Daniel Suarez: The kill decision shouldn't belong to a robot

76,064 views ・ 2013-06-13

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Binglei Shea 校对人员: Ning Zhang
00:12
I write fiction sci-fi thrillers,
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我是写科幻惊悚小说的,
00:15
so if I say "killer robots,"
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所以如果我说"机器人杀手"
00:18
you'd probably think something like this.
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你也许会这么想。
00:20
But I'm actually not here to talk about fiction.
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但我其实不打算在这里谈论小说。
00:22
I'm here to talk about very real killer robots,
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我在这里要谈论非常真实的杀手机器人,
00:25
autonomous combat drones.
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自主作战无人机。
00:29
Now, I'm not referring to Predator and Reaper drones,
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现在,我不是指“捕食者”和“死神无人机”,
00:32
which have a human making targeting decisions.
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他们是由人类决定攻击目标的。
00:35
I'm talking about fully autonomous robotic weapons
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我说的是完全自主的机器人武器
00:39
that make lethal decisions about human beings
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它们自己作出攻击
00:41
all on their own.
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人类的决定。
00:44
There's actually a technical term for this: lethal autonomy.
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这实际上有一个技术术语: 致命的自主权。
00:48
Now, lethally autonomous killer robots
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现在,致命的自主机器人杀手
00:50
would take many forms -- flying, driving,
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有许多形式——飞行、 驾驶、
00:54
or just lying in wait.
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或只是埋伏。
00:56
And actually, they're very quickly becoming a reality.
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实际上,他们正在很快成为现实。
00:59
These are two automatic sniper stations
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这些都是两个自动的狙击地点
01:02
currently deployed in the DMZ between North and South Korea.
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目前部署在朝鲜和韩国之间非军事区。
01:06
Both of these machines are capable of automatically
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这些机器都能够自动
01:08
identifying a human target and firing on it,
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识别人类目标并向其射击,
01:12
the one on the left at a distance of over a kilometer.
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左边的那个可以在一公里外(就发现目标)。
01:16
Now, in both cases, there's still a human in the loop
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现在,这两种情况下,仍有一个人类在控制
01:20
to make that lethal firing decision,
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来下这一致命射击的决定,
01:22
but it's not a technological requirement. It's a choice.
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但它不是一项技术要求。它是一种选择。
01:27
And it's that choice that I want to focus on,
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我重点关注的正是这一选择,
01:31
because as we migrate lethal decision-making
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因为随着我们致命决策权的迁移
01:33
from humans to software,
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从人到软件,
01:36
we risk not only taking the humanity out of war,
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我们甘冒风险不只让人们远离战争
01:40
but also changing our social landscape entirely,
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而且也在改变我们的整个社会格局,
01:43
far from the battlefield.
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使其远离战场。
01:45
That's because the way humans resolve conflict
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这是因为人类解决冲突的方式
01:50
shapes our social landscape.
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决定了我们社会的格局。
01:52
And this has always been the case, throughout history.
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在整个历史长河中一直是如此。
01:54
For example, these were state-of-the-art weapons systems
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例如,这些都是最先进的武器系统
01:57
in 1400 A.D.
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在公元 1400 年
01:59
Now they were both very expensive to build and maintain,
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现在建造和维护它们都很昂贵
02:02
but with these you could dominate the populace,
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但有了这些,你就可以主宰民众,
02:05
and the distribution of political power in feudal society reflected that.
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同时也反映了封建的社会中政治权力的分配。
02:09
Power was focused at the very top.
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权力集中在最顶端。
02:12
And what changed? Technological innovation.
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什么改变了?技术创新。
02:16
Gunpowder, cannon.
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火药,加农炮。
02:17
And pretty soon, armor and castles were obsolete,
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很快,装甲和城堡都已过时,
02:21
and it mattered less who you brought to the battlefield
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你带谁上战场已经不那么重要
02:24
versus how many people you brought to the battlefield.
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重要的是你带了多少人上战场。
02:28
And as armies grew in size, the nation-state arose
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并且随着军队的组织的扩大,为了满足国防上的
02:31
as a political and logistical requirement of defense.
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政治和后勤要求,民族国家出现了。
02:35
And as leaders had to rely on more of their populace,
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作为领导人不得不依靠更多的民众,
02:37
they began to share power.
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他们开始分享权力。
02:39
Representative government began to form.
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代表政府开始形成。
02:42
So again, the tools we use to resolve conflict
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再次,我们用来解决冲突的工具
02:45
shape our social landscape.
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塑造了我们社会的格局。
02:48
Autonomous robotic weapons are such a tool,
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自主机器人武器就是这样一个工具,
02:52
except that, by requiring very few people to go to war,
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除此之外,通过只需要很少的人去打仗,
02:58
they risk re-centralizing power into very few hands,
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他们的风险在于权力可能重新回到少数人手里,
03:02
possibly reversing a five-century trend toward democracy.
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可能扭转五个世纪的民主潮流。
03:09
Now, I think, knowing this,
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现在,我想,知道这个,
03:11
we can take decisive steps to preserve our democratic institutions,
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我们可以采取果断措施,维护我们的民主机构,
03:15
to do what humans do best, which is adapt.
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做人类擅长的事情,这是适应。
03:19
But time is a factor.
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但时间是一个因素。
03:21
Seventy nations are developing remotely-piloted
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七十个国家正在自主发展遥控
03:24
combat drones of their own,
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无人作战机,
03:26
and as you'll see, remotely-piloted combat drones
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如你所见,遥控作战无人机是
03:29
are the precursors to autonomous robotic weapons.
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自主机器人武器的前提。
03:33
That's because once you've deployed remotely-piloted drones,
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这是因为一旦您已经部署了遥控无人作战机,
03:36
there are three powerful factors pushing decision-making
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有三个强大的因素迫使人类
03:39
away from humans and on to the weapon platform itself.
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把决策权交给武器平台本身。
03:44
The first of these is the deluge of video that drones produce.
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第一是无人机拍摄的大量视频。
03:49
For example, in 2004, the U.S. drone fleet produced
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例如,2004 年,美国无人机梯队拍摄了
03:53
a grand total of 71 hours of video surveillance for analysis.
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总计 71 个小时的视频监控可供分析。
03:58
By 2011, this had gone up to 300,000 hours,
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2011 年,这已经达 300,000 小时
04:03
outstripping human ability to review it all,
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超过了人类的审查能力,
04:06
but even that number is about to go up drastically.
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但即使这一数字会猛烈地增长。
04:10
The Pentagon's Gorgon Stare and Argus programs
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五角大楼的“戈尔贡凝视”(Gorgon Stare)和守卫程序
04:12
will put up to 65 independently operated camera eyes
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还将把 65个 独立的照相机眼睛
04:15
on each drone platform,
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安装在每个无人机平台上,
04:17
and this would vastly outstrip human ability to review it.
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这将远远超过人类的审查能力。
04:21
And that means visual intelligence software will need
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这就需要视觉情报软件
04:23
to scan it for items of interest.
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去扫描它感兴趣的目标。
04:27
And that means very soon
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这意味着很快
04:28
drones will tell humans what to look at,
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无人机将告诉人类要看什么
04:31
not the other way around.
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不是其他方式。
04:33
But there's a second powerful incentive pushing
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但还有第二个的强大动力迫使
04:36
decision-making away from humans and onto machines,
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人类把决策权交给机器。
04:39
and that's electromagnetic jamming,
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这就是电磁干扰,
04:42
severing the connection between the drone
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它会切断无人飞机和操控者
04:44
and its operator.
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之间的联系。
04:47
Now we saw an example of this in 2011
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现在我们看到的例子发生在 2011 年
04:50
when an American RQ-170 Sentinel drone
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当美国 RQ-170 哨兵无人机
04:53
got a bit confused over Iran due to a GPS spoofing attack,
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由于GPS欺骗攻击,在伊朗上空而发生混乱,
04:57
but any remotely-piloted drone is susceptible to this type of attack,
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但任何遥控无人飞机都极易受这种类型的攻击,
05:02
and that means drones
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这就意味着无人机
05:04
will have to shoulder more decision-making.
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将不得不承担更多的决策。
05:08
They'll know their mission objective,
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他们就会知道他们的使命目标
05:11
and they'll react to new circumstances without human guidance.
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他们在无人操纵的情况下有自主应对新情况的能力。
05:16
They'll ignore external radio signals
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他们会忽略外部的无线电信号
05:18
and send very few of their own.
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只发出极少量的无线信号。
05:21
Which brings us to, really, the third
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这就引出了,第三个
05:23
and most powerful incentive pushing decision-making
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最强大的诱因促使我们
05:27
away from humans and onto weapons:
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将决策权交给武器自身:
05:30
plausible deniability.
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貌似合理的推脱。
05:33
Now we live in a global economy.
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现在我们生活在一个全球化的经济大潮中。
05:36
High-tech manufacturing is occurring on most continents.
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高科技制造业在大多数大陆上发生。
05:40
Cyber espionage is spiriting away advanced designs
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网络间谍活动正在将先进的设计
05:43
to parts unknown,
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带到未知世界,
05:45
and in that environment, it is very likely
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在那种环境下,它是很有可能
05:47
that a successful drone design will be knocked off in contract factories,
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一个成功的无人驾驶飞机设计在授权工厂被停工,
05:52
proliferate in the gray market.
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导致其在灰色市场量产。
05:54
And in that situation, sifting through the wreckage
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在这种情况,即使仔细筛查
05:57
of a suicide drone attack, it will be very difficult to say
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无人机自杀式攻击的残骸,
06:00
who sent that weapon.
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也很难说谁发射了这个武器。
06:04
This raises the very real possibility
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这就引起了非常现实的可能性
06:07
of anonymous war.
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匿名的战争。
06:10
This could tilt the geopolitical balance on its head,
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这将导致地缘政治失衡并倾向一头,
06:12
make it very difficult for a nation to turn its firepower
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使一个国家很难将其火力
06:16
against an attacker, and that could shift the balance
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对准攻击者,这可能会令21 世纪的平衡
06:19
in the 21st century away from defense and toward offense.
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从防御走向进攻。
06:22
It could make military action a viable option
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它能使军事行动成为可行的选择
06:26
not just for small nations,
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不只是那些小国家
06:28
but criminal organizations, private enterprise,
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甚至犯罪组织、 私人企业、
06:30
even powerful individuals.
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甚至是强大的个人都可以这么做。
06:33
It could create a landscape of rival warlords
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它可以引起军阀割据的混战,
06:36
undermining rule of law and civil society.
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破坏法治和文明社会。
06:40
Now if responsibility and transparency
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现在如果责任和透明度
06:43
are two of the cornerstones of representative government,
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是代议制政府的两个基石
06:46
autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both.
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自主机器人武器可能同时摧毁它们。
06:50
Now you might be thinking that
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现在你可能会想,
06:52
citizens of high-tech nations
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高科技的国家的公民
06:54
would have the advantage in any robotic war,
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在任何机器人的战争中占有优势
06:57
that citizens of those nations would be less vulnerable,
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这些国家的公民将不再那么脆弱,
07:00
particularly against developing nations.
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尤其是针对发展中国家。
07:05
But I think the truth is the exact opposite.
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但事实是正好相反。
07:08
I think citizens of high-tech societies
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我认为高科技社会的公民
07:10
are more vulnerable to robotic weapons,
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面对机器人武器更加脆弱,
07:14
and the reason can be summed up in one word: data.
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原因可以用一个词概括: 数据。
07:19
Data powers high-tech societies.
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数据掌控着高科技社会。
07:22
Cell phone geolocation, telecom metadata,
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手机定位,电信的元数据,
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social media, email, text, financial transaction data,
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社会媒体、 电子邮件、 文本、 金融交易数据,
07:29
transportation data, it's a wealth of real-time data
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交通数据,那么多丰富的实时数据
07:32
on the movements and social interactions of people.
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关于个人的动向和社交关系。
07:36
In short, we are more visible to machines
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简而言之,对于机器而言,
07:39
than any people in history,
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我们比历史上任何人更显而易见,
07:42
and this perfectly suits the targeting needs of autonomous weapons.
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这完全符合了自主武器瞄准的需要。
07:47
What you're looking at here
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现在你正在看到的
07:49
is a link analysis map of a social group.
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是某一社会群体的关系分析图。
07:52
Lines indicate social connectedness between individuals.
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线表示人与人之间的社会联系。
07:56
And these types of maps can be automatically generated
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这类型的地图,基于现代人留下的数据追踪,
07:59
based on the data trail modern people leave behind.
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可以自动生成。
08:03
Now it's typically used to market goods and services
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现在它通常用于市场商品和服务
08:06
to targeted demographics, but it's a dual-use technology,
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有针对性的人口统计数据,但这种技术有双重用途,
08:10
because targeting is used in another context.
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因为目标被用于另一种情境。
08:14
Notice that certain individuals are highlighted.
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请注意那些突出显示的个人。
08:16
These are the hubs of social networks.
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这些都是社交网络的枢纽。
08:20
These are organizers, opinion-makers, leaders,
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这些都是组织者、 决策者、 领袖、
08:23
and these people also can be automatically identified
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这些人也可以进行通过他们的通讯模式
08:26
from their communication patterns.
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被自动识别出来
08:28
Now, if you're a marketer, you might then target them
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现在,如果你是营销人员,您可能瞄准他们
08:30
with product samples, try to spread your brand
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用产品的样本,试图传播您的品牌
08:33
through their social group.
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通过他们的社群。
08:36
But if you're a repressive government
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但是如果你是一个专制的政府
08:38
searching for political enemies, you might instead remove them,
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寻找政治的敌人,你反而可能会想要拔掉这些眼中钉,
08:42
eliminate them, disrupt their social group,
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消灭他们,从而扰乱他们的社团
08:45
and those who remain behind lose social cohesion
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而那些留下的人将失去社会凝聚力
08:48
and organization.
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和组织。
08:51
Now in a world of cheap, proliferating robotic weapons,
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在一个机器人武器便宜又泛滥的世界里,
08:54
borders would offer very little protection
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国界的保护微乎其微,
08:57
to critics of distant governments
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无法防御远方政府批评者
08:59
or trans-national criminal organizations.
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或跨国犯罪组织。
09:03
Popular movements agitating for change
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鼓动改革的民众运动
09:06
could be detected early and their leaders eliminated
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可以在早期即被发现,
09:10
before their ideas achieve critical mass.
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他们的领袖在向大众充分宣传他们的观点之前就会被消灭。
09:13
And ideas achieving critical mass
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向大众充分宣传其观点
09:15
is what political activism in popular government is all about.
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正是政治激进主义政府所追求的。
09:19
Anonymous lethal weapons could make lethal action
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匿名致命武器能让致命行动
09:23
an easy choice for all sorts of competing interests.
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成为各种相互竞争利益的一种最简单的选择。
09:27
And this would put a chill on free speech
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这将会令民主的核心——言论自由
09:31
and popular political action, the very heart of democracy.
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和民众政治运动受到限制。
09:36
And this is why we need an international treaty
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这就是为什么我们需要一项国际条约
09:39
on robotic weapons, and in particular a global ban
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关于机器人武器的禁令
09:42
on the development and deployment of killer robots.
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禁止全球开发和部署机器人杀手。
09:46
Now we already have international treaties
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现在我们已经有国际条约
09:50
on nuclear and biological weapons, and, while imperfect,
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关于核武器和生化武器,虽然不尽完善,
09:53
these have largely worked.
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这些很大程度上起了作用。
09:55
But robotic weapons might be every bit as dangerous,
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但机器人武器可能一样危险
09:59
because they will almost certainly be used,
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因为它们几乎可以肯定将会被使用,
10:02
and they would also be corrosive to our democratic institutions.
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他们也会侵蚀我们的民主机构。
10:07
Now in November 2012 the U.S. Department of Defense
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2012 年 11 月,美国国防部
10:11
issued a directive requiring
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直接要求
10:13
a human being be present in all lethal decisions.
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所有致命决定都必须有人类参与。
10:18
This temporarily effectively banned autonomous weapons in the U.S. military,
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这暂时有效地阻止了自主武器在美国军队中的使用
10:23
but that directive needs to be made permanent.
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但该指令需要永久有效。
10:26
And it could set the stage for global action.
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它可以为全球立法行动铺路。
10:31
Because we need an international legal framework
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因为,我们需要
10:34
for robotic weapons.
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一个针对于机器人武器的国际法律框架。
10:37
And we need it now, before there's a devastating attack
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我们现在就需要这样的法律,用以防止一个具有破坏性攻击
10:40
or a terrorist incident that causes nations of the world
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或一个恐怖袭击使得世界各国
10:43
to rush to adopt these weapons
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在完全不顾及后果的前提下,
10:45
before thinking through the consequences.
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就急于采用这些武器。
10:48
Autonomous robotic weapons concentrate too much power
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自主机器人武器集中了太多的权利
10:51
in too few hands, and they would imperil democracy itself.
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集中在太少人手中,他们将会危及民主本身。
10:58
Now, don't get me wrong, I think there are tons
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现在,别误会我,我觉得这些非武装的民用无人机
11:00
of great uses for unarmed civilian drones:
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用途很多:
11:03
environmental monitoring, search and rescue, logistics.
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环境监测、 搜索和救援,物流。
11:07
If we have an international treaty on robotic weapons,
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如果我们有一项关于机器人的武器国际条约,
11:10
how do we gain the benefits of autonomous drones
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我们如何从自主无人机和自主车上获得好处
11:13
and vehicles while still protecting ourselves
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同时还保护我们自己
11:16
against illegal robotic weapons?
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免受非法机器人武器的攻击?
11:20
I think the secret will be transparency.
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我认为秘密会变得透明化。
11:25
No robot should have an expectation of privacy
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任何机器人都不应该
11:28
in a public place.
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在公众领域有隐私。
11:31
(Applause)
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(掌声)
11:36
Each robot and drone should have
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每个机器人和无人驾驶飞机都应该
11:38
a cryptographically signed I.D. burned in at the factory
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在工厂内被烙上一个加密的身份信息
11:41
that can be used to track its movement through public spaces.
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可以用来对其在公共领域内动向的跟踪。
11:44
We have license plates on cars, tail numbers on aircraft.
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我们的汽车有车牌,飞机尾部有编号。
11:47
This is no different.
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这没有什么不同。
11:49
And every citizen should be able to download an app
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每个公民应能够下载应用程序
11:51
that shows the population of drones and autonomous vehicles
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能够显示通过他们周围公共空间的
11:54
moving through public spaces around them,
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无人机和自主车的数量
11:57
both right now and historically.
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不论现在还是过去。
12:00
And civic leaders should deploy sensors and civic drones
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领导者应部署传感器和民用无人驾驶飞机
12:03
to detect rogue drones,
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来检测流氓无人机,
12:05
and instead of sending killer drones of their own up to shoot them down,
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而不是发送能够击落他们的杀手无人机,
12:09
they should notify humans to their presence.
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应该通知人们这些无人机的存在。
12:12
And in certain very high-security areas,
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在某些非常高安全等级的地区,
12:14
perhaps civic drones would snare them
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或许民用无人机可以将他们拖到
12:16
and drag them off to a bomb disposal facility.
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一个设有炸弹设施处理掉。
12:19
But notice, this is more an immune system
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但请注意,这更象一个免疫系统,
12:22
than a weapons system.
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而不是武器系统。
12:23
It would allow us to avail ourselves of the use
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这样,它将使我们能够利用
12:26
of autonomous vehicles and drones
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自主车辆和无人驾驶飞机的好处
12:28
while still preserving our open, civil society.
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同时仍然保留我们开放的公民社会。
12:32
We must ban the deployment and development
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我们必须禁止部署与发展
12:35
of killer robots.
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机器人杀手。
12:37
Let's not succumb to the temptation to automate war.
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我们不会屈服于自动化战争的诱惑。
12:42
Autocratic governments and criminal organizations
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独裁政府和犯罪组织
12:45
undoubtedly will, but let's not join them.
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毫无疑问的会屈服,让我们不要加入他们。
12:48
Autonomous robotic weapons
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自主机器人武器
12:50
would concentrate too much power
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集中了太多的权力
12:52
in too few unseen hands,
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在太少看不见的手中,
12:54
and that would be corrosive to representative government.
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那将是侵蚀我们的代议制政府。
12:57
Let's make sure, for democracies at least,
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让我们保证,至少为了民主的理由,
13:00
killer robots remain fiction.
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让机器人杀手只存在于小说里吧。
13:03
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:04
(Applause)
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(掌声)
13:09
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢。(掌声)
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