Daniel Suarez: The kill decision shouldn't belong to a robot

76,064 views ・ 2013-06-13

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: NAN-KUN WU 審譯者: Yi-Ting Chung
00:12
I write fiction sci-fi thrillers,
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我寫驚悚科幻小說
00:15
so if I say "killer robots,"
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所以如果我談到「殺手機器人」
00:18
you'd probably think something like this.
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你可能會覺得是這樣的東西
00:20
But I'm actually not here to talk about fiction.
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但事實上我不是來這裡談論小說的
00:22
I'm here to talk about very real killer robots,
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我是來這裡談論真正的殺手機器人
00:25
autonomous combat drones.
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自主的無人戰機
00:29
Now, I'm not referring to Predator and Reaper drones,
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我的意思不是掠奪者或是收割者無人戰機
00:32
which have a human making targeting decisions.
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由人類來決定目標
00:35
I'm talking about fully autonomous robotic weapons
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我說的是全自動的機械武器
00:39
that make lethal decisions about human beings
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能有自主性的對人類做出致命性的決策
00:41
all on their own.
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不倚靠人類
00:44
There's actually a technical term for this: lethal autonomy.
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這有個專門術語:致命自主
00:48
Now, lethally autonomous killer robots
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致命性自主殺手機器人
00:50
would take many forms -- flying, driving,
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有多種模式-飛行、陸行
00:54
or just lying in wait.
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或只是待命
00:56
And actually, they're very quickly becoming a reality.
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事實上它們很快就要問世了
00:59
These are two automatic sniper stations
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這是兩座自動狙擊台
01:02
currently deployed in the DMZ between North and South Korea.
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目前部署在南北韓非軍事區
01:06
Both of these machines are capable of automatically
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這兩台機器都是自動的
01:08
identifying a human target and firing on it,
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能夠辨識人類的位置並開火射擊
01:12
the one on the left at a distance of over a kilometer.
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左邊這台能瞄準超過一公里
01:16
Now, in both cases, there's still a human in the loop
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這兩座狙擊台都還是有人力介入
01:20
to make that lethal firing decision,
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來下達致命攻擊的決策
01:22
but it's not a technological requirement. It's a choice.
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但並不是技術上的需要,而是選項
01:27
And it's that choice that I want to focus on,
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這個選項就是我的重點
01:31
because as we migrate lethal decision-making
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因為當我們將致命決策權
01:33
from humans to software,
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由人類轉移到軟體設備
01:36
we risk not only taking the humanity out of war,
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我們冒的風險不僅是將人性抽離戰爭
01:40
but also changing our social landscape entirely,
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同時也完全改變了我們的社會景觀
01:43
far from the battlefield.
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遠遠不是戰場可以形容的
01:45
That's because the way humans resolve conflict
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因為人類解決衝突的方法
01:50
shapes our social landscape.
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塑造了我們社會的樣貌
01:52
And this has always been the case, throughout history.
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自古以來皆是如此
01:54
For example, these were state-of-the-art weapons systems
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好比說這些是西元1400年時
01:57
in 1400 A.D.
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最先進的武器系統
01:59
Now they were both very expensive to build and maintain,
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儘管建造、保養代價高昂
02:02
but with these you could dominate the populace,
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但是透過這些武器我們可以統治群眾
02:05
and the distribution of political power in feudal society reflected that.
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封建社會下政治力量的分布顯示了這一點
02:09
Power was focused at the very top.
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力量集中在最頂端
02:12
And what changed? Technological innovation.
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什麼改變了?科技革新
02:16
Gunpowder, cannon.
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火藥、大砲
02:17
And pretty soon, armor and castles were obsolete,
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不久之後,盔甲和城堡就被淘汰了
02:21
and it mattered less who you brought to the battlefield
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戰場上有什麼士兵不重要
02:24
versus how many people you brought to the battlefield.
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數量有多少才是關鍵
02:28
And as armies grew in size, the nation-state arose
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當軍隊壯大之後,出現了民族國家
02:31
as a political and logistical requirement of defense.
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來滿足政治及後勤方面在防禦上的需求
02:35
And as leaders had to rely on more of their populace,
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當領導人必須更加倚靠他們的人民
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they began to share power.
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就會開始分權
02:39
Representative government began to form.
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代議政府開始成形
02:42
So again, the tools we use to resolve conflict
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再一次,我們用來解決衝突的工具
02:45
shape our social landscape.
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塑造了我們社會的樣貌
02:48
Autonomous robotic weapons are such a tool,
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自主機械武器就是這種工具
02:52
except that, by requiring very few people to go to war,
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但是因為發動戰爭所需的人數不多
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they risk re-centralizing power into very few hands,
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有極少數人再度集權統治的風險
03:02
possibly reversing a five-century trend toward democracy.
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可能讓五百年來民主化的趨勢走回頭路
03:09
Now, I think, knowing this,
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我想,了解了之後
03:11
we can take decisive steps to preserve our democratic institutions,
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我們可以果斷的維持民主制度
03:15
to do what humans do best, which is adapt.
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來做我們人類最擅長的事,那就是適應環境
03:19
But time is a factor.
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但時間是一個因素
03:21
Seventy nations are developing remotely-piloted
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有七十個國家正在研發
03:24
combat drones of their own,
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他們自己的遠程無人戰鬥機
03:26
and as you'll see, remotely-piloted combat drones
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如你所見,遠程無人戰鬥機
03:29
are the precursors to autonomous robotic weapons.
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正是自主機械武器的前身
03:33
That's because once you've deployed remotely-piloted drones,
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因為一旦部屬了遠程無人戰鬥機
03:36
there are three powerful factors pushing decision-making
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就會有三個強而有力的因素
03:39
away from humans and on to the weapon platform itself.
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迫使人們把決定權交給武器平台本身
03:44
The first of these is the deluge of video that drones produce.
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第一個因素是無人戰機所拍攝的大量影像
03:49
For example, in 2004, the U.S. drone fleet produced
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像是在2004年,美國的無人機艦隊
03:53
a grand total of 71 hours of video surveillance for analysis.
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拍攝了長達71小時的影像監控以供分析之用
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By 2011, this had gone up to 300,000 hours,
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到了2011年,影像長度增為30萬小時
04:03
outstripping human ability to review it all,
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超出人類檢視所有影像的能力
04:06
but even that number is about to go up drastically.
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但即使數字之大,它依然大幅成長
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The Pentagon's Gorgon Stare and Argus programs
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五角大廈的「戈爾貢之眼(Gorgon Stare)」和 「百眼巨人(Argus)」計畫
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will put up to 65 independently operated camera eyes
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將會有65台獨立運作的攝影機
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on each drone platform,
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安裝在每架無人飛機上
04:17
and this would vastly outstrip human ability to review it.
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而這將大幅超越人類所能檢視的能力
04:21
And that means visual intelligence software will need
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這意味著視覺智慧軟體必須掃描影像
04:23
to scan it for items of interest.
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找出我們感興趣的部分
04:27
And that means very soon
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這表示不久後無人飛機
04:28
drones will tell humans what to look at,
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將會告訴人類該看哪些部分
04:31
not the other way around.
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而非由人類來決定
04:33
But there's a second powerful incentive pushing
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還有第二個動機
04:36
decision-making away from humans and onto machines,
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迫使我們把決定權交給機器
04:39
and that's electromagnetic jamming,
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那就是電磁干擾
04:42
severing the connection between the drone
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它會切斷無人飛機
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and its operator.
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和操作員的連線
04:47
Now we saw an example of this in 2011
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我們現在看到的例子是在2011年
04:50
when an American RQ-170 Sentinel drone
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美國的RQ-170哨兵式(Sentinel)無人飛機
04:53
got a bit confused over Iran due to a GPS spoofing attack,
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在伊朗上空因為GPS受到欺騙攻擊而陷入混亂
04:57
but any remotely-piloted drone is susceptible to this type of attack,
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這種攻擊對任何遠程無人飛機都有效
05:02
and that means drones
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這表示無人飛機
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will have to shoulder more decision-making.
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必須去承擔更多決策
05:08
They'll know their mission objective,
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它們會知道它們的任務目標
05:11
and they'll react to new circumstances without human guidance.
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沒有人類指導也能對新的狀況作出反應
05:16
They'll ignore external radio signals
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它們會忽視外來的無線電訊號
05:18
and send very few of their own.
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只發出極少量的無線電訊號
05:21
Which brings us to, really, the third
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這牽扯到第三個因素
05:23
and most powerful incentive pushing decision-making
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也是最強烈的誘因
05:27
away from humans and onto weapons:
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促使我們將決定權交給武器
05:30
plausible deniability.
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那就是貌似合理的推託
05:33
Now we live in a global economy.
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我們生活在一個全球經濟體下
05:36
High-tech manufacturing is occurring on most continents.
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大部分的地方都有高科技工業
05:40
Cyber espionage is spiriting away advanced designs
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網路間諜正在將先進的科技
05:43
to parts unknown,
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帶到未知的地方
05:45
and in that environment, it is very likely
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在這種環境下很有可能
05:47
that a successful drone design will be knocked off in contract factories,
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成功的無人飛機設計,在灰市中量產
05:52
proliferate in the gray market.
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擊敗取得授權的工廠
05:54
And in that situation, sifting through the wreckage
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如此一來,即使仔細調查
05:57
of a suicide drone attack, it will be very difficult to say
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無人機自殺攻擊的殘骸
06:00
who sent that weapon.
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也難以斷定是誰發射這個武器
06:04
This raises the very real possibility
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這就很有可能
06:07
of anonymous war.
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會引起匿名戰爭
06:10
This could tilt the geopolitical balance on its head,
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可能會讓地緣政治傾向一頭
06:12
make it very difficult for a nation to turn its firepower
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讓一個國家難以將它的炮火對準攻擊者
06:16
against an attacker, and that could shift the balance
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也會讓21世紀的維持的平衡
06:19
in the 21st century away from defense and toward offense.
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由防禦轉為侵略
06:22
It could make military action a viable option
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使得軍事行動變成可行的選項
06:26
not just for small nations,
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不只是小國
06:28
but criminal organizations, private enterprise,
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還有犯罪組織、私人企業
06:30
even powerful individuals.
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甚至是有權力的人都能這麼做
06:33
It could create a landscape of rival warlords
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這樣可能會引發軍閥割據的混戰
06:36
undermining rule of law and civil society.
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破壞法律規範及文明社會
06:40
Now if responsibility and transparency
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如果責任感以及透明度
06:43
are two of the cornerstones of representative government,
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是代議政治的兩塊基石
06:46
autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both.
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自主機械武器會破壞這兩者
06:50
Now you might be thinking that
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你現在可能會覺得
06:52
citizens of high-tech nations
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高科技國家的人民
06:54
would have the advantage in any robotic war,
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在機械戰爭中佔有優勢
06:57
that citizens of those nations would be less vulnerable,
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這些國家的人民比較不容易受傷害
07:00
particularly against developing nations.
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尤其是對抗發展中國家的時候
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But I think the truth is the exact opposite.
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但是我認為事實剛好相反
07:08
I think citizens of high-tech societies
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我認為高科技社會的人民
07:10
are more vulnerable to robotic weapons,
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更容易受到機械武器傷害
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and the reason can be summed up in one word: data.
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其原因可以用兩個字來說明:資料
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Data powers high-tech societies.
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資料壯大了高科技社會
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Cell phone geolocation, telecom metadata,
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手機定位、電訊後設資料
07:25
social media, email, text, financial transaction data,
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社交媒體、電子郵件、簡訊、金融交易資料
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transportation data, it's a wealth of real-time data
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和運輸資料等,都是大量的即時資料
07:32
on the movements and social interactions of people.
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記載著人類的社交活動
07:36
In short, we are more visible to machines
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簡單來說,比其任何其他時代
07:39
than any people in history,
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機器對人類來說更顯而易見
07:42
and this perfectly suits the targeting needs of autonomous weapons.
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而這正好符合了自動武器的目標需求
07:47
What you're looking at here
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大家現在看到的
07:49
is a link analysis map of a social group.
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是社會團體的連結分析圖
07:52
Lines indicate social connectedness between individuals.
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線段代表著人與人之間的社會連結
07:56
And these types of maps can be automatically generated
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這類的圖只要依據現代人所留下的資料
07:59
based on the data trail modern people leave behind.
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就能夠自動產生
08:03
Now it's typically used to market goods and services
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現在它應用於商品與服務的行銷
08:06
to targeted demographics, but it's a dual-use technology,
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來統計目標群體,但這是雙面科技
08:10
because targeting is used in another context.
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因為目標的鎖定可應用於另外一種情況
08:14
Notice that certain individuals are highlighted.
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我們注意到某些人是特別顯著的
08:16
These are the hubs of social networks.
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他們是社會網絡的樞紐
08:20
These are organizers, opinion-makers, leaders,
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他們是組織者、輿論製造者、領導者
08:23
and these people also can be automatically identified
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而這些人依據他們的溝通模式
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from their communication patterns.
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我們也能夠自動辨識
08:28
Now, if you're a marketer, you might then target them
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如果現在你是一位營銷員,你可能將試用產品
08:30
with product samples, try to spread your brand
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鎖定這些人,試著把你的品牌
08:33
through their social group.
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推廣到他們的社會團體中
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But if you're a repressive government
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但如果你是專制的政府
08:38
searching for political enemies, you might instead remove them,
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在搜尋政敵,你可能反而會除掉他們
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eliminate them, disrupt their social group,
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消滅他們、破壞他們的社會團體
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and those who remain behind lose social cohesion
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而剩下來的人就會失去他們的社會連結
08:48
and organization.
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以及社群組織
08:51
Now in a world of cheap, proliferating robotic weapons,
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在一個機械武器便宜、氾濫的世界
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borders would offer very little protection
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國界的保護微不足道
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to critics of distant governments
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無法防衛遠方政府的批評者
08:59
or trans-national criminal organizations.
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或是跨國犯罪組織
09:03
Popular movements agitating for change
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鼓吹改革的群眾運動
09:06
could be detected early and their leaders eliminated
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在大眾充分了解其訴求之前
09:10
before their ideas achieve critical mass.
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就會被察覺,並將其領導人消滅
09:13
And ideas achieving critical mass
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而充分的把想法傳達給大眾
09:15
is what political activism in popular government is all about.
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正是一般政治激進主義政府所追求的
09:19
Anonymous lethal weapons could make lethal action
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匿名的致命武器能夠讓致命行動
09:23
an easy choice for all sorts of competing interests.
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變成所有競爭者一個簡單的選項
09:27
And this would put a chill on free speech
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這會讓民主的核心-言論自由及民眾在政治上行動
09:31
and popular political action, the very heart of democracy.
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轉為冷漠
09:36
And this is why we need an international treaty
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這也就是為什麼我們需要國際公約
09:39
on robotic weapons, and in particular a global ban
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來規範機械武器,特別是
09:42
on the development and deployment of killer robots.
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全球皆禁止研發及部屬殺手機器人
09:46
Now we already have international treaties
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現在我們已經有國際公約
09:50
on nuclear and biological weapons, and, while imperfect,
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來規範核武及生物武器,雖然並不完美
09:53
these have largely worked.
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但卻很有效
09:55
But robotic weapons might be every bit as dangerous,
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但是機械武器完全就是個危險的東西
09:59
because they will almost certainly be used,
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因為它們幾乎一定會被使用
10:02
and they would also be corrosive to our democratic institutions.
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也會侵蝕我們的民主制度
10:07
Now in November 2012 the U.S. Department of Defense
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2012年11月,美國國防部
10:11
issued a directive requiring
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直接要求
10:13
a human being be present in all lethal decisions.
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所有致命決策都必須有人類參與其中
10:18
This temporarily effectively banned autonomous weapons in the U.S. military,
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這暫時有效防止美軍的自主武器
10:23
but that directive needs to be made permanent.
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但是這個要求必須永久有效
10:26
And it could set the stage for global action.
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它也可以為全球立法行動鋪路
10:31
Because we need an international legal framework
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因為我們需要國際性的法律架構
10:34
for robotic weapons.
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來規範機械武器
10:37
And we need it now, before there's a devastating attack
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我們現在就需要,以免毀滅性的恐怖攻擊事件
10:40
or a terrorist incident that causes nations of the world
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讓世界上的國家
10:43
to rush to adopt these weapons
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爭相採用這些武器
10:45
before thinking through the consequences.
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完全不考慮後果
10:48
Autonomous robotic weapons concentrate too much power
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自動機械武器把太強大的力量
10:51
in too few hands, and they would imperil democracy itself.
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集中在太少人手中,而他們會威脅到民主本身
10:58
Now, don't get me wrong, I think there are tons
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別誤解了我的意思,我認為
11:00
of great uses for unarmed civilian drones:
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這些非武裝的民用無人飛機好用途不少
11:03
environmental monitoring, search and rescue, logistics.
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環境監控、搜救、後勤
11:07
If we have an international treaty on robotic weapons,
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如果我們有機械武器的國際公約
11:10
how do we gain the benefits of autonomous drones
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我們要如何從自主無人飛機及載具中獲得好處
11:13
and vehicles while still protecting ourselves
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同時又能夠保護我們自己
11:16
against illegal robotic weapons?
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免於違法機械武器的侵害呢
11:20
I think the secret will be transparency.
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我認為機密會變得透明化
11:25
No robot should have an expectation of privacy
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任何的機器人在公共場所
11:28
in a public place.
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都不得有隱私
11:31
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:36
Each robot and drone should have
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每一台機器人或無人飛機
11:38
a cryptographically signed I.D. burned in at the factory
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在工廠裡都要烙上一個加密的身分
11:41
that can be used to track its movement through public spaces.
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可以用來追蹤它在公共場所的動向
11:44
We have license plates on cars, tail numbers on aircraft.
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我們的車子有車牌,飛機有機尾編號
11:47
This is no different.
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這是同樣的道理
11:49
And every citizen should be able to download an app
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每個市民都可以下載應用程式
11:51
that shows the population of drones and autonomous vehicles
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來顯示無人飛機及自動載具
11:54
moving through public spaces around them,
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在他們附近的公共空間移動的數量
11:57
both right now and historically.
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不論是過去或是現在
12:00
And civic leaders should deploy sensors and civic drones
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領導者應該要部屬感應器還有民用無人飛機
12:03
to detect rogue drones,
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來偵測圖謀不軌的無人飛機
12:05
and instead of sending killer drones of their own up to shoot them down,
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而且不是直接派自己的無人攻擊機將它們擊落
12:09
they should notify humans to their presence.
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而是應該告知人們這些無人飛機的存在
12:12
And in certain very high-security areas,
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在確定是高安全性的地區
12:14
perhaps civic drones would snare them
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或許民用無人飛機
12:16
and drag them off to a bomb disposal facility.
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可以將它們引導到炸彈處理設施
12:19
But notice, this is more an immune system
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但要注意的是,這比較像是免疫系統
12:22
than a weapons system.
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而不是武器系統
12:23
It would allow us to avail ourselves of the use
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如此就可以讓我們
12:26
of autonomous vehicles and drones
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獲得自主載具與無人飛機所帶來的好處
12:28
while still preserving our open, civil society.
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同時保有我們開放、文明的社會
12:32
We must ban the deployment and development
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我們必須禁止研發及部屬
12:35
of killer robots.
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殺手機器人
12:37
Let's not succumb to the temptation to automate war.
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我們不會屈服於自動化戰爭的誘惑
12:42
Autocratic governments and criminal organizations
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專制政府及犯罪組織一定會屈服
12:45
undoubtedly will, but let's not join them.
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但是我們不會加入他們
12:48
Autonomous robotic weapons
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自主機械武器
12:50
would concentrate too much power
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將過多權力
12:52
in too few unseen hands,
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集中到極少數看不見的手中
12:54
and that would be corrosive to representative government.
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而那會侵蝕代議政府
12:57
Let's make sure, for democracies at least,
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我們要保證,至少為了民主的理由
13:00
killer robots remain fiction.
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讓殺手機器人留在小說裡吧
13:03
Thank you.
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謝謝
13:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:09
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝 (掌聲)
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