The Architectural Mastermind Behind Modern Singapore | Liu Thai Ker | TED

Transcriber:

翻译人员: Jialing Liu 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

A lot of people say, "Why didn't you continue

有很多人说，“为什么你没有

with your father's career as a painter?"

继承你父亲的画家职业？“

My answer to them is very simple: I’m also a painter.

我给他们的回答很简单： 我就是一个画家。

The only difference is that my father's painting

唯一的不同点在于我父亲的画

is only a few square meters in size.

尺寸大小只有几平方米。

My painting is a few thousand kilometers in size.

而我的画是几千平方米大小的。

That's the only difference.

这是唯一的不同。

Singapore, when the British left us, in 1960,

在 1960 年，当英国离开我们新加坡时，

three out of four people lived in squatter areas.

有四分之三的人还住在寮屋。

You probably don't even know what is a squatter area,

你可能不知道什么是寮屋，

but in those days, it was just all over town.

但是在那时，整个镇上的人都知道。

So the government of Singapore decided

所以新加坡政府决定

that, if we want to have a sustainable city,

如果我们想有一个可持续发展的城市，

compatible with all the other, larger countries,

与其他的所有较大的国家和睦相处，

we must achieve excellence.

我们必须要创造卓越。

And one of the signs of removing backwardness

其中一个标志就是要移除落后，

is to remove the squatters and house everybody in housing.

就是移除寮屋， 并将每一个人安置在住房里。

And to do so, since the people in those days were very poor,

并立即采取行动，因为那时的人们都很穷，

we then introduced public housing,

所以我们就推出了公共住房，

to build subsidized housing --

建设保障性住房

good-quality housing, but subsidized,

高质量的住房，但提供补贴的，

with affordable rental and affordable selling price.

提供实惠的租金和实惠的售价。

That is a very important key to the transformation of Singapore.

这对于新加坡的转型是 非常重要的关键点。

So within 25 years, between 1960 and 1985,

所以在这 25 年里，从 1960 年到 1985 年，

we actually got rid of all the squatters.

我们移除了所有的寮屋。

We housed every Singaporean into public housing,

我们让每一个新加坡人都住进了公共住房，

as well as, of course, private housing.

当然还有私人住宅。

So that transformation is very thorough, very impressive.

所以这个转型是非常彻底， 并令人印象深刻。

That's a remarkable story of Singapore.

这在新加坡历史上都是举世瞩目的故事。

If you want to plan a city, the first thing is to ask:

如果你想要规划一个城市， 首先要问的是：

"How many people are we planning for"?

有多少人是在我们的规划中？

In 1990, when we were planning the city,

在 1990 年，当我们在规划这座城市时，

I proposed a plan for 100 years, to 2091.

我提出的是百年计划，直到 2091 年。

But nowadays, when I plan for other cities,

但是现在，当我在规划其他城市时，

I suggest that we plan up to 2070,

我建议是我们的计划到 2070 年，

because beyond that, really,

因为除此之外，

the whole world may have to control population growth,

整个世界可能不得不控制人口的增长，

so it's like planning for the ultimate population size,

所以这个规划是面对的最终的人口规模，

because every city wants the city to be unique.

因为每一座城市都希望自己是与众不同的。

So, for Singapore and for cities I plan,

所以，对于新加坡以及我所规划的城市，

I look for the design gene of that locality,

我所寻找的设计基因是属于那个地方的，

to give it its unique character.

并赋予它独特的个性。

Now, what are the key design genes?

那么，这个设计基因的关键点是什么？

You see, different localities have different characteristics.

你可以看到，不同的地区有不同的特征。

For example, they have different climates --

例如，他们有不同的气候

climates also affect planning and design --

气候是会影响到设计与规划的

and they also have different customs,

同时，他们也有不同的习俗，

and that also affects what you put into the city plan or design.

这也会影响到你纳入到 城市设计与规划的东西，

And also, some kind of architectural heritage.

并且还有一些建筑遗产。

For example, in Southeast Asia, because of the strong sun,

例如，在东南亚地区，因为强烈的光照，

we never have very strong colors.

我们从来没有采用强烈的颜色。

If you look at Malay villages, the colors are kind of pastel.

如果你看看马来村庄， 那里的颜色就比较的柔和。

Why? Because if you paint very strong colors

为什么？因为如果你在马来村庄的建筑上

on Malay village buildings,

用了非常强烈的颜色，

after a few years under the hot sun,

经过日复一日的阳光直射，

they all turn into pastel colors.

它们都会变成柔和的颜色。

And the second is heritage.

第二点是遗产。

As I mentioned earlier, every city has its own locality conditions.

就像我之前提到的， 每一个城市都有它自己的当地条件。

So even though in Singapore we have shophouses,

所以即使在新加坡，我们也有店屋，

our shophouse design

我们店屋的设计

and the shophouse design in Malacca and Hong Kong,

和马六甲和香港的店屋设计，

they're different, because of local influence.

它们都是不同的，因为受当地的影响。

So we must protect our own heritage,

所以我们必须要保护我们的遗产，

and they are very, very unique.

因为它们都非常的独一无二。

And the third thing,

第三点，

which very few people talk about,

是很少人谈到的，

is density.

就是密度。

So as I mentioned earlier,

我也在之前谈到过，

the large city, we must have a higher density,

在大城市，我们必须有高密度，

and make the design more grand.

使得设计变得更加宏大。

Small city, we have low density,

小城市，我们就有低密度，

make the design more romantic.

从而设计得更浪漫。

So if we pick the right density for the cities of different sizes,

所以我们要选择适合的密度 给不同大小的城市，

when you arrive at a city,

当你到达一个城市，

without even looking at the buildings,

甚至还没有看到这里的建筑，

you already know you're going into a different kind of city.

你就已经知道你去到了一个不同的城市。

I told myself that despite the high-density building,

我告诉我自己，对于高密度建筑

the high-density city that we plan,

我们就规划高密度的城市，

we should not use high density as an excuse

我们不应该把高密度作为借口

for not creating a good environment.

而不去创造一个良好的环境。

So I told myself,

所以我告诉我自己，

"How can I live with a high-density policy,

“怎样我才能在高密度的政策之下，

and yet create a nice urban environment?"

还创造一个美好的城市环境？”

It dawned on me that you can have a high-density city

我突然意识到你是 可以有一个高密度的城市，

with a nice environment

同时环境优美

by using the Western chessboard idea.

通过使用西方的棋盘想法。

Because in the Western chessboard,

因为在西方的棋盘中，

you have the black square and the white square alternating.

你有黑色的方块和白色的方块交替出现。

So if we put the [high-density] buildings in the black squares,

所以如果我们将高密度的建筑 放在黑色的方块中，

then [in] the white square we’d put the parks or schools

然后在白色的方块中放入公园和学校

or low-rise shopping centers, and so on.

或者是低层的商场，等等。

So in that case,

所以在那种情况下，

if you can disperse the high-density buildings

如果你可以分散高密度的建筑群

with a lower-density development,

随着低密度的发展，

you don't feel the oppressiveness of high density.

你就不会感觉到高密度的压迫感。

So in a new town, I plan it this way,

所以在一个新的城镇， 我就是这么规划的，

and later, when I planned Singapore, the whole city,

之后，当我规划新加坡整个城市时，

I also alternate it.

我也进行了交替。

For example,

例如，

some of the historical area is naturally low-density,

在一些历史街区就是天然形成的低密度，

and not far from a historic area,

在离历史街区不远的地方，

like Shenton Way,

像珊顿路，

we allow high density.

我们就允许高密度。

But when you are in Shenton Way, it doesn’t feel oppressive,

但是你在珊顿路并不会有压迫感，

because if you just turn your head around,

因为你只需转个头，

you see the sky.

你就可以看到天空。

And that's how Singapore was planned.

这就是新加坡怎么被规划的。

You don't actually go through miles and miles of high-rise buildings,

实际上你并没有穿过连绵不断的高楼大厦，

you go a few miles, one or two miles.

你只是走了几英里，一或者两英里。

Then, you go to medium density, low density and higher density again.

然后你就去到了中密度，低密度， 之后再到达高密度。

So that creates a variety of environments,

所以这样就创造了一个多样化的环境，

and actually makes the city a better city.

使这座城市成为更好的城市。

I realized that we should not treat the city as one body.

我意识到我们不应该 把一座城市当作个体。

We must treat a city as a family.

我们要把一座城市看作是一个家庭。

In a family, you have grandparents,

在一个家庭中，你有祖父母，

below that, you have several parents,

在这之下，你还有几对父母。

and below each parent, you have several children.

并且每对父母还有一些孩子。

So in a city like Singapore,

所以像在新加坡这样的城市，

I divided the city.

我划分了这个城市。

Below that, I divide it into regions.

将它划分成不同的地区。

Each region would have a population size of around a million people.

每个地区的人口规模大约有一百万人。

And below the region, I divide them into new towns.

在每个地区，我还将它划分为不同的城镇。

Each new town will have a population size of around 150,000 to 200,000,

每个城镇的人口规模 大概有 15 万到 20 万人。

occasionally up to 300,000 people.

有时会上升到 30 万人。

And below the new town,

在每个城镇里，

we have neighborhoods;

我们有社区，

below the neighborhoods, we have precincts.

每个社区下，我们有辖区。

That's how Singapore was planned.

新加坡就是这样规划的。

You see, if you take a city like Singapore,

以新加坡为例，

it would take, for example,

例如，

the highest level of commercial center is CBD,

最高级别的商业中心就是中心商务区，

in the central part of Singapore.

在新加坡的中心地区。

But in the region, I have regional centers.

但是在这个地区，我还有地区中心。

It's one rank below the CBD.

它比中心商务区低一级。

And below the region, I have town centers,

同时在这个地区以下， 我还有城镇中心，

in new towns.

在新的城镇。

It's one rank below the regional center.

比地区中心低一级。

and below the town centers are neighborhood centers.

在城镇中心以下的还有社区中心。

So if I live in a neighborhood,

所以如果我居住在社区，

I want to buy a piece of soap,

我想买一块肥皂，

I don't have to go to CBD,

我不需要去到中心商务区购买，

I just walk to the neighborhood center.

我只需要走到社区中心，

I can get it.

就可以买到。

But if I want to have,

但是，如果我想买

maybe, a special dress,

可能是一条特别的裙子，

I may have to go to a town center and get it.

我可能要去到城镇中心才能买到。

So we actually cascade them in ranking.

所以我们把它们按等级串联起来了。

And in a similar way,

并且以类似的方式，

in a city, I would plan for hospitals in different regions.

在一个城市中， 我会规划医院在不同的地区。

Universities in different regions.

把大学规划在不同的地区。

But below that, in new towns,

但是在城镇中，

I would plan for a polytechnic.

我会规划一所理工学院。

Below that, in neighborhoods,

在社区中，

I'd plan for high schools, primary schools.

我会规划高中、小学。

So we cascade the functions, facilities and amenities

所以我们把功能、设施和便利设施串联起来。

according to different family members.

根据不同的家庭成员。

In other words, if you are a grandfather,

换句话说，如果你是祖父，

you are very mature, you take care of the big issues.

你是长辈，你要负责家族里的大事情。

But when you are a father,

但是当你是父亲时，

you are still mature,

你也是长辈，

but you cannot take care of as many things as your grandfather.

但是你就不能像祖父一样负责那么多的事。

But if you are a son,

但是如果你是儿子，

you're not independent, you depend on your father and grandfather.

你还没有独立，你还需要依靠父亲和祖父。

You can take care of only certain limited things.

你能负责的只有很局限的一些事情。

So it's like, that's how a city should function.

所以这就像，一个城市该怎样运作。

If we don't subdivide the city in this kind of manner,

如果我们不以这种方式细分城市，

and we treat the city as one city,

我们只把城市看作一个城市而已，

the problem is that it's like putting the weight

问题就像把五六个人

of five or six people onto one person.

所有的重量放在了一个人的身上。

Now, what kind of person is he?

那么他会是一个什么样的人？

He cannot function, he can't move, you know?

他就不能运作，不能动，你知道吗？

That's what I mean, by traffic jams.

这就是我所说的交通拥堵。

I'm quite worried about the fact that in today's world,

我有点担心现在的当今世界。

when things are changing very fast,

当所有事情发展的特别快时，

people say, "Well, we should not plan a city long-term,

人们会说，“我们不应该 对一个城市有长期的规划，

because things are changing very fast.

因为所有的一切都会发展的很快。

What you plan today may be different tomorrow.

你今天规划好了， 但是明天又不一样了。

Just plan short-term."

那就做短期计划好了。”

I totally cannot accept that,

我完全不能接受这种想法，

because a city is made up of concrete and steel.

因为一个城市是由混泥土和钢组成的。

It's long-term.

这是一个长期的规划。

You cannot say, "Oh, I built a 50-story building today,

你不能说，“哦， 我今天建一个 50 层的楼房，

and I accept that five years later,

5 年之后，如果有情况变化

I'll pull it down for changed circumstances."

摧毁它我也能接受。”

It's not possible.

这是不可能的。

But on the other hand,

但是，另一方面，

you can ask, "How can we be sure

你可以问，“怎样我们才能确保

that whatever we build will last a long time?"

我们所建造的房屋将会存在很长时间？”

My answer is that if you spend time

我的回答是，如果你有花时间

studying the basic human needs of a city

研究城市人类的基本需求，

and also understanding the basic need of the land for the city,

同时了解城市土地的基本需求，

if you spend time studying that

如果你花时间研究这些

and find out the answer and plan accordingly,

并找出答案，同时据此规划，

then the city should be able to last for a long time.

那么这个城市应该就可以持续很长时间。

I just feel that there's too much noise, nowadays,

我有感觉到现代社会有太多的噪音，

to say that the world is changing so fast,

说这个世界正发生着快速的变化，

and therefore, we have to go with the change.

因此，我们还必须接受这些变化。

And also, this belief that the more sexy-looking the city,

有一个观点是，越富有魅力的城市，

if the plan has a crazy-looking road layout,

如果规划中 有一些乱七八糟的道路布局，

crazy-looking buildings,

错综复杂的建筑，

that would actually become creative.

这实际上会变得有创意。

I don't go for that,

我并不赞同这观点，

because if you live in a city,

因为，如果你生活在一个城市里，

what you want is calmness, legibility,

你所想要的是安宁、清晰，

a sense of community, predictability.

有社区意识，可预测性。

And we should never turn a city into a theme park.

我们不应该把一个城市变成主题乐园。

In other words,

换句话说，

despite the fact that we must be very disciplined,

尽管我们必须严于律己，

and create calmness, tranquility and so on,

并创造平静、安宁等等，

we still have to create a city that is enjoyable to live in,

我们还是要创造一个城市， 住在里面是很开心的，

so it's fun.

所以这很有趣。

Now once you know what creates fun for the people,

一旦你知道什么能给人们带来乐趣，

then you identify the functions to serve the fun.

然后你要确定服务于乐趣的功能。

“Fun” would include education, cultural activities and so on.

“乐趣”这个词 包括了教育，文化活动等等。

So then, you identify the functions,

然后，你确定功能，

and once you identify the functions,

一旦你确定了功能，

then you create a city form

你就可以创建出一个城市形式

to satisfy the function.

来满足这些功能。

Form follows function follows fun is the guideline for me in city planning.

形式服从功能，服从乐趣是 我在城市规划中的指导方针。

And we must give them housing,

我们必须给他们住房，

we must give them commercial centers

我们必须给他们商业中心

so that they create jobs.

这样他们创造了就业机会。

We must give them industry, and also schools, hospitals

我们必须给他们工厂，还有学校，医院

and even police stations and fire stations

甚至是警察局和消防站

and sports complexes.

和运动场馆。

Because we want the city people to be able to lead a healthy life.

因为我们想要城市的人过上健康的生活，

And also parks.

还有公园。

So even a small, simple thing like parks:

即使是很小，很简单的事物，例如公园：

we have parks at the city level;

我们在市区有公园；

in the region, we have regional parks;

在地区，我们有地区公园；

new towns, we have town parks;

在城镇，我们还有城镇公园；

neighborhoods have neighborhood parks;

社区里有社区公园；

and in precincts, we have precinct parks.

在辖区，我们有辖区公园。

And the location and size of each type of park

每个公园的位置和大小

was also studied and kind of calibrated.

都进行了研究和校准。

And that's how Singapore is seen as a garden city,

这就是新加坡被视为花园城市，

something to do with that.

就与此有关。

All these things were identified as basic human needs

这些被认定为人类的基本需求

and incorporated in the plan.

都纳入计划中。

To plan a city well,

规划好一个城市，

I'd say you just have to remember three things.

我觉得你要记住这三点。

To have a humanist's heart,

要有一颗人文主义的心，

a scientist's head

一个科学家的头脑

and an artist's eyes.

和一双艺术家的眼睛。

"Humanist's heart" in the sense that you have to plan for people and land.

“人文主义之心”指的是 你必须为人和土地做规划。

You have to create a plan

你必须制定一个计划

where people who live inside find the city liveable

住在里面的人觉得 这个城市哪里是适合居住的，

and also the society resilient.

还有社会弹性。

Land --

土地——

you want to design a city where the land is highly functional

你想要设计一个土地高度功能化的城市

and also ecologically highly sustainable.

并且在生态上有高度的可持续化。

Now the scientist's head is that,

现在科学家的头脑就是这样，

to my mind, a city is like a machine

在我看来，城市就像一个机器

for living.

用来生活。

Now to design a machine,

现在设计一个机器，

you must know all the machine parts,

你必须知道所有的机器零件，

the sizes of each part,

每一个零件的大小，

the number of the parts that you put together,

你再把这些零件拼合在一起，

and put them at the right places.

并将它们放在正确的位置上。

So it is a very precise science.

所以这是一门非常精细的科学，

It's not something you would just draw according to your fancy.

这不是你根据自己的想象画的东西。

But to put this machine onto the land,

但是把这台机器放在土地上，

we have to massage the machine

我们要操纵这台机器

so that when the machine is put on the land,

这样当机器在土地上时，

it would compliment nicely with the land

它将与土地很好地结合在一起，

and would not destroy the land.

而不会毁掉这片土地。

And to help you understand that,

为了帮助你理解到这点，

you need to have an artist's eyes

你必须有艺术家的眼睛

to romance with the land.

与这片土地谈恋爱。

That's [what] I always keep in my mind when I plan a city.

这些就是当设计一座城市时， 我一直铭记在心的。