A 3-Part Plan to Take On Extreme Heat Waves | Eleni Myrivili | TED

翻译人员: Xinyun Zheng 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

So in my city of Athens, Greece,

在我的城市希腊雅典，

like in many cities around the world,

就像世界上许多城市一样，

a lot of people thought that climate change

很多人认为气候变化

is something happening far away.

是一个离自己很遥远的事情。

Until ash started falling from the sky

直到灰烬开始从天而降

and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius

然后气温在 2021 年夏天

达到近 45 摄氏度，

in the summer of 2021,

and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.

并 40 摄氏度以上停留了好几天。

The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city

沥青嘶嘶作响，巨大的野火 烧毁了城市周围的森林，

and people died.

有些人死了。

The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.

过去的十年是我们历史上 所记录的最热的十年。

Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades,

矛盾的是，即使我们 几十年来一直谈论着全球变暖，

we haven't been talking about extreme heat,

我们一直没有谈论极端高温，

especially in urban environments.

尤其是在城市环境中。

Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.

极端高温是所有 极端天气现象中最致命的。

Very few of us know this.

我们很少有人知道这一点。

We overlook extreme heat

我们忽略了极端的高温，

because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying

因为高温不会伴随着屋顶被掀翻、

and streets turned into rivers.

街道变成河流这样的戏剧性场面。

Heat destroys quietly.

高温会悄悄地破坏。

Yet there is little escape from heat.

然而，几乎没有人能逃离炎热。

These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.

这些温度不是我们的身体所能适应的。

These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.

我们的城市和基础设施 不适合这样的温度。

The structures of our cities

我们城市的建筑结构

and the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.

和地表吸收并储存热量， 并在晚上散发出去。

Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.

汽车和空调给城市环境 增添了更多的负担。

And this is a deadly mix.

这是一种致命的混合。

This is what we call the urban heat island.

这就是我们所说的城市热岛。

The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long,

高温和热浪对健康的影响有很多，

and it includes significant mental problems,

其中包括严重的精神问题，

mental health problems.

精神健康问题。

It also,

此外，

heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep,

高温会造成疲劳和睡眠不足，

which in turn increases workplace injuries

这反过来又会增加工伤

as well as significant losses of productivity.

和生产力的严重损失。

Heat waves also, we know,

我们知道，

that they increase violence in communities,

热浪还会增加社区暴力，

we have correlated it to increased violence in communities,

我们将热浪与社区中 增加的暴力行为联系在了一起，

and also they lower the ability of children to learn.

它还会降低孩子们的学习能力。

And in the cities,

当然，在城市里，

not everybody, of course, is affected equally.

并不是每个人都会受到相同的影响。

The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable

穷人，特别是缺少能源的人 和缺少住房的人，

as well as people with pre-existing conditions,

以及患基础病的人、

people above 60 years old,

60 岁以上的人、

pregnant women, young children

孕妇、儿童、

and people that have manual labor jobs.

从事体力劳动的人是最脆弱的。

Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops,

此外，高温烘烤着农民的庄稼，

reducing yields,

降低了产量，

inhibiting pollination,

抑制授粉，

and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak

越来越多的农场工人 选择在黎明前

or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.

或夜间耕作，在夜间收获。

It's just getting too darn hot.

现在真的太热了。

The great infrastructures that we have built

在过去的两个世纪里，

with ingenuity and effort

我们用智慧和努力

during the last two centuries,

建造了伟大的基础设施，

the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways,

水坝、水道、高速公路、铁路，

they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

都是为一种现已 不复存在的气候精心设计的。

What can we do?

我们能做些什么？

I will talk about cities because that's my territory.

我想谈论城市，因为那是我的领域。

As chief health officer of Athens,

作为雅典的首席卫生官，

I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.

我认为所有可能的努力 大致可以分为三类。

Awareness,

意识、

preparedness and redesign.

准备和重新设计。

Awareness means that we recognize the threat.

意识的意思就是我们认识到了威胁。

It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates,

尤其是在炎热的气候中， 有时很难说服人们

to take heat exposure seriously.

认真对待热暴露。

So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center,

所以今年，我们将与阿什特-洛克菲勒 （Arsht-Rockefeller）恢复中心一起，

we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer,

今夏第一次，

four cities in the US and Athens,

在美国的四个城市和雅典，

we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming

我们将试点使用一种新的方法来命名

and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.

和分类热浪，就像 我们对飓风做的那样。

So consider this.

想一下，

When there is a category 4 hurricane,

当四级飓风来袭时，

you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house,

你不会指望披萨外卖员 把披萨送到你家，

nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.

也不会指望人们 继续在建筑工地工作。

However, we don't have such considerations or policies

但是，我们没有四级热浪下

in relation to a category 4 heat wave

相关的考虑和政策，

because there is no category 4 heat waves.

因为从来没有四级热浪这个分类。

We don’t have metrics, and we don’t have categories.

我们没有度量指标， 我们没有分类。

And I think that this will be a real game changer.

我认为这真的会改变很多。

So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

虽然它只是一件事， 我却觉得它很重要。

So awareness leads to preparedness,

意识过后便是准备，

and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready

准备意味着你能够

to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.

在灾害发生时 保护最脆弱的人群。

And there's a whole slew of actions

世界各地的城市采取了

that cities are doing all around the world,

一系列的短期的措施，

short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.

在热浪袭来时保护人们。

For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app

例如，在雅典， 我们制作了一个手机应用，

that gives you personalized

它能给你人性化的

and real-time risk assessment

实时的风险检测，

and gives you, on a map,

并提供一个地图上的

risk assessments in relation to heat,

有关高温的风险测试，

and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover,

告诉你可以去哪里得到保护，

where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.

哪里比较凉快，最近的清凉地点。

New York has created this great buddy system

纽约创造了结伴制度，

where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves

在热浪袭来时人们能照顾

on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.

社区中的脆弱人群。

They also gave, I think a couple of years ago,

纽约还在几年前给低收入老年人

74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.

提供了 74000 台空调。

Sydney does this great thing,

悉尼做了同样伟大的事，

which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector

在热浪期间，为避免停电， 他们把工业部门的能源

to residential districts to avoid blackouts

分给了居民区。

during heat waves.

So these are some short-term things that we can do

这就是一些短期内 我们能做的事情，

and we've been doing.

和我们正在做的事情。

But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities

但是手边真正的任务是 重新设计我们的城市，

to make our cities cooler

让城市更凉爽，

and thinking beyond air conditioning.

并思考空调之外的方法。

So before we started designing our buildings and our cities

在我们开始设计我们的建筑、城市，

and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels,

用化石燃料降温、升温之前，

architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom

建筑的方案和材料 已经凝结了百年的智慧，

for design solutions and materials

that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.

良好适应着当地的气候条件。

So thick walls with tiny openings

厚墙壁和小通风口，

or well-placed windows high up in the building

或整齐排列在楼房高处的窗户，

that kind of move air from the bottom up and out

那样的设计让空气 可以从上到下再流出，

or outside shutters.

或在外循环。

Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains

树林阴翳的小院子， 安装着喷泉

or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring

或者每年刷白的外墙，

to reflect the hot summer heat,

反射着夏日的高温，

the heat of the hot summers.

酷暑的热浪。

So compare these to our concrete,

相较这些，我们的水泥、

steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned

钢铁和玻璃建成的楼房有着空调

and that have sealed windows

和密封的窗户，

that basically make our cities into heat traps

实际上这会让我们的城市被热量包围，

compounding instead of solving the problem.

使热量叠加，而不是解决问题。

So, what we really need to do

所以，我们真正要做的事

is we need to radically rethink and redesign

是彻底重新思考和设计

our urban environments

我们的城市环境，

away from the logic of modernity,

远离现代性的逻辑，

away from the logic of carbon modernity.

远离现代的碳排放逻辑。

Carbon is there from the get go,

碳从一开始就在那，

from the materials that we use for the types of construction,

就来自于我们的各种建造材料，

from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them,

来自我们使用建筑、 让它升温降温的方式，

the way we eat, the way we consume,

我们吃东西、我们消耗的方式，

the way we move around in our urban environments.

我们在城市环境中的交通方式。

So we need to redesign our cities

因此我们需要重新设计我们的城市，

beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.

不仅仅关注能源效率和减少碳排放。

We need an urban design revolution,

我们需要一场城市规划的革命

a total paradigm shift

和理念的彻底转变，

that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore,

或许不再被建筑师引领，

but landscape architects

而是地形建筑师，

that know more about thermodynamics and soil

他们更了解热力学和土壤，

and the importance of soils for biodiversity

以及土壤对于生物多样性的重要性，

and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift,

这些做法的确可以带来理念的转变、

a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity

设计的革命 和城市的新形态，

that actually is a different metabolic animal.

使其变成一种新的新陈代谢的动物。

Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

我们未来的城市 会有截然不同的代谢系统。

And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like,

我们并不一定要知道 它会是什么样，

but I think it’s going to be great, and it’s just the beginning.

但我认为它会非常棒， 而且这只是个开始。

But what we do know is that we really,

我们所知道的是我们真的

really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions

真的迫切需要为我们现在的气候条件

at urban scale.

创造城市规模的弹性。

There are materials

我们有正在研发的材料

and technologies that are currently being developed that will help,

和科技来帮助我们，

but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing

但降低城市高温的 主要、首先和最重要的任务

for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.

是把自然带到我们城市规划中。

And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage,

这意味着我们需要树木、植被覆盖、

of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities

生物多样性和城市表面水的剧增，

so that we can bring down the heat.

让我们可以降低高温。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

So this is the time, this is the decade,

就是现在，就是这个年代，

and this means that cities have to really think

这代表城市需要认真考虑

the interconnections and interdependencies

不同都市系统之间的联系和依赖，

between different urban systems,

and they have to think of resources very carefully

他们也需要认真考量资源，

and build backup systems

建造备用系统，

and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.

和冗余、灵活性及多样性。

And think about sustainability and equity,

还要考虑到可持续性和公平，

because this is how we build resilience in our cities.

因为这才是我们 在城市中创造弹性的方式。

And cities are already doing it and they’re changing.

城市已经开始了行动， 并带来了改变。

And we're very much learning from each other

我们在互相学习，

because for the first time, the last few decades,

因为在过去的几十年里，

cities belong in powerful urban networks

城市首次加入了强大的都市网络，

so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.

借此我们彼此交流，互相学习。

Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

像韧性城市网络（Resilient Cities Network）和 C40 这样的系统的的确确在支持着城市。

And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examples

我将以几个城市已经 采取的措施的例子来结尾。

of what cities have done,

and of course, I'm going to start from Athens.

当然，我会从雅典开始。

So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct,

在雅典，我们有令人惊叹的罗马沟渠，

a brilliant, ancient masterpiece

那是一个在设计和工程方面

无与伦比的古代伟大之作，

of design and engineering

that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible,

在地下延伸 20 公里，完全隐形，

and still today moves enormous amounts of water

到现在仍然将巨大量的水，

from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.

从雅典城外的山运送到城市中心。

The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation,

这些水也很不错， 它们非常适合灌溉，

you don't need to do anything to it.

不需要你做任何事情。

And for decades now,

几十年来，

we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.

我们只是把它排进污水管， 再排进海洋。

So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument,

现在，这个城市水渠和古时丰碑，

is going to be used to build resilience and lower heat

将会被用来建造韧性，降低温度，

by supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

通过支持现代雅典城的都市本质。

Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.

另一个很好的例子是 哥伦比亚的麦德林市。

Medellín, they created 36 green corridors,

在麦德林，人们 建造了 36 个绿色走廊，

a dense network of trees and flower beds

一个高密度的树木花朵植被系统。

that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city,

它们使城市温度降低了 4 摄氏度，

and it does a lot of other things,

还做了许多其他事情，

ecosystemic services, like captures pollution

生态系统服务，如捕捉污染、

and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.

噪声污染、水源和土壤污染。

So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

这些都是极为重要的生态系统服务。

You probably know, Seoul in South Korea,

你应该知道了，在韩国首尔，

they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long

拆除了十条车道宽的高速公路，

and it had four lanes on top expressway,

留了四车道，

to restore a stream underneath

就为了恢复底下的水流。

and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long,

他们还建造了 3.6 英里的 蓝色走廊和绿色走廊，

a continuous space for wildlife

一个给野生动物的生存、

and people to walk and bicycle,

人们行走或骑车的长久空间，

that not only lowers temperatures,

作用不仅仅是降低温度。

they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius,

根据他们的测量，这样的走廊

that it lowers temperatures in that area,

使该地区温度降温高达 5.9 摄氏度，

But also it protects the city from flooding.

同时，它保护着城市免受洪水灾害。

And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day,

当然了，它每天还吸引着 成千上万的游客，

has created a lot of jobs

创造了许多就业，

and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

比首尔其他任何地方 更支持企业发展。

Paris is using the water of the Seine

巴黎在用塞纳河的水

to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

来免费降低河边建筑的温度。

And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia

最后，我想讲讲澳大利亚的墨尔本，

because they have created an incredible strategy

因为他们发明了一个绝妙的策略，

that's called Nature in the City Strategy,

叫做城市中的自然策略 （Nature in the City Strategy），

where they've analyzed and think

他们已经分析并思考

how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem

如何将各层级的生态系统整合在一起

from the soil and the fungi underneath

从地下土壤和真菌，

to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects

到动植物、鸟类、昆虫

and the frogs

和青蛙，

and put into place all these actions

开展所有这样的措施，

that will ensure that the urban environment,

来保障他们孩子成长中的城市环境

that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

变得越来越丰富， 越来越健康。

So, what keeps me really excited about this work,

这项帮助城市降温、

working to help cities cool down

应对气候变化的工作令我激动的是

and work against climate change,

is also that I feel that I'm really helping

我也感到我真的在帮助

create much more wonderful cities to live in.

创造更多给人们居住的美好城市。

So just think about this,

想想吧，

cranking up the air conditioning

打开空调

is just not going to cut it.

并不能消减它的数量。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）