The Architectural Mastermind Behind Modern Singapore | Liu Thai Ker | TED

Transcriber:

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

A lot of people say, "Why didn't you continue

很多人會說：「你為什麼不

承襲你父親的職業，去當畫家？」

with your father's career as a painter?"

My answer to them is very simple: I’m also a painter.

我給他們的答案非常簡單：

我也是畫家。

The only difference is that my father's painting

唯一的差別在於我父親

is only a few square meters in size.

創作的畫作大小只有幾平方公尺。

My painting is a few thousand kilometers in size.

我的畫作

大小則有幾千公里。

That's the only difference.

只有這個差別。

Singapore, when the British left us, in 1960,

新加坡，

在英國人離開後，

1960 年，

three out of four people lived in squatter areas.

有四分之三的人

住在非法佔用的寮屋區裡。

You probably don't even know what is a squatter area,

你可能甚至不知道寮屋區 是什麼，但在那個年代，

but in those days, it was just all over town.

到處都是寮屋區。

So the government of Singapore decided

於是，

新加坡政府決定，我們……

that, if we want to have a sustainable city,

如果我們想要有個永續的城市，

compatible with all the other, larger countries,

和所有其他更大的國家並立，

we must achieve excellence.

我們必須要做到出類拔萃。

And one of the signs of removing backwardness

而消除的落後跡象之一

is to remove the squatters and house everybody in housing.

就是拆除寮屋，

讓大家都住在住房裡面。

And to do so, since the people in those days were very poor,

要做到這一點，

因為那個年代的人很窮，

we then introduced public housing,

我們便推出了公共住宅，

to build subsidized housing --

建造補助住宅——

good-quality housing, but subsidized,

品質很好，但有補助的住宅，

with affordable rental and affordable selling price.

負擔得起的租金和售價。

That is a very important key to the transformation of Singapore.

對於新加坡的轉變， 這是個非常重要的關鍵。

So within 25 years, between 1960 and 1985,

在二十五年內，

1960 年到 1985 年之間，

we actually got rid of all the squatters.

我們清除了所有寮屋。

We housed every Singaporean into public housing,

我們讓所有新加坡人 都住進了公共住宅，

as well as, of course, private housing.

當然，也有人住私人住宅。

So that transformation is very thorough, very impressive.

所以，那個轉變

非常徹底，非常讓人印象深刻。

That's a remarkable story of Singapore.

那是新加坡很不凡的故事。

If you want to plan a city, the first thing is to ask:

如果你想要規劃一個城市，

第一個要問的問題是：

"How many people are we planning for"?

「我們要為多少人做規劃？」

In 1990, when we were planning the city,

1991 年，我們在規劃城市時， 我的提案是要規劃

I proposed a plan for 100 years, to 2091.

一百年，到 2091 年。

But nowadays, when I plan for other cities,

但現今，

我為其他城市做規劃時，

我會建議計畫要做到 2070 年，

I suggest that we plan up to 2070,

because beyond that, really,

因為，說真的，在那之後，

the whole world may have to control population growth,

全世界可能得要控制人口成長，

so it's like planning for the ultimate population size,

所以那就像是為 最終的人口數做規劃，

because every city wants the city to be unique.

因為每個城市都希望 它自己是獨一無二的。

So, for Singapore and for cities I plan,

所以，

對於新加坡以及對我規劃的城市，

I look for the design gene of that locality,

我會去找那個地點的設計基因，

to give it its unique character.

賦予它獨特特徵的基因。

Now, what are the key design genes?

關鍵的設計基因是什麼？

You see, different localities have different characteristics.

不同的地點有不同的特徵。

For example, they have different climates --

比如，它們有不同的氣候——

climates also affect planning and design --

氣候也會影響到規劃和設計——

and they also have different customs,

它們也有不同的習俗，

and that also affects what you put into the city plan or design.

那也會影響到

你在城市計畫或設計中要納入什麼。

And also, some kind of architectural heritage.

此外，還有某種 遺留下來的建築傳統。

For example, in Southeast Asia, because of the strong sun,

比如，

在東南亞，因為烈日，

we never have very strong colors.

我們從來不會用非常強烈的顏色。

If you look at Malay villages, the colors are kind of pastel.

如果去看馬來村，

顏色通常是柔和的淡色。

Why? Because if you paint very strong colors

為什麼？因為如果你 把非常強烈的顏色漆在

on Malay village buildings,

馬來村的建築物上，

after a few years under the hot sun,

幾年後，在烈日曝曬下，

they all turn into pastel colors.

它們也全都會變成柔和的淡色。

And the second is heritage.

再來就是遺留下來的傳統。

As I mentioned earlier, every city has its own locality conditions.

我剛才提過，每個城市

都有它自己的地點條件。

So even though in Singapore we have shophouses,

雖然我們新加坡有店屋，

our shophouse design

我們的店屋設計

and the shophouse design in Malacca and Hong Kong,

以及在麻六甲和香港的店屋設計，

they're different, because of local influence.

它們是不同的， 原因就是當地的影響。

So we must protect our own heritage,

所以我們必須要保護 我們自己的遺留傳統，

and they are very, very unique.

它們非常獨特。

And the third thing,

第三點，

which very few people talk about,

也是很少人談的一點，

is density.

就是密度。

So as I mentioned earlier,

如我剛才提到的，

the large city, we must have a higher density,

對大城市，我們必須要有

更高的密度，並要讓設計更宏大。

and make the design more grand.

Small city, we have low density,

小城市，我們要低密度， 並讓設計更浪漫。

make the design more romantic.

So if we pick the right density for the cities of different sizes,

所以，

如果我們能挑選對的密度 來配合不同大小的城市，

when you arrive at a city,

當你抵達一個城市， 甚至還不用去看建築物，

without even looking at the buildings,

you already know you're going into a different kind of city.

你就已經知道你即將進入 一種不同的城市。

I told myself that despite the high-density building,

我告訴我自己，

儘管我們計畫的是高密度的 建築、高密度的城市，

the high-density city that we plan,

we should not use high density as an excuse

我們不應把高密度當作藉口，

for not creating a good environment.

而不去創造好的環境。

So I told myself,

於是我告訴我自己：「我要 如何不違背高密度的方針，

"How can I live with a high-density policy,

and yet create a nice urban environment?"

但仍然能創造出很棒的都市環境？」

It dawned on me that you can have a high-density city

我漸漸明白，

有好環境的高密度城市是有可能的，

with a nice environment

by using the Western chessboard idea.

用西方的棋盤概念就能實現。

Because in the Western chessboard,

因為在西方的棋盤上，

you have the black square and the white square alternating.

有黑色和白色的方塊交錯。

So if we put the [high-density] buildings in the black squares,

如果我們把高密度建築物 放在黑色方塊中，

then [in] the white square we’d put the parks or schools

白色方塊則用來放公園、學校，

or low-rise shopping centers, and so on.

或層數較少的購物中心等等。

So in that case,

這樣的話，如果能把 高密度建築物分散，

if you can disperse the high-density buildings

with a lower-density development,

搭配低密度發展，

you don't feel the oppressiveness of high density.

就不會感受到高密度的壓迫感。

So in a new town, I plan it this way,

我為一個新的城鎮做了這種規劃，

and later, when I planned Singapore, the whole city,

後來，當我為整個 新加坡城市做規劃時，

I also alternate it.

我也用了間隔交錯，比如，

For example,

some of the historical area is naturally low-density,

有一些歷史性地區 天生就是低密度的，

and not far from a historic area,

離歷史性地區不遠的 地方，如珊頓大道，

like Shenton Way,

we allow high density.

就可以做高密度。

But when you are in Shenton Way, it doesn’t feel oppressive,

但在珊頓道，你不會有壓迫感，因為

because if you just turn your head around,

只要你轉頭看看四周， 就會看見天空。

you see the sky.

And that's how Singapore was planned.

新加坡就是這樣規劃出來的。

You don't actually go through miles and miles of high-rise buildings,

你不會連續數哩路 只看到高樓大廈，

you go a few miles, one or two miles.

你會看到幾哩路， 一、兩哩路是高樓大廈，

Then, you go to medium density, low density and higher density again.

接著就會進入中密度地區、 低密度地區，又再到高密度地區。

So that creates a variety of environments,

那就會讓環境很多樣化，

and actually makes the city a better city.

讓這個城市變成更好的城市。

I realized that we should not treat the city as one body.

我了解到，我們不應把城市 視為是單一個個體。

We must treat a city as a family.

我們必須要城市當作一個家庭。

In a family, you have grandparents,

在家庭中，會有祖父母，

below that, you have several parents,

再下面有一些父母輩的成員，

and below each parent, you have several children.

每對父母下面又有孩子。

So in a city like Singapore,

所以，針對如新加坡這樣的城市，

I divided the city.

我會把城市切分開，

Below that, I divide it into regions.

然後再細分為區域，

Each region would have a population size of around a million people.

每個區域的人口數為一百萬人左右。

And below the region, I divide them into new towns.

我又再把區域切分為新鎮，

Each new town will have a population size of around 150,000 to 200,000,

每個新鎮的人口數為

十五萬人到二十萬人左右，

occasionally up to 300,000 people.

偶爾多一點會到三十萬人。

And below the new town,

新鎮又再切分為鄰里；

we have neighborhoods;

below the neighborhoods, we have precincts.

鄰里底下則是行政區。

That's how Singapore was planned.

這就是新加坡的規劃方式。

You see, if you take a city like Singapore,

如果以新加坡這個城市為例，

it would take, for example,

會要……用商業中心來當例子，

the highest level of commercial center is CBD,

最高層級的商業中心 是 CBD（中央商務區），

in the central part of Singapore.

位在新加坡的中央地帶。

But in the region, I have regional centers.

但在區域中，

有區域中心，比 CBD 低一個層級。

It's one rank below the CBD.

And below the region, I have town centers,

在區域底下，有新鎮中的鎮中心，

in new towns.

It's one rank below the regional center.

比區域中心又低一個層級，

and below the town centers are neighborhood centers.

在鎮中心的底下還有鄰里中心。

So if I live in a neighborhood,

所以，如果我住在一個鄰里裡，

I want to buy a piece of soap,

我想要買一塊肥皂，

I don't have to go to CBD,

我不用到 CBD 去，

I just walk to the neighborhood center.

我只要走到鄰里中心就可以買到。

I can get it.

But if I want to have,

但若我想買……

maybe, a special dress,

也許特殊的服裝，

I may have to go to a town center and get it.

我可能得要到鎮中心去買。

So we actually cascade them in ranking.

我們把這些中心依層級串連起來。

And in a similar way,

同樣的，

in a city, I would plan for hospitals in different regions.

在城市中，我會規劃

位在不同區域的醫院、

Universities in different regions.

位在不同區域的大學。

But below that, in new towns,

但在下面的新鎮層級， 我會規劃專科學校。

I would plan for a polytechnic.

Below that, in neighborhoods,

在更下面的鄰里層級， 我會規劃高中和中小學。

I'd plan for high schools, primary schools.

So we cascade the functions, facilities and amenities

我們能把功能、場所、 設施都串連起來，

according to different family members.

根據不同的家庭成員來串連。

In other words, if you are a grandfather,

換言之，

如果你是祖父，

you are very mature, you take care of the big issues.

你非常成熟，

大事由你處理。

But when you are a father,

但如果你是父親，

you are still mature,

你也是成熟的，

but you cannot take care of as many things as your grandfather.

但你能處理的事情 沒辦法像祖父那麼多。

But if you are a son,

如果你是兒子，

you're not independent, you depend on your father and grandfather.

你並不獨立，你要依賴父親和祖父，

You can take care of only certain limited things.

你能處理的事很有限。

So it's like, that's how a city should function.

城市就該像這樣運作。

If we don't subdivide the city in this kind of manner,

如果我們不採用這種方式 來將城市再做細分，

and we treat the city as one city,

且只把城市當作一個城市來看待，

the problem is that it's like putting the weight

問題在於，那就像是

把五、六個人的重量 放在一個人身上。

of five or six people onto one person.

Now, what kind of person is he?

那是什麼樣的人？

He cannot function, he can't move, you know?

他無法做事，他動不了，對吧？

That's what I mean, by traffic jams.

我說交通阻塞就是這個意思。

I'm quite worried about the fact that in today's world,

我很擔心的一點是

在現今變化很快速的世界，

when things are changing very fast,

people say, "Well, we should not plan a city long-term,

大家會說：「我們不應 做長期的城市規劃，

because things are changing very fast.

因為一切都改變得很快。

What you plan today may be different tomorrow.

你今天做的計畫 到明天可能就不同了。

Just plan short-term."

做短期規劃就好。」

I totally cannot accept that,

我完全不能接受。

because a city is made up of concrete and steel.

因為，

城市是用混凝土和鋼所打造的。

It's long-term.

它是長期的。

You cannot say, "Oh, I built a 50-story building today,

你不能說：「喔，我現在 建一棟五十層的大樓，

and I accept that five years later,

我接受如果五年後 情況改變我就把它拆了。」

I'll pull it down for changed circumstances."

It's not possible.

那是不可能的。

But on the other hand,

但，另一方面，你可以問：

you can ask, "How can we be sure

「我們要如何才能確定

that whatever we build will last a long time?"

我們建造的建物能夠很持久？」

My answer is that if you spend time

我的答案是，

如果你花時間去研究

studying the basic human needs of a city

城市中的基本人類需求，

and also understanding the basic need of the land for the city,

並了解城市用地的基本需求，

if you spend time studying that

如果你花時間去研究那些，

and find out the answer and plan accordingly,

並找出答案，

根據答案做規劃，

then the city should be able to last for a long time.

這個城市應該就能長長久久。

I just feel that there's too much noise, nowadays,

我只是覺得，

現在有太多噪音，

吵著說世界改變太快，

to say that the world is changing so fast,

and therefore, we have to go with the change.

因此我們得要配合改變。

And also, this belief that the more sexy-looking the city,

此外，

也有人相信，看起來更迷人的城市

if the plan has a crazy-looking road layout,

要規劃看來很瘋狂的道路佈劃、

crazy-looking buildings,

看來很瘋狂的建築物，

that would actually become creative.

那樣就會變得很有創意。

I don't go for that,

我不贊成，因為，

because if you live in a city,

如果你是住在城市中的居民，

what you want is calmness, legibility,

你想要的是平靜、

清楚易懂、

a sense of community, predictability.

社群感、

可預測性。

And we should never turn a city into a theme park.

我們絕對不能把城市變成主題樂園。

In other words,

換言之，儘管我們 必須要非常守紀律，

despite the fact that we must be very disciplined,

and create calmness, tranquility and so on,

並創造平靜、安寧等等，

we still have to create a city that is enjoyable to live in,

但我們在創造城市時，

仍然要讓居住在其中的 體驗是快樂、有趣的。

so it's fun.

Now once you know what creates fun for the people,

一旦你知道什麼能將快樂帶給居民，

then you identify the functions to serve the fun.

接著，你要找出 什麼功能能提供樂趣。

“Fun” would include education, cultural activities and so on.

「樂趣」會包括教育、

文化活動等等。

So then, you identify the functions,

接著，你找出這些功能，

and once you identify the functions,

一旦找出來之後，

then you create a city form

接著創造一個城市形式，

to satisfy the function.

來滿足這些功能。

Form follows function follows fun is the guideline for me in city planning.

找出樂趣，接著找出功能， 再找出形式，

這就是我做城市規劃的指導方針。

And we must give them housing,

我們必須要給居民住房，

we must give them commercial centers

必須要給他們商業中心，

so that they create jobs.

他們才能創造工作， 我們必須要給他們產業，

We must give them industry, and also schools, hospitals

還有學校、醫院，

and even police stations and fire stations

甚至警察局和消防局，

and sports complexes.

還有運動中心。

Because we want the city people to be able to lead a healthy life.

因為我們希望城市居民能夠

過健康的生活。

And also parks.

還有公園。

So even a small, simple thing like parks:

就連公園這麼小這麼簡單的東西：

we have parks at the city level;

我們也有城市層級的公園，

in the region, we have regional parks;

在區域，我們有區域公園；

new towns, we have town parks;

新鎮，我們有鎮公園；

neighborhoods have neighborhood parks;

鄰里有鄰里公園；

and in precincts, we have precinct parks.

行政區，我們有行政區公園。

And the location and size of each type of park

至於每種公園的地點和大小，

was also studied and kind of calibrated.

我們都有做研究，

並將它們標準化。

And that's how Singapore is seen as a garden city,

這就是為什麼新加坡

被視為花園城市，和這有關。

something to do with that.

All these things were identified as basic human needs

所有這些，

都被視為居民的基本需求，

and incorporated in the plan.

並整合到計畫中

To plan a city well,

要把城市規劃好，

I'd say you just have to remember three things.

我認為，你只需要記住三點。

To have a humanist's heart,

要有人道主義者的心、

a scientist's head

科學家的頭腦，

and an artist's eyes.

以及藝術家的眼睛。

"Humanist's heart" in the sense that you have to plan for people and land.

「人道主義者的心」意思是你得

為人以及為土地做規劃。

You have to create a plan

你所設計的計畫必須要

where people who live inside find the city liveable

住在其中的居民覺得 這個城市適合居住，

and also the society resilient.

也要覺得這個社會是很有韌性的。

Land --

土地——

you want to design a city where the land is highly functional

你會希望在你設計的城市裡，

土地能發揮高度功能，

and also ecologically highly sustainable.

在生態面上也是高度永續的。

Now the scientist's head is that,

科學家的頭腦指的是，

to my mind, a city is like a machine

在我看來，城市就像一台生活機器，

for living.

Now to design a machine,

要設計一台機器，

you must know all the machine parts,

你必須要知道機器的所有零件、

the sizes of each part,

每個零件的大小、

the number of the parts that you put together,

你要組裝的零件數目，

and put them at the right places.

再把它們裝在對的地方。

So it is a very precise science.

這是非常精密的科學，

It's not something you would just draw according to your fancy.

並不是照著幻想去畫就好了。

But to put this machine onto the land,

但要把這台機器放到土地上時，

we have to massage the machine

我們得給這台機機好好按摩一下，

so that when the machine is put on the land,

這麼一來，當機器被放到土地上時，

it would compliment nicely with the land

它才能和土地完美配合，

and would not destroy the land.

且不會破壞土地。

And to help you understand that,

要了解這些，

you need to have an artist's eyes

就會需要藝術家的眼睛，

to romance with the land.

和土地纏綿。

That's [what] I always keep in my mind when I plan a city.

我在規劃城市時，

腦中一定會想著這些。