A stealthy reimagining of urban public space | Elizabeth Diller

翻译人员: Lermes M 校对人员: Bruce Wang

公共空间应当像我们呼吸的空气 那样免费且充足。

我们的城市被房地产业控制着，

越来越多的开放空间被蚕食

Public space must be as free and abundant as the air we breathe.

并被当作商品进行交易和销售，

建筑师们必须维护公共空间，

In our real estate-driven cities,

提倡建设更多的公共空间，

where open space is increasingly carved up,

并重新利用被忽视或缺乏长远规划 而浪费的公共空间。

traded and sold as a commodity,

architects must defend public space,

在我们的工作里，

advocate for more of it,

有时，这意味着 要和一个客户争论，

and reclaim space that's been squandered by neglect

开拓出公共的空间，

or lack of vision.

又或者要偷偷地想出一些方法，

In our practice,

this sometimes means openly sparring with a client

在私人建筑项目中， 巧妙构建出公共空间。

to carve out public space,

不管怎样，所有的民主都需要捍卫者。

or inventing stealthy, under-the-radar ways

of insinuating space for the public into otherwise private building projects.

作为城市地区的管家，

我们的职责就是保证公共空间的存在，

Either way, all democracies need champions.

并使得我们日渐私有化的城市民主化。

It's our role, as stewards of the urban realm,

2004年

to will public space into existence

两位卓越的公民活动家 加入了我的工作室，

and to democratize our progressively privatized cities.

他们发起了一场拯救一段 1.5英里长的废弃基建的运动，

In 2004,

my studio came into the orbit of two inspired citizen activists

并将其转化为一处公共公园。

who launched a campaign to save a 1.5-mile stretch

经过和当地开发商多年的斗争， 面对不断增加的压力，

of derelict infrastructure

高线公园原址没有被拆，

and convert it into a public park.

而我们与合作伙伴詹姆斯·科纳 以及皮特·乌多夫一起负责设计这个项目。

After years of struggle and mounting pressure

from local developers,

the High Line was saved from demolition,

我们爱上了这个几年来无人问津中 偶然产生的生态系统。

and we, along with our partners James Corner and Piet Oudolf,

were put in charge of designing it.

我们不想在这打造建筑物， 反而发誓要保护这篇净土。

We fell in love with the accidental ecosystem

that developed there after years of neglect.

原址非常脆弱 以至于难以用作公共用地，

Rather than making architecture,

我们为这个古怪的 自我繁衍的生态系统重新编辑了DNA，

we vowed to protect this place from architecture.

将这个半天然半人工的系统杂交起来， 我们称它为“农业型建筑”。

The site was too fragile to share with the public,

so we reinterpreted the DNA of this weird, self-seeded ecosystem

公园一般是一种逃离城市的方式。

that was half natural and half man-made,

但这个公园却被看作 进入城市的一个入口，

into a hybrid we called agritecture.

一座进入这个城市潜意识的大门。

Typically, parks serve as an escape from the city.

这个公园悬浮在快节奏的街道上空，

But this park was conceived as an entry into the city,

高线公园成为了体验另类纽约的地方，

a portal into the city's subconscious.

这里的风景 永远无法在明信片上呈现出来。

Floating over the fast-paced streets below,

在一个奖励无休工作的文化中，

the High Line became a place to experience an alternative New York,

高线公园成为了现代的一个插曲，

with views that could never make it onto a postcard.

单纯地分享城市生活的乐趣。

In a culture that rewards relentless productivity,

我们没想到高线公园成为了 纽约最出名的旅游目的地之一，

the High Line became a parenthesis in the day for doing nothing

but sharing in the pleasures of being urban.

成为世界游客的一处打卡地。

Unexpectedly, the High Line became one of the most popular destinations

去年这里迎接了 超过八百万人次的游客。

in New York

高线公园也迅速走红。

and a landmark on the world tourist map.

全球数百座城市也受到启发 打造了他们自己的高线公园。

Last year, over eight million people came.

我们把握住了全球的脉搏。

The High Line also went viral.

在全球环境意识和资源 不断减少的时代，

Hundreds of cities around the world were inspired to build one of their own.

城市管理者们意识到他们可以 借此机会重新将老旧建筑

We touched a global nerve.

In a time of environmental awareness

作为一种可持续的途径， 将这些空间返还给大众。

and shrinking resources on the planet,

cities realized they could seize the opportunity to reimagine

毕竟，人人享有绿色空间 事关环境正义。

aging infrastructure

as a sustainable way to give back space to the public.

2013年，我们被选中设计 莫斯科中心的一座公园。

After all,

access to green space is an environmental justice issue.

幸运的是，莫斯科放弃了原先 打造大规模商业点的计划，

In 2013, we were selected to design a park in central Moscow.

转而支持修建这个因其历史有些敏感的 充满政治色彩的地区，

这里毗邻克里姆林宫、红场 以及圣巴西尔大教堂。

Thankfully, the city pivoted from its plan to build a giant commercial development

on this historically sensitive and politically charged site,

公园将坐落在赫鲁晓夫时代的 罗西亚大酒店的遗址

adjacent to the Kremlin, Red Square

and St. Basil's Cathedral.

我们面临着道德上的两难境地。

我们能在专制统治的背景下 修建一处民主的公共场所吗？

It would sit on the footprint

of the former massive Khrushchev-era hotel "Rossiya."

We faced a moral dilemma.

尽管这里离克里姆林宫很近，

Was it possible to make a democratic public space

我们决定把重点放在莫斯科希望 成为一座进步的大城市

in the context of a repressive regime?

Despite being a stone's throw from the Kremlin,

当国家政府辜负了我们，

we decided to focus on Moscow's aspirations

城市该担起社会改革的责任。

of becoming a progressive, cosmopolitan city.

这处公园将作为一处展示公民想法之地，

As national governments are failing us,

与阅兵式

cities hold the promise of social reform.

以及红场上的政治军力展示 形成鲜明对比。

The park would be a site of civic expression,

鉴于公共空间在反对声中的脆弱性，

a foil to the military parades

政府试图对其进行控制。

and other demonstrations of power in Red Square.

我们得到的修建要求 并不鼓励设置大型的开放空间，

Given the vulnerability that public spaces pose

这可能是出于对公众集会

from opposition,

governments try to control them.

和社会动荡的担忧。

The architectural brief we got discouraged large open spaces,

我们的对应方案是 设计开放的草地和广场，

presumably out of concern for public assemblies

其用途可以是开放式的。

and social unrest.

我们没有使用修剪过的花园，

Our response was to make open meadows and plazas

也没有用玫瑰花丛这类官方限制的植物，

whose uses could be open-ended.

而是引入了一个我们称之为 野生城市主义的原则。

Instead of the manicured gardens

公园将种植本地植物，

and restricted inventories of official plantings, like rose bushes,

这些植物来自俄罗斯的四个主要地区。

we introduced a principle we called wild urbanism.

这是我们的秘密行动。

The park would host native plants,

它因表达了一种民族自豪感而受到欢迎。

sourced from the four major regional landscapes of Russia.

与莫斯科的典型公园相比，

This was our stealthy move.

那些公园里你只被允许在步道上行走，

It was embraced as an expression of national pride.

植被则被围了起来，

这个公园没有固定的路线,

In contrast to typical parks in Moscow,

鼓励游客沉浸式的游览。

where you're only permitted to walk on pathways,

fenced off from vegetation,

扎里亚季耶公园非常成功。

this park is unscripted

第一个月的游客量便达到了一百万人次。

and encouraged immersion in the landscape.

因此，毫不奇怪，普京将它 政治化为他给人民打造的公园。

Zaryadye Park has been immensely successful.

One million people came the first month.

同时，公园对被压抑的年轻人的解放作用

So, not surprisingly, Putin politicized Zaryadye as his park for the people.

被监控拍了下来。

俄罗斯政府官员指责美国的影响

Meanwhile, the park's liberating effect on a repressed younger generation

腐化了俄罗斯的年轻人。

但对我们来说， 这标志着一次巨大的成功。

was caught on security cameras.

Government officials blamed American influence

我们开始相信，尽管政权来来去去——

for corrupting Russian youth.

有些比其他政权更慢一些——

但是公共空间是永恒的。

But for us, this was a great sign of success.

他们可以缓慢地甚至是颠覆性地

We came to believe that regimes come and go --

some more slowly than others --

赋予公众力量。

对民主公共空间的威胁 来对于金钱的贪婪。

but public spaces endure.

They can work quietly, even subversively,

回看纽约，

to empower the public.

高线公园的周边地区

The threat to democratic public space comes also from financial greed.

已经从一大片开放的停车场

变成纽约最为昂贵的房地产。

Returning to New York,

它无意之间反而因为 自己的成功变成受害者

the neighborhood surrounding the High Line

had transformed from a sea of open parking lots

并变为快速城市化的代表。

to the most expensive real estate in New York.

随着越来越多的富人 替代了这里原有的低收入人群，

The park inadvertently fell victim to its own success

我开始质问起建筑师的责任

and became an agent of rapid urbanization.

他们无意间对城市的改变 形成了一系列后果。

And with it came gentrification.

我觉得有必要在现场做出回应，

I question what is the responsibility of the architect

in shaping the aftermath of urban change that they've unwittingly produced.

利用高线公园这个公共空间

进行一场史诗级的表演

“一英里长的歌剧”。

I felt compelled to respond on the site where it happened,

这将对这前所未有的变化着的

to use the public space of the High Line

as an urban stage for an epic performance

后工业化城市

对这其中的赢家与输家进行沉思。

called "The Mile-Long Opera."

它体现对于无法挽回的过去的怀念

It would be a meditation on the unprecedented speed of change

of the postindustrial city,

和对逐渐陌生的未来的理解。

its winners and losers.

And it would embody a sense of nostalgia we feel for an irretrievable past

人们倾向认为歌剧是昂贵且高档。

and apprehension about an alienating future.

但这场歌剧会对所有人免费开放。

我扮演着创作者、导演 以及制片人的角色，

People tend to think of opera as expensive and exclusive.

快要忙坏了，

This would welcome everyone for free.

但我找到了一些出色的合作者。

I stepped into the role of creator, director and producer,

“一英里长的歌剧”由大型的合唱团表演

and basically off a cliff,

他们来自四十个教堂、社区 以及学校合唱团。

but I brought some brilliant collaborators with me.

共计一千名歌手

"The Mile-Long Opera" was performed by a giant ensemble

分布在高线公园1.5英里长的路径上。

of 40 church, community and school choirs.

(歌手们在演唱歌剧)

One thousand singers in all were distributed

along the 1.5-mile stretch of the High Line.

(Singers singing opera)

伊丽莎白·迪勒：每位歌手都会独唱，

面对上千漫步着的观众

连续表演七个晚上，

每个人都表达了他们 应对当代生活的独特方式。

Elizabeth Diller: Each singer performed solo

to a promenading audience of thousands

表现出他们的焦虑、幽默、渴望、脆弱、

each night for seven nights,

喜悦与愤怒。

each expressing their unique way of coping with contemporary life.

城市就是他们舞台的背景。

在一些特别黑暗的日子里， 面对国内的政治斗争，

Through anxiety, humor, longing, vulnerability,

joy and outrage.

在曼哈顿的这片区域，

The city was their backdrop.

纽约人有着共同的价值观和公民责任感。

During some particularly dark days of political strife in the country,

across a big swath of Manhattan,

但高线公园周边的变化并未减慢。

there was a palpable sense of shared values and citizenship

一个名为哈德逊院庭的大型房地产项目

among New Yorkers.

正在成为美国历史上 最大的混合用途开发项目。

But development around the High Line was not slowing down.

A huge real-estate play called Hudson Yards

“智慧”的纽约市保留了 这块巨大地产中的一小块，

was in the process of becoming the largest mixed-use development

用于建设一个尚未确定的文化设施，

in US history.

In its wisdom,

并征求意见。

the city of New York retained a small piece of that huge property

尽管不是理想的地点，

我们想：“为什么不抓住这次机会呢？

for a yet-to-be-determined cultural facility,

为什么不把这片商业用地

and asked for ideas.

用作非主流文化运动的地点？”

And while not the ideal spot,

同我们的合作伙伴大卫·洛克威尔一起，

we thought, "Why not be opportunistic?

我们构想出了建筑和其整体的精神。

Why not use the space produced by commercial development

for countercultural activity?"

这处新的场所必须对 不可预测的未来做出反应，

With our partner David Rockwell,

we had a vision for a building and an institutional ethos.

艺术家们可以自由使用所有学科知识，

利用所有媒介，

The new entity had to be responsive to an unpredictable future

创作出任何大小，户内或户外的作品。

为此，我们必须改变模式，

in which artists would be free to work across all disciplines

挑战建筑的惯有状态。

and all media,

at all scales, indoors and out.

它由一个固定的建筑构成， 包含一个多用途画廊

To do so, we had to change the paradigm

以及一个可以按需伸缩的外壳。

and challenge the inertia of architecture.

The Shed艺术中心可扩大至原面积的两倍

Made up of a fixed building with a stack of multi-use galleries

以适应大型装置、演出以及活动的需求。

and a telescoping outer shell that deploys on demand,

如果不需要额外的空间， 你可以直接将外壳嵌套起来，

The Shed is able to double its footprint

开辟出一个大型的户外空间 以供公众使用或用于文化产业。

for large installations, performances and events.

该结构在五分钟内展开，

If you don't need the extra space, you can just nest the shell

只使用一个汽车发动机的马力。

and open up a large outdoor space for cultural and public use.

The Shed艺术中心是一家初创企业，

这里有一群有远见卓识的合作者

The structure deploys in five minutes,

有着共同的直觉以及纯粹的意愿。

and uses the horsepower of one car engine.

(音乐)

尽管这一小片标志着 反叛主流文化的区域处在公有土地

The Shed is a start-up

realized with a group of visionary collaborators

以及一片大型商业用地之上，

based on a hunch and sheer will.

但The Shed艺术中心通过它的内容 强烈地表现出其独立的特性。

(Music)

While it's a small pocket of resistance on publicly owned land

既然人口的扩张和城市的发展不可避免，

and a giant commercial site,

The Shed asserts its independence strongly through its content.

对于我们这些建设者来说，

重要的是要不懈地倡导民主的公共领域，

As populations expand and city growth is inevitable,

这样，不断减少的城市空间

it's important for those of us who build

就不会被出价最高的人夺走。

to relentlessly advocate for a democratic public realm

谢谢。

so that dwindling urban space

is not forfeited to the highest bidder.

Thank you.