How to Make Sure Materials Get Reused — Again and Again | Garry Cooper | TED

翻译人员: Shuhui Huang 校对人员: suya f.

A few days ago, I flew in from Chicago.

几天前，我从芝加哥飞过来。

I love it there.

我喜欢那里。

Chicago has it all.

芝加哥拥有一切。

Oh, thank you.

哦，谢谢。

Chicago has it all.

芝加哥拥有一切。

Great food, incredible skyline and architecture

美食、无与伦比的天际线和建筑群，

and the kindest Midwestern folks you'll ever meet.

以及你见过的最善良的中西部人。

Diversity of people and culture, second to none.

人和文化的多样性，首屈一指。

Millions of people move to cities like Chicago each year

每年都有数百万人 移居芝加哥这样的城市

to pursue their life's dreams and passions.

去追求人生的梦想和激情。

I know I did.

我知道我是这样的。

And that's because cities are booming marketplaces of people and companies,

那是因为城市是一个 蓬勃发展的市场，由人和公司、

of products and materials

产品和材料，

and something not so great:

和一些不太好的东西组成的：

waste and greenhouse gas emissions.

废物和温室气体排放。

According to a 2022 World Bank report,

根据世界银行 2022 年的一份报告，

our beloved communities could be responsible

我们心爱的社区可能造成了

for 25 gigatons of carbon emissions

250 亿吨的碳排放

and a ton and ton of waste.

和大量的垃圾。

But what does this mean for your community?

但这对你的社区意味着什么？

Think about that building being torn down,

想想那座被拆除的建筑物，

maybe on the corner next to your office or your home

可能就在你公司或家旁边的拐角处。

and all the wood and concrete and steel

所有的木材、混凝土和钢铁，

or the office equipment or computers

办公设备、电脑、

or furniture being tossed out, dumped in a landfill,

或家具都被扔掉， 丢在垃圾填埋场，

often near the homes of our low-income neighbors.

通常是在低收入家庭附近。

In the United States,

在美国，

40 percent of landfill contain materials from the construction

40% 的垃圾填埋场含有 用于搭建和拆除建筑

and demolition of buildings.

而产生的材料。

This is our linear economy.

这就是我们的线性经济。

It's bad for our climate,

这对我们的气候不利，

it's bad for our health, and it's a missed economic opportunity.

对我们的健康有害， 同时也是错失的经济机会。

But we can turn this line into a circle.

但是我们可以把这条线变成一个圆圈。

Many connected circles, in fact,

事实上，许多相互关联的圈子。

where every a physical resource finds another use and another life,

这里每种物质资源都能 找到另一种用途，

driving down greenhouse gas emissions from new manufacturing,

从而减少制造新建筑 的温室气体排放，

shrinking harmful landfill and creating a lot of jobs.

减少有害的垃圾填埋 并创造大量就业机会。

This disconnected linear economy

当我们将所有权的概念

becomes a circular one

转变为一个每个人和企业都能获得 他人不再需要的东西的系统，

when we transform our concept of ownership

into a system where every person and every business

这种脱节的线性经济

has access to the things others no longer find useful.

就会变成循环经济。

Wood from that building being torn down could be a dining room table.

那栋被拆除的建筑物里 的木头可能是一张餐桌。

Bricks could be concrete again

砖块可以再次变成混凝土

and furniture can be rehabbed

家具可以修复后

and resold to an up-and-coming start-up.

并转售给一家崭露头角的初创公司。

Now my circular economy journey started on a pretty small scale.

我的循环经济之旅 是从相当小的规模开始的。

I was a neuroscientist in a lab at Northwestern University.

我曾是西北大学 实验室的神经科学家。

At that time, in my lab, there were hundreds

当时，在我的实验室里， 有数百甚至数千种生物学工具

if not thousands of biological tools

and things like microscopes, that were going completely unused.

和诸如显微镜之类的东西完全没人用。

In fact, research budgets were tight then and actually now,

实际上，当时和现在 的研究预算都很紧张，

but still, these things sat around collecting dust.

但是，这些东西仍然坐等着落灰。

No one even knew they existed.

甚至没有人知道它们的存在。

So I loaded up a push cart,

于是我装了一辆手推车， 带着这些物品

rolled it around my floor with these items,

在我那层楼走来走去，

visited my colleagues, shared what we no longer needed

拜访了我的同事， 分享我们不再需要

and they might be able to.

而他们也许能用上的东西。

Rheaply, the company I founded and run,

我创立并经营的公司 Rheaply

helps organizations identify and catalog the things they own,

帮助机构识别和分类 他们拥有的东西，

reuse them internally when they can

先尽可能在内部重复使用它们，

and distribute them to other organizations when they cannot.

并在内部不需要的时候， 分发给其他机构。

It's like a high-tech, scaled-up version of me with the push cart at Northwestern,

这就像是在西北大学我带着 推车的大规模高科技的版本，

but with hundreds of organizations,

有数百个机构参与，

from technology to manufacturing leaders,

都是从科技业到制造业的领军者，

and millions of items available for ale and donation --

还有数百万件物品 可供销售和捐赠——

all cataloged on a digital platform,

都在数字平台上编目，

stretching across partners in a local area, a city or state,

合作伙伴都来自本地的城市或州，

creating connected networks of reuse.

以此创建了互联的再利用网络。

Rheaply helps organizations reuse things like building materials

Rheaply 帮助组织 重复利用像建筑材料、

and IT and industrial equipment and furniture.

信息技术以及工业设备 和家具之类的东西。

But companies like Goodr or Olio help reduce food waste

而像 Goodr 或 Olio 这样的 公司通过将多余的食物

by connecting surplus food to people who are hungry.

与饥饿的人联系起来， 帮助减少食物浪费。

And companies like Queen of Raw and Trove and Recurate

Queen of Raw 和

Trove 和 Recurate 这样的公司为纺织品、

create circular loops for textiles,

服装和其他品牌商品

apparel and other branded goods.

创造了圆形闭环。

Let's take a look at how it works for furniture.

让我们来看看 家具是怎么被循环利用的。

An investment bank in New York City had about 2,000 premium office chairs

纽约市的一家投资银行

有大约 2000 把他们 再也用不上的高级办公椅。

that they no longer could use.

When they hired us,

当他们找到我们时，

we sent in a team to inventory that furniture on that floor.

我们派了一个小组清点 那一层楼的家具。

We photographed it, we tagged it and we uploaded it to the system.

我们拍了照片，加上标签， 并上传到系统里。

When it was determined that these items could no longer be useful internally,

当确定这些物品在内部不再有用时，

a notification was sent out through our platform to all of our partners,

我们的平台向所有 合作伙伴发出了通知，

hundreds of them.

足足有上百个。

I'm happy to report that all of these chairs found new homes

我很高兴地告诉大家， 所有这些椅子都找到了新家，

in a local university,

它们被安置在在当地的一所大学、

a community housing organization

一家社区住房机构，

and a local refurbishment company.

和一家当地的翻新公司。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

In total, about 68,000 pounds of potential waste

算下来这一共从垃圾填埋场转移了

was diverted from landfill,

6 万 8 千磅原本会被扔掉的垃圾，

and about 100,000 dollars of value

并且这些机构共同创造了

was recaptured and shared with these organizations.

大约 10 万美元的价值。

Not to mention the carbon savings.

更不用说碳节约了。

Making one of these office chairs, which weighs about 55 pounds,

制造其中一把 重约 55 磅的办公椅

releases 245 pounds of carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

会向大气中 排放 245 磅的二氧化碳。

Now, this is just a small set of furniture on one floor

这只是在纽约市 一家银行的一栋大楼里

in one building of one bank in New York City.

一层楼上的一小部分家具。

Think of all the other office equipment and IT infrastructure

想象一下其他所有可以重复利用的 办公设备和 IT 基础设施。

that we could be reusing.

In this specific case,

在这个案例中，

the bank paid us as a part of meeting their sustainability goals,

银行付钱给我们是为了实现 他们的可持续发展目标，

but the chairs were mostly donated.

但椅子大多是捐赠的。

Sometimes furniture or equipment or materials can be resold

有时，即使折扣超过50％，

even for a 50-plus percent discount.

家具、设备或者材料 也可以转售。

Sometimes refurbished and sometimes split into parts

有时是翻新， 有时是拆分成零件

and used by industrial recycler.

并由工业回收商使用。

OK.

好。

So we know how to create a circular economy

那么我们现在知道了如何

with a microscope on a pushcart like me at Northwestern.

像我在西北大学一样， 在手推车带着显微镜创造循环经济。

And we know how to do so

我们也知道如何在 Rheaply 这样的数字平台上

inside and outside of a building with either its building materials

循环利用办公楼内外的建筑材料

or things like IT infrastructure on a digital platform like Rheaply.

或者 IT 基础设施。

But how do we get to the scale of a city?

但是，我们如何才能 扩大规模到城市呢？

And why?

还有我们为什么要这么做？

Well, cities occupy about three percent of global land mass

城市约占全球陆地面积的 3％，

but house over 50 percent of the global population,

但却容纳了全球 50％ 以上的人口，

which commands over 75 percent of all global resources.

并且使用着 全球 75％ 以上的资源。

Cities are perfect, tractable fronts

城市是完美、易于处理的前沿机会，

for us to drive down greenhouse gas emissions

我们能通过建设当地循环经济 来减少温室气体排放，

and create a lot of jobs by building local circular economies.

并创造大量就业。

Now to transition any city's linear economy to a circular one,

现在，要将任何城市的线性 经济过渡到循环经济，

we're going to, at the very least, have to do three things.

我们必须至少做三件事。

First, we have to build a digital infrastructure

首先，我们必须建立数字基础设施，

to connect every citizen and every company

将每个公民和每家公司

to everything in their city.

与城市中的所有事物联系起来。

Next, we're going to have to build the operational infrastructure

接下来，我们必须建设 运营基础设施，

to make reuse and recycling and remanufacturing easy

使再利用、回收 和再制造变得容易

and universally acceptable.

且被普遍接受。

Next, we're going to have to incentivize every person and business

接下来，我们必须激励每个人和企业

to participate in their local circular economy.

参与当地的循环经济。

As you might expect from a person like me,

正如你可能以为的 我这样的人会说的话，

technology is at the heart of any circular city.

科技是任何循环城市的核心。

So at the very first step,

因此在第一步，

we have to provide universal access to the internet.

我们就必须普及互联网的使用。

But then very quickly after,

但是不久之后，

we have to create local marketplaces,

我们必须创建本地市场，

collections of digital platforms

联合多个数字平台

where anything from toys to building materials can be posted,

在那里可以发布、查找、收集和交换

found, collected and exchanged.

从玩具到建筑材料的任何东西。

Now, this is already happening on platforms like Craigslist

现在，这种情况已经 在克雷格列表（Craigslist），

and Facebook and the Buy Nothing Project,

脸书以及什么都不买计划 （Buy Nothing Project）

等平台上发生了，

but we have to go much bigger and expand into many more product categories.

但我们必须扩大规模， 扩展到更多的产品类别。

In fact, we’re going to have to like, Google Map

实际上，我们必须将城市里 所有的工业设备和办公家具

all the industrial equipment to office furniture in our cities.

都在谷歌地图上标出来。

Because in a circular city,

因为在循环经济城市里，

we actually have to know where things are.

我们必须知道东西在哪里。

But if we can do this,

但是如果我们能做到这一点，

we create a second and third life

我们就会为所有的物理资源 创造第二和第三次生命，

for every physical resource,

increasing its lifetime value and delaying its journey to the landfill.

从而增加其生命周期价值 并延迟其进入垃圾填埋场的旅程。

But it's not just about reusing things.

这不仅仅是重复使用东西。

If we're going to sustain this connected flow

如果我们要维持 循环产品和材料的互联流动，

of circular products and materials,

we're going to have to build the operational capacity

我们就必须建立回收、再制造 和再利用方面的运作能力。

in recycling, remanufacturing and reuse.

And we're going to need things like repair shops

而且我们会需要诸如维修店

and training programs like Arne Duncan’s Chicago CRED,

和培训计划之类的东西，

比如阿恩·邓肯（Arne Duncan） 的 Chicago CRED，

where they're upskilling at-risk youth on the South Side of Chicago.

他们正在芝加哥南区 为高危青少年提供技能培训。

Or the circular construction laboratory at Cornell University,

还有康奈尔大学的循环建筑实验室

where they're training the next generation of eco-conscious architects.

他们正在培训具有 环保意识的下一代建筑师。

With greater capacity, we can reduce the green premium

随着能力的提升， 我们可以降低绿色溢价

or cost associated with reuse and recycling.

或回收再利用相关的成本。

And we're going to need more local hubs

我们将需要更多当地的节点

like the Lifecycle Building Center in Atlanta,

例如亚特兰大的生命周期建筑中心，

where building materials can be donated and reused in the community.

那里可以捐赠建筑材料 并在社区中重复使用。

And we’re going to need more refurbishment companies

而且我们将需要 更多的翻新公司，

like The Furniture X-Change in New Jersey or Envirotech in Ontario,

比如新泽西州 的The Furniture

X-Change 或安大略省 的 Envirotech，

where they take old furniture

那里他们把旧家具

and make something modern and appealing.

制造成现代又好看的东西。

And of course, we're going to need more local shipping and delivery companies.

当然，我们将需要更多的 本地运输和送货公司。

Last but very importantly,

最后但非常重要的是，

we're going to have to match these digital and operational infrastructure investments

我们必须为这些数字 和运营基础设施的投资

with smart public policy

配上激励参与循环经济模式的

that incentivizes participation in a circular economic model.

明智的公共政策。

In San Francisco,

在旧金山，

the Department of Environment has adopted ordinances

环境部通过了推动 当地循环和再利用的

and solutions that drive local circularity and reuse.

法令和解决方案。

Last November,

去年11月，

Massachusetts made it illegal to throw out textiles,

马萨诸塞州将丢弃纺织品定为非法，

becoming the very first state to do so.

成为了第一个这样做的州。

They've even launched a website that maps out all the recycling outlets

他们甚至推出了一个网站，列出了所有

where these materials can be discarded.

可以丢弃这些材料的回收渠道。

And in San Antonio, one of my personal favorites,

在圣安东尼奥，这是 我个人最喜欢的措施之一，

you don't pay property taxes for five years

如果你修复了一个 当地历史街区的建筑物，

if you rehab a building in a local historic district.

你在五年内无需缴纳财产税。

Now, here's where it's exciting for public policymakers.

对于公共决策者来说， 令人兴奋的地方是这一点：

A circular city could be a thriving economy.

一个循环经济的城市 可以有一个繁荣的经济。

Businesses in these city-based circular economies

这些以城市为基础的 循环经济中的企业，

are going to need large local workforces to update internet infrastructure,

将需要大量的当地劳动力 来更新互联网基础设施，

to repair or remanufacture goods

修理或再制造商品，

or just to resell and drive things across town.

或者只是转售和开车穿越城镇。

Now these ideas are getting a lot of traction.

这些想法越来越受欢迎了。

Last year, Rheaply, with many other organizations,

去年，Rheaply 与许多其他组织一起，

formed the Circular City Coalition led by Pyxera Global.

成立了由道合兴华 （Pyxera Global）

领导的循环城市联盟。

The Coalition's purpose is to help any city transition

该联盟的目的是 帮助任何城市

from linear to circular,

从线性向循环过渡，

while making sure it benefits everyone in the community equally.

同时确保它使社区中 的每个人平等受益。

And here's where I get excited,

接下来是让我兴奋的一点，

and I think you all should, too.

我觉得你们也应该兴奋。

If we can summon the focus and energy

如果我们能够集中精力，

to build just 1,000 of these circular cities by 2040,

仅仅在 2040 年之前建造 1000 个这样的循环城市，

we'll drive down global greenhouse gas emissions by more than 60 percent

我们将使全球温室气体排 放量减少 60％ 以上，

and get back on track to meeting the targets

重新回到《巴黎协定》中

set out in the Paris Accords.

设定的目标轨道上。

Yes.

是的。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We've got to do it.

我们必须做到。

I'm a city boy from Chicago.

我是一个来自芝加哥的城市男孩。

And I know you love your city, too.

我知道你也喜欢你的城市。

Cities are ground zero in the fight against global climate change.

在应对全球气候变化的斗争中， 城市是起始原点。

And in that fight, we're all neighbors,

在那场战斗中，我们都是邻居，

not competitors, not strangers.

不是竞争对手，也不是陌生人。

We need each other

无论我们住在哪个城市或城镇，

in whatever city or town we reside in.

我们都需要彼此。

And if we can all just participate in making our cities circular,

如果我们都能参与使城市循环化，

sharing resources locally when we no longer need them,

在本地共享自己不再需要的资源，

a concept that simple,

就是如此简单的一个概念，

then a net-zero future is possible.

净零排放的未来是可能的。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank you, TED.

谢谢你，TED。

(Applause)

（掌声）