放在一個目標上,
09:14
and you can test different strategies quickly,
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且你能快速測試不同的策略,
09:16
the sky's the limit on the different things that you can test out.
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你就能測試各種 不同的東西,沒有限制。
09:20
You can come up with any strategy that you can come up with
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你能想出任何你能想出的策略,
09:23
and utilize and try and test it
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然後使用它、嘗試它、測試它,
09:25
until you find something that works, and then you double down on that.
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直到你找到行得通的策略, 再針對它來加碼。
09:28
The other area that we've found that it lends itself to creativity
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我們發現它適合創意的另一個地方,
09:32
is that it breaks down those old silos of ownership
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是它能夠把我們在治理上常常
遇到的隔閡給打破,
09:35
that we run into so often in government.
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09:38
It allows you to draw all the stakeholders in your community
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它讓你能吸引你社區中所有關心
09:42
that care about homelessness or crime-fighting or education
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無家可歸者、打擊犯罪、教育、
空著或廢棄之資產的利害關係人,
09:47
or vacant and abandoned properties,
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09:50
and bring those people to the table
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讓大家坐下來談,
09:52
so you can work together to address your common goal.
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大家就能合作來針對共同目標努力。
09:56
Now, in Tulsa, we're applying this
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在土爾沙,我們把這個方法
09:58
to things that are common city initiatives,
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用在共同的城市行動方案上,
10:02
things like, as you've heard now repeatedly,
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比如,你現在已經聽過很多次的,
10:04
public safety -- that's an obvious one;
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公共安全──那是很明顯的一項;
10:07
improving our employee morale at the city --
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改善城市員工的士氣──
10:09
we don't think you could do good things unless you've got happy employees;
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我們認為,如果沒有 快樂的員工,就不可做好事;
10:14
improving the overall street quality throughout our community.
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改善我們整個社區的整體街道品質。
10:18
But we're also applying it to things that are not so traditional
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但我們也把這個方法 用在不太傳統的地方,
10:22
when you think about what cities are responsible for,
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當你想想城市應該要對什麼負責,
10:25
things like increasing per capita income,
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比如增加人均收入、
10:28
increasing our population,
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增加人口數、
10:29
improving our high school graduation rates,
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改善我們的高中畢業率、
10:32
and perhaps the greatest challenge that we face as a city.
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也許還有我們這個城市 所面臨的最的大挑戰。
10:38
At the dawn of the 1920s,
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在 1920 年代初期,
10:40
Tulsa was home to the most vibrant African American community in the country.
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土爾沙是美國最活躍的 非裔美國人社區。
10:44
The Greenwood section of our city was known as Black Wall Street.
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我們城市的葛林伍區 被稱為是黑色華爾街。
10:49
In 1921, in one night,
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1921 年的一個晚上,
10:52
Tulsa experienced the worst race riot in American history.
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土爾沙發生了美國史上 最糟的種族暴亂。
10:56
Black Wall Street was burned to the ground,
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黑色華爾街全被燒毀,
11:00
and today, a child that is born
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現今,出生在我們城市中
11:02
in the most predominantly African American part of our city
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最主要非裔美國人區的孩子,
11:05
is expected to live 11 years less than a kid that's born elsewhere in Tulsa.
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平均壽命比在土爾沙其他地方 出生的孩子少 11 年。
11:11
Now, for us, this is a unifying issue.
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對我們來說,這是個統一的問題。
11:15
Four years from now, we will recognize
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現在算起四年後,
將會是那個可怕事件的百週年紀念,
11:18
the 100th commemoration of that awful event,
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11:22
and in Tulsa, we are bringing every tool that we can
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在土爾沙,我們會使用 所有能用的工具,
11:27
to address that life-expectancy disparity,
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來處理那壽命長度懸殊差異的問題,
11:29
and we're not checking party registration cards
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我們不會在會議的入口處檢查
11:32
at the door to the meetings.
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你是哪個黨派的人。
11:34
We don't care who you voted for for president
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我們不在乎你投票給 哪個總統候選人,
11:36
if you want to help restore the decade of life
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如果你現今願意協助那些
被偷走的十年多壽命孩子 恢復壽命的長度。
11:39
that's being stolen from these kids right now.
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11:42
And so we've got white folks and black folks,
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我們有白人也有黑人,
11:46
Hispanic folks and Native American folks,
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有西班牙人也有美國原住民,
11:48
we've got members of Congress, members of the city council,
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有國會議員、市議會議員、
企業領導人、宗教領導人、
11:51
business leaders, religious leaders,
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11:52
Trump people and Hillary people,
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川普支持者和希拉蕊支持者,
11:55
all joined by one common belief,
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因為一個共同信念而結合在一起,
11:58
and that is that a kid should have an equal shot at a good life in our city,
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即:在我們的城市裡, 孩子應該有平等的機會去過好生活,
12:02
regardless of what part of town they happen to be born in.
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不論他們剛好在城市的哪一區出生。
12:07
Now, how do we go forward with that?
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我們要如何做到那一點?
12:10
Is that easy to accomplish?
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很容易達成嗎?
12:12
Of course not!
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當然不!
12:14
If it were easy to accomplish,
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如果很容易達成,
12:16
somebody would have already done it before us.
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在我們之前就會有人做了。
12:19
But what I love about city government
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但市政府讓我很喜歡的一點,
12:21
is that the citizens can create
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就是市民可以把城市建造成
12:23
whatever kind of city they're willing to build,
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他們希望的任何樣子, 只要他們願意,
12:25
and in Tulsa, we have decided to build a city
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在土爾沙,我們決定要把城市建造成
12:29
where Republicans and Democrats use evidence, data and evaluation
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共和黨和民主黨都能用 證據、資料、評估
12:34
to solve our greatest challenges together.
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來一起解決我們最大的挑戰。
12:38
And if we can do this,
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如果我們能做到,
12:40
if we can set partisanship aside
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如果我們能把黨派放到一邊,
12:42
in the only state in the whole country where Barack Obama never carried
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在這全國唯一一個歐巴馬未曾贏得
任何一郡的這州如果我們能做到,
12:47
a single county,
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12:49
then you can do it in your town, too.
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那麼你們的鎮一定也可以做到。
12:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:53
Your cities can be saved or squandered
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拯救或是揮霍你們的城市
12:56
in one generation.
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可在一個世代之間。
12:59
So let's agree to set aside our philosophical disagreements
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所以讓我們把我們的 哲學歧見放到一邊,
13:05
and focus on those aspirations that unite us.
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把焦點放在讓我們團結的那些熱望。
13:09
Let's grasp the opportunity that is presented by innovation
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讓我們把握住創新帶給我們的機會,
13:13
to build better communities for our neighbors.
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來為我們的鄰居建立更好的社區。
13:16
Let's replace a focus on partisan division
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讓我們把焦點從黨派偏見的分裂上
13:20
with a focus on results.
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移到結果上。
13:23
That is the path to a better future for us all.
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那才是讓我們所有人 通往更美好未來的路。
13:27
Thank you for your time.
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非常謝謝你們花時間聽。
13:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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