A 3-Part Plan to Take On Extreme Heat Waves | Eleni Myrivili | TED

譯者: Alexandra Peng 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

So in my city of Athens, Greece,

在我的城市，希臘瑞典

like in many cities around the world,

和全球許多城市一樣

a lot of people thought that climate change

多數人認為氣候變化

is something happening far away.

正在遙遠的地方上演

Until ash started falling from the sky

直到天空開始落下灰燼

and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius

氣溫將近攝氏45度

in the summer of 2021,

這發生於2021年的夏天

and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.

氣溫好幾天都維持40度以上

The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city

柏油路嘶嘶作響

巨大的野火吞噬城市周遭的森林

and people died.

還有人死亡

The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.

過去的十年是有史以來最熱的

Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades,

矛盾的是，儘管幾十年來

我們一直在討論全球暖化

we haven't been talking about extreme heat,

卻沒討論到極端高溫

especially in urban environments.

尤其是在都市環境

Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.

極端高溫是 所有極端天氣現象中最致命的

Very few of us know this.

很少人知道這一點

We overlook extreme heat

我們輕忽了極度高溫

because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying

因為高溫不會讓

屋頂戲劇性地被吹飛

and streets turned into rivers.

不會讓街道變成河流

Heat destroys quietly.

高溫會無聲的摧毀

Yet there is little escape from heat.

然而很少人能逃離高溫的魔爪

These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.

這是不適合人體 且無法適應的溫度

These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.

這是不適合城市和設施的溫度

The structures of our cities

我們城市的結構

and the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.

表面能吸收儲存熱

在夜晚以輻射方式散去

Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.

汽車和空調為都市環境增添風采

And this is a deadly mix.

然而這是致命的組合

This is what we call the urban heat island.

這就是所謂的熱島效應

The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long,

熱和熱浪對健康的影響有很多

and it includes significant mental problems,

包含嚴重的心理問題

mental health problems.

心理健康問題

It also,

而且

heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep,

高溫導致疲勞和失眠

which in turn increases workplace injuries

轉而增加職業災害

as well as significant losses of productivity.

也大量折損生產力

Heat waves also, we know,

熱浪也如我們所知的

that they increase violence in communities,

會增加社區中的暴力

we have correlated it to increased violence in communities,

熱浪和社區暴力的增加有相關聯

and also they lower the ability of children to learn.

熱浪也降低兒童的學習能力

And in the cities,

在城市裡

not everybody, of course, is affected equally.

不是每個人都會受到相同影響

The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable

尤其是能量疲乏的人 最容易受傷害

as well as people with pre-existing conditions,

以及本身有疾病的人

people above 60 years old,

60歲以上的人

pregnant women, young children

孕婦和幼童

and people that have manual labor jobs.

和以勞力工作的人

Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops,

我們也知道 高溫一直烘烤農民的莊稼

reducing yields,

減少產量

inhibiting pollination,

抑制授粉

and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak

越來越多農夫 要在天亮前上工

or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.

在夜間耕田或收耕

It's just getting too darn hot.

只因為真的太熱了

The great infrastructures that we have built

很多偉大的基礎建設

with ingenuity and effort

是我們用獨創性和努力

during the last two centuries,

在過去兩個世紀裡所建造的

the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways,

水壩及運河 高速公路和鐵路

they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

這些都經過精心設計

但只適合不復存在的氣候

What can we do?

我們能做什麼？

I will talk about cities because that's my territory.

之所以會討論城市 因為那是我的領域

As chief health officer of Athens,

身為雅典的首席醫療官

I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.

我認為所有可做的努力分為三種

Awareness,

意識到問題

preparedness and redesign.

籌備和重新設計

Awareness means that we recognize the threat.

意識代表我們能認知威脅的存在

It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates,

尤其是在大熱天裡 有時很難說服大眾

to take heat exposure seriously.

認真看待暴露在高溫下的危機

So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center,

今年和阿什特-洛克菲勒 研究中心合作

we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer,

將於今夏第一次帶領

four cities in the US and Athens,

美國和雅典的四個城市

we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming

我們將試行一種新的方法

and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.

命名和分類熱浪 就和颶風的方法一樣

So consider this.

試想一下

When there is a category 4 hurricane,

當有4級颶風時

you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house,

你不會指望外送員

還能把食物送到家裡

nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.

也不會希望有人還在工地工作

However, we don't have such considerations or policies

然而我們沒有類似的考量或政策

in relation to a category 4 heat wave

是關於4級熱浪的

because there is no category 4 heat waves.

因為並沒有4級熱浪

We don’t have metrics, and we don’t have categories.

我們沒有指標和類別

And I think that this will be a real game changer.

而我認為這真的能帶來改變

So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

這只是一件事 但我認為很重要

So awareness leads to preparedness,

意識到問題後引發籌備

and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready

籌備代表你是準備好的狀態

to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.

基本上當事情發生時

保護最脆弱的人

And there's a whole slew of actions

這是一系列的行動

that cities are doing all around the world,

全球的城市都正在執行

short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.

短期的行動 在熱浪中保護人民

For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app

例如，在雅典

我們開發了智慧手機的應用程式

that gives you personalized

提供用戶客製化的

and real-time risk assessment

實際時間的風險評估

and gives you, on a map,

這會在地圖上顯示

risk assessments in relation to heat,

和氣溫有關的風險評估

and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover,

在地圖上顯示可以到哪裡遮陽

where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.

最近的涼爽的空間在哪裡

New York has created this great buddy system

紐約開發了這個很棒的夥伴系統

where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves

讓人們在熱浪期間能查看

on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.

附近鄰居的弱勢群體

They also gave, I think a couple of years ago,

約兩年前，紐約送了

74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.

74000台空調給低收老人們

Sydney does this great thing,

而雪梨做了這件大事

which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector

轉移工業區的能源

to residential districts to avoid blackouts

到住宅區以避免停電

during heat waves.

他們在熱浪期間這麼做

So these are some short-term things that we can do

這些是我們能做的短期行動

and we've been doing.

而且正在執行

But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities

但目前實際的任務

是重新規劃我們的城市

to make our cities cooler

讓城市更涼爽

and thinking beyond air conditioning.

並且不依靠空調

So before we started designing our buildings and our cities

在我們開始設計建築物和城市

and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels,

用化石燃料降溫及升溫前

architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom

建築已融合數百年的智慧

for design solutions and materials

在設計解決方案和材料方面

that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.

依據當地氣候狀況做了微調

So thick walls with tiny openings

厚重的牆上有小小的開口

or well-placed windows high up in the building

或安好高掛於建築上的窗戶

that kind of move air from the bottom up and out

能將空氣從底部往上排到外界

or outside shutters.

或排出百葉窗

Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains

帶有噴泉的陰涼青翠的內部庭院

or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring

或每到春天就粉刷一新的外牆

to reflect the hot summer heat,

都反映了夏季的高溫

the heat of the hot summers.

炎熱夏季的溫度

So compare these to our concrete,

比較這些設計與

steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned

裝有空調和氣密窗的

and that have sealed windows

鋼筋水泥和玻璃建築

that basically make our cities into heat traps

基本上會讓城市陷入熱圈套內

compounding instead of solving the problem.

無法解決問題

So, what we really need to do

所以我們真正要做的是

is we need to radically rethink and redesign

從根本上重新思考和設計

our urban environments

讓我們的都市環境

away from the logic of modernity,

遠離現代的邏輯

away from the logic of carbon modernity.

遠離排放碳的邏輯

Carbon is there from the get go,

碳從一開始就存在

from the materials that we use for the types of construction,

在建築類型所使用的材料裡

from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them,

在使用建築的方式裡 我們讓建築升溫又冷卻

the way we eat, the way we consume,

存在於飲食和購物的模式裡

the way we move around in our urban environments.

和人們在都市環境內通勤的方式裡

So we need to redesign our cities

我們需要重新設計城市

beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.

超越能源效率和減少碳排放

We need an urban design revolution,

我們需要一場都市設計革命

a total paradigm shift

徹底的轉變模範

that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore,

可能再也不需由建築師領導

but landscape architects

但景觀設計師

that know more about thermodynamics and soil

更了解熱力學和土壤

and the importance of soils for biodiversity

和土壤對生物多樣性的重要性

and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift,

這些真正帶來轉變模範的事

a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity

設計革命，新型的都市

that actually is a different metabolic animal.

實際上是一種不同的代謝系統

Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

未來的城市將會是 不同的代謝系統

And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like,

我們都還不知道將會是什麼樣子

but I think it’s going to be great, and it’s just the beginning.

但我認為會很棒 而這只是剛開始

But what we do know is that we really,

我們知道的是

really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions

非常迫切需要創造適應能力

為了我們最近的氣候狀況

at urban scale.

存在於都市規模裡

There are materials

有些建材

and technologies that are currently being developed that will help,

和最近開發的技術將有幫助

but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing

但最主要 首先也是最重要的事情

for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.

為了降低市區的溫度

要把大自然帶進都市裡

And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage,

這就代表這些事急遽增加

樹木量以及樹木的覆蓋率

of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities

生物多樣性

和市區表面的含水量

so that we can bring down the heat.

這麼做才能降溫

(Applause)

(掌聲)

So this is the time, this is the decade,

所以，時候到了

and this means that cities have to really think

代表城市間必須思考

the interconnections and interdependencies

互相聯合和依靠

between different urban systems,

在不同的都市系統之間

and they have to think of resources very carefully

必須非常謹慎思考資源

and build backup systems

建立備用系統

and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.

具備靈活性和多樣性 並裁去不用的

And think about sustainability and equity,

思考永續性和公平性

because this is how we build resilience in our cities.

因為這是在城市內 製造彈性的方法

And cities are already doing it and they’re changing.

城市已經在著手進行並改變

And we're very much learning from each other

我們正在相互學習

because for the first time, the last few decades,

為了過去幾十年來第一次

cities belong in powerful urban networks

城市屬於強力的都市網絡

so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.

我們正在與互相交流、彼此學習

Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

像彈性城市網絡 和城市氣候領導聯盟

真的在支持城市

And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examples

我將舉幾個例子做為結尾

of what cities have done,

都是城市已完成的事

and of course, I'm going to start from Athens.

當然我會從雅典開始

So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct,

在雅典有非常棒的羅馬引水道

a brilliant, ancient masterpiece

是設計和工程學中

of design and engineering

輝煌且古老的傑作

that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible,

在地底下蔓延20公里 完全看不見

and still today moves enormous amounts of water

直至今日仍將大量的水

from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.

從雅典城外的山上送至市中心

The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation,

這些水很棒，非常適合灌溉

you don't need to do anything to it.

你根本不用動手

And for decades now,

幾十年後的今日

we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.

我們只是將水排進汙水裡

然後排入大海

So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument,

現在這都市的渠道 這個古老的紀念碑

is going to be used to build resilience and lower heat

將用於加強彈性和降溫

by supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

藉由支持雅典市現代化的自然都市

Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.

另一個很棒的例子是 哥倫比亞的麥德林

Medellín, they created 36 green corridors,

麥德林打造了36條綠園道

a dense network of trees and flower beds

密集的樹木和花卉網絡

that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city,

使城市降低攝氏4度的溫度

and it does a lot of other things,

還做了其他很多事情

ecosystemic services, like captures pollution

生態系服務，像是捕捉汙染源

and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.

噪音或水汙染，和土壤沖蝕

So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

這些全是非常重要的生態系服務

You probably know, Seoul in South Korea,

你們或許知道南韓首爾

they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long

拆除了十個車道長

and it had four lanes on top expressway,

上面有四個車道的高速公路

to restore a stream underneath

以恢復底下的溪流

and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long,

他們打造了3.6英里長的綠園道

a continuous space for wildlife

給予野生動物連續空間

and people to walk and bicycle,

讓人民散步和騎腳踏車

that not only lowers temperatures,

這不只降低溫度

they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius,

他們測量到最高5.9攝氏溫度

that it lowers temperatures in that area,

這是這地區所降低的溫度

But also it protects the city from flooding.

同時也保護城市免於洪水侵襲

And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day,

當然，每天吸引上千名遊客來訪

has created a lot of jobs

創造很多工作機會

and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

比首爾其他區域 更支持商家發展

Paris is using the water of the Seine

巴黎則運用塞納河的水

to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

為河畔周遭的建築降溫

And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia

最後，我用澳洲墨爾本做結尾

because they have created an incredible strategy

因為他們創建一個不可思議的策略

that's called Nature in the City Strategy,

稱為都市自然策略

where they've analyzed and think

他們分析並思考

how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem

如何結合所有層次的生態系統

from the soil and the fungi underneath

下至土壤及底層的真菌

to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects

上至動植物，鳥類、昆蟲

and the frogs

和青蛙

and put into place all these actions

將他們落實於這些行動中

that will ensure that the urban environment,

這將會確保都市環境

that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

在孩子長大成人後 變得更富有更健康

So, what keeps me really excited about this work,

讓我對這份工作真正感到興奮的是

working to help cities cool down

致力於讓城市降溫

and work against climate change,

致力於對抗氣候變遷

is also that I feel that I'm really helping

也讓我感覺自己真的有付出

create much more wonderful cities to live in.

創造更多更美好的居住城市

So just think about this,

所以，思考一下

cranking up the air conditioning

打開空調

is just not going to cut it.

並不能解決問題

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)