How Is Your City Tackling the Climate Crisis? | Marvin Rees | TED

翻译人员: Sharon Meng 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

I have one of the biggest honors

我得到了我认为任何一个政治家

that I think any politician could have,

都期望得到的荣誉之一，

in that I was elected the mayor of the place in which I was born

那就是，我被选为了 我出生和长大的地方的

and brought up.

市长

So that's Bristol in the UK.

这个地方就是英国的布里斯托尔。

Well, thank you.

好，谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And it's a big job.

这是一份艰巨的工作，

From education to housing,

从教育到住房，

to budgets to trash collection

到预算到垃圾收集，

to protests to counterprotests,

到抗议再到反抗议，

cities are complicated organisms.

城市是一个很复杂的生物。

They can be tumultuous, and they can be full of contradiction.

他们可以是混乱的， 也可以是充满矛盾的。

And as the mayor, I am the accountable person within Bristol.

作为市长，我是布里斯托尔的负责人，

The buck stops with me.

责任都由我来承担。

And that sometimes is even for issues

有时甚至是一些我没有真正掌控权

over which I have very little real control or power.

和权力的一些问题。

And that's fine.

这都没关系。

That's life.

这就是人生。

But I have another constituency to whom I'm accountable,

但我还要对另一个选民负责，

and that's one that is within my city,

那就是在我城市里面，

but reaches beyond my city boundaries.

但是超越了我城市边界的那个。

And that's the planet

那就是地球，

and the 7.9 billion other people who depend on it for their survival.

还有其他 79 亿靠它生存的人。

We've got ourselves into a situation where it would take 1.7 Earths

我们已经陷入了需要 1.7 个地球

for our current way of living to be sustainable.

才能将我们的现状维持下去的困境。

So something's got to give.

所以，我们必须要付出一些东西。

And I think we all know we ain't getting any more Earths, right?

我觉得大家都知道我们从地球上 已经获取不了什么了，对吧？

So inevitably it's us who need to change.

所以不可避免的是我们需要改变。

And as we look around and listen in on the international negotiations,

当我们环顾四周，听国际谈判时，

as we look at national inaction too often,

当我们经常看到国家不作为时，

there'll be many people wondering how we're going to take this challenge on.

有很多人会想 我们将如何面对这个挑战，

And even if we're going to be successful.

而且我们到底能否成功。

And I understand it,

我理解，

so many people around the world will be losing hope.

世界上会有很多人失去希望。

But my message today is there is hope, and it’s hiding in plain sight.

但是我今天想说， 希望就藏在我们眼前，

And I believe there's huge hope in our cities.

我认为我们的城市有着巨大的希望。

So consider these four numbers.

现在，看看这几个数字。

Three,

三，

55,

五十五，

75,

七十五，

80.

八十。

Cities occupy less than three percent of the Earth's land surface.

城市只占不到 3% 的地球陆地面积，

So we have a small geographical footprint.

所以我们有非常小的地理足迹。

In fact, if you put all the cities of the world together,

事实上， 如果你把世界上所有的城市放在一起，

you could fit them into India.

相当于一个印度的大小。

And yet cities are home to over half,

然而，城市有着世界超过一半，

55 percent, of the world's population.

55% 的人口。

And we anticipate that will grow to two thirds

我们预测在这个世纪中旬，

by the middle of this century.

这会涨到世界人口的三分之二。

Cities are responsible for around 75 percent of CO2 emissions.

城市的二氧化碳排放量大约是 75% 。

And we're also prodigious emitters of nitrogen dioxide and methane.

我们也是二氧化氮和甲烷的巨大排放源。

And cities consume 80 percent of the world's energy.

还有，城市消耗了世界上 80% 的能源。

But think about this.

但是咱们这样想想，

That it’s the characteristics of cities --

城市的特征——

their reach, their size, their density,

它们的范围、大小、密度，

close proximity of the leadership to the people, their adaptability

领导者和人们的亲密度， 它们的适应性，

and their capacity for reinvention --

还有它们改造的能力——

that mean that we can actually plan to manage those numbers.

这意味着我们其实可以计划控制这些数字。

That means through our cities,

这意味着在我们的城市中，

we can actually plan to do more, for more people, with less.

我们可以用少量资源， 为更多人，做更多事情。

And it's why I say cities are one of the most effective tools

这就是为什么我说城市是最有效的工具之一，

we have at our disposal for leveraging efficiency

我们可以利用效率

into our relationships with land,

来处理我们和土地的关系，

energy and waste.

能源和废弃物。

Through our cities,

在我们的城市里，

we can increase the efficiency of more human lives more quickly

我们可以更快提高人类生活的效率，

than through any other form of human organization.

这要比任何其他形式的人类组织快。

So we can, for example,

比如我们可以，

house and employ more people on less land,

在更少的土地上 为更多的人提供住房和就业，

minimizing the pressure on urban sprawl which competes then for land, for nature,

最大限度地减少城市扩张的压力， 因为城市扩张会夺走土地和大自然，

while minimizing the distances people have to travel

同时尽量减少

to meet their basic needs.

人们为满足基本需求需要走的路程。

Through cities, we can have people sharing energy by sharing buildings

在城市里，我们可以让人们通过同住房子，

and through smart innovations like heat networks.

和小的创新，来分享能源。

The density in our cities makes public transport more accessible

我们城市的密度 使得公共交通更加便捷，

and more cost-effective.

更加划算。

And through our cities, we can transform our relationship with energy.

在我们的城市里， 我们可以改变我们和能源的关系。

We need energy security right now.

我们现在需要的是能源安全。

But cities offer markets of such scale

城市恰恰提供了这样规模的市场，

that they make investing in renewables more financially attractive.

它们使投资可再生能源在经济上， 更具吸引力。

And think about the opportunities with waste.

想想废弃物可能带来的机会。

We can leverage efficiency into the collection

我们可以利用效率来收集

and processing of waste

和处理废弃物。

while introducing the principles of the circular economy at scale

同时，大规模推行循环经济原则，

so that resources are recycled,

实现资源循环利用，

goods are reused

商品再利用，

and unavoidable waste is processed for energy,

以及将不可避免的废物处理为能源，

for example, food waste for fertilizer.

比如，食品废弃物作为肥料。

Now just think about the global potential

现在，想想世界范围内

of a worldwide network of cities scaling up these kinds of efficiencies

城市的潜力，

for over half and coming on two thirds of the world's population.

为超过一半的人提高这种效率， 并惠及世界上三分之二的人口。

And here is the hope I mentioned at the beginning.

这就是我之前说过的希望。

You don't have to just imagine that.

你不是仅仅需要想象。

From Freetown to Los Angeles,

从弗里敦到洛杉矶，

from Kampala to London,

从坎帕拉到伦敦，

and in many, many cities in between,

在很多很多中间城市中，

mayors, city leaders are stepping up and taking action

市长们，城市领导者们， 都在抓紧行动，

to meet the challenge of the moment.

勇敢面对当下的挑战。

So take Malmö, a city of just under 350,000 people.

就比如马尔默吧， 一个差不多有 35 万人口的城市。

They’ve developed a heat network that is fed by heat

他们研制出了一个由热量提供能量，

generated by processed waste.

由处理过的废物生产的热能网络。

They intend to be 100 percent powered by renewable

他们打算到 2030 年 100% 使用可再生能源

or recycled heat by 2030.

100% 使用可再生能源， 或者可回收热能。

Oslo is a city that's subsidizing electric vehicles and charging points.

奥斯陆是一个为电动汽车 和充电站提供补贴的城市。

They have introduced a circular waste management system.

他们引进了循环废物管理系统。

They've purchased a biogas plant,

他们买了一个沼气厂，

and nearly 50 percent of all their food waste is recycled.

几乎百分之五十的食物废物都被回收了

(Applause)

（掌声）

Singapore is one of the densest cities in the world,

新加坡是世界上 人口密度最大的城市之一，

but they are a model of green planning.

但是他们是实施绿色计划的模范。

In recent years, they've introduced huge freshwater reserves

近几年里，他们引进了 像是城市的肺一样巨大的淡水储备

and urban gardens that act as the lungs of the city.

以及城市花园。

And I have a huge amount of admiration for Bogota as well,

我也非常崇拜波哥大，

one of the densest cities in Latin America.

是拉丁美洲人口密度最大的城市之一。

They've introduced the bus rapid transit system.

他们引进了快速公交系统。

They're making walking and cycling more accessible,

他们让步行和骑车变得更方便，

and today, have one of the largest fleets of electric buses in Latin America.

时至今日，有着拉丁美洲 最大的电动巴士车队之一。

And while I have the stage,

在我还站在这个舞台的时候

let me show off a little bit about my own city, Bristol,

我想炫耀一下我自己的城市， 布里斯托尔，

home to 465,901 people,

465,901 个人的家，

one of whom is here today.

其中一个现在就在你们面前。

We have a fantastic reputation

作为欧洲最环保的城市之一，

for being one of the greenest cities in Europe.

我们的声誉非常好。

In Bristol, we have a housing crisis.

在布里斯托尔，我们有住房危机。

We must build homes.

我们必须建房子。

But we're very conscious of the fact that the kind of homes we build

但我们很清楚， 我们建的房屋类型，

and where we build them

和房子的位置

will be one of the biggest determinants

会是决定地球为我们的增长付出代价的

of the price the planet pays for our growth.

最大决定因素之一。

So we're focused on delivering net-zero homes at higher density

因此，我们专注于 在城市中心的老工业用地上

on old industrial land in the middle of the city.

建设密度更高的净零住宅。

This allows us to relieve the pressure for urban sprawl.

这可以让我们减少 城市扩张的压力。

It allows us to design in active travel

可以让我们在旅行中有更多设计，

and design out car dependency.

并且设计出汽车的依赖性。

We're even taking action on the climate consequences

我们甚至采取了行动来应对建楼厕所

of the humble toilet.

对气候的影响。

Across our public housing stock,

在我们的公共住宅区域，

we are replacing bathrooms

我们正在替换厕所

and we're taking the opportunity to replace the fittings

我们正在利用这个机会，

with more water-efficient alternatives,

用更节水的替代品替换设备，

more water-efficient showers, sinks and taps,

更节水的淋浴器、水槽和水龙头，

and more water-efficient toilets.

以及更节水的厕所。

So not all climate change action is full of glamour, is it?

所以，并不是所有的气候变化行动 都充满魅力，对吗？

But we mayors are not just focused

但是我们市长们

on what happens inside our city boundaries.

不是只关注在城市边界里面 发生的事情。

You'll find mayors all over the world are leading beyond their authority.

你可以看到世界上有很多市长 都在超越他们的职权。

They're coming together in international networks

他们在国际中走到一起

to set hard target for decarbonization

去为脱碳制定硬性目标，

to which they hold themselves mutually accountable.

去为自己的行为负责。

You'll find hundreds of these city solidarity networks

你会发现数百个这样的城市团结网络，

live in the world right now.

现在存在于这个世界上。

The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy

“气候与能源市长全球公约”

is a network of around 12,000 cities.

是一个由约 1.2 万个城市组成的网络。

They've made a collective commitment to take action

他们共同承诺采取行动

to ensure that 2030 emissions are nearly two gigatons lower

来确保 2030 年的排放量 比不采取其他措施时减少近 20 亿吨，

than they would otherwise be if we carried on as we are.

如果我们能保持现状的话。

And as mayors,

作为市长，

we're also stepping up to influence international organizations

我们也在尝试着去影响那些

and the global policy that can support us to take action.

可以支持我们做出行动的 国际组织和全球政策。

The C40 is a network of nearly 100 mayors

C40 是一个有着近 100 市长的组织，

representing the world's biggest global cities.

每个市长都代表着全球最大的城市，

City diplomacy is central to their work.

城市外交是他们工作的核心。

Members attend national and international negotiations

成员参加国家和国际谈判的目的

with the aim of influencing decision making and global commitments.

是影响决策和全球承诺。

And let me just say,

这样说吧，

what you get with mayors is a commitment

你从市长那里得到的是一种承诺，

to ensure that these global commitments are turned from words into actions.

即确保这些全球承诺从言语变为行动。

Our proximity to our residents means that we are immediately accountable

我们与居民的亲密关系意味着

for delivering change that people can see and experience.

我们要立即为实现人们可以看到 和体验到的变化负责。

But herein we bump into another challenge.

但是说到这里，我们又碰到一个困难，

We will not get the worldwide network of efficient cities that we need

如果没有市长的投资，

without major investment.

我们将无法实现我们所需要的 全球高效城市网络。

We will not get a worldwide network of decarbonized cities

我们无法在全球范围内建立一个 无碳城市关系网

just because we need it,

如果只是因为我们需要，

we want it

我们想要

or because we make flowery declarations about it.

或者我们往上面放点小花做装饰。

We will only get them when we plan it and then pay for it.

只有做好计划然后投资于此 才能实现。

In the end, city leaders around the world struggle to get access

最后，世界上的城市领导者们 都难以获得他们需要的那种融资，

to the kind of finance they need to unlock their city's full potential.

以释放他们城市的全部潜力。

And yet, here, too, we're not waiting around.

但同时，我们也没有一直等待。

In the UK, I'm part of something called

在英国，

the UK Cities Climate Investment Commission.

我是英国城市气候投资委员会的一员。

It's our aim to put the UK's biggest cities in touch

我们的目的是把英国最大的几个城市 和他们需要的融资连到一起

with the finance they need for that potential to be released.

以释放他们的无限潜力。

We've identified 206 billion pound's worth of decarbonization opportunities

在英国，

across the UK,

我们已经确定了 价值 2060 亿英镑的脱碳机会

retrofitting, renewables, transition of fleet to electric.

改造，可再生能源，向电力过渡。

And we are making sure

我们确保在英国

that public and private investors are aware of these opportunities

公共和私人投资者

across the UK.

都能意识到这些机会。

So here's the thing.

事情是这样的啊

Mayors, city leaders,

市长，领导者们，

we haven't got time for abstract debates or merely flowery declarations.

我们没有辩论和用小花做装饰的时间。

Our populations want change today.

人们希望今天就能看到改变，

They want change yesterday.

他们想要昨天就改变。

The climate crisis we're in demands leadership.

现在的气候危机需要有领导。

And mayors I meet around the world are stepping up into that space

那些我见过的市长们

to meet the moment.

都在面对这个危机。

We want and need national governments and international organizations

我们想要和需要政府和国际组织

to work with us, to back us, to support us.

与我们合作，协助我们，支持我们。

But we cannot wait for them.

但是我们不能一直等他们。

The world's top scientists tell us

世界上权威的科学家们告诉我们

we've got ten years to turn this thing around.

我们有十年时间来扭转现况。

And because of a history of inaction, underperformance,

由于过去的不作为，表现不佳，

turgidness in decision making,

决策笨拙，

that means that right now we need to make some big bets

现在我们更加需要一些大赌注，

and we need to make some big bets on interventions

我们需要在干预措施上下大赌注

that will deliver change at scale and pace.

以大规模和速度带来变革。

And I think our cities give us good odds.

我认为我们的城市给了我们很好的机会。

So here's my call to action.

因此，我呼吁大家采取行动。

We need to work with the world's mayors to develop a global plan for cities.

我们需要和全球的市长们 一起做一个世界城市计划，

It's a plan that must decarbonize and build efficiency into existing cities,

这是一项必须使现有城市脱碳 和提高效率的计划，

but to make sure that the future processes of urbanization

但要确保未来的城市化进程

maximize city efficiency.

将城市效率最大化。

And when I say global,

我说的全球，

I do mean global.

是真的全球。

It's a plan that must transcend national boundaries.

这是一个必须超越国界的计划。

It must be in the Global North,

一定要包括全球北边的发达国家，

and it must be in the Global South,

也要包括全球南边的发展中国家，

where 90 percent of future urbanization is going to take place.

未来 90% 的城市化都将发生在那里。

And it's a plan

是一个必须让我们超越狭隘的

that must have us move beyond our narrow self-national interest.

自我国家利益的计划。

We must come to see the world's cities as international assets

我们必须把世界上的城市 视为国际资产，

rather than national possessions.

而不是国家财产。

We must come to see

我们必须要看到

that investing in the increased efficiency of the world's cities

投资提高世界各大城市的效率

is key to our future.

是走向未来的重中之重。

It's going to be key to unlocking our potential.

也是解锁我们潜在的潜力的关键，

And it's an investment in our global common good.

这是对我们全球共同利益的投资。

When I was elected mayor of Bristol in 2016,

当我在 2016 年 当选布里斯托尔的市长时，

I had a limited appreciation of the global role of the city.

我对这座城市在全球扮演的角色 只有有限的认识。

And by extension, I had a limited appreciation

推而广之，

作为一个新当选的英国 主要城市的市长，

of the level of responsibility that was therefore falling on my shoulders

as a newly-elected mayor of a major UK city.

我对自己肩上的责任没有多少认识。

In the years since,

在这几年里，

I've come to understand that cities,

我了解到城市，

the way they are planned, the way they function,

城市规划，城市的运转，

the way they grow and the way they innovate

城市的发展，还有城市的创新

will be key to whether we are or are not successful

都是决定我们为了应对这个挑战，

in taking on this challenge

遏制全球气候变化的趋势，

to stem the tide of global climate change.

也是成功与否的关键。

If we can unlock the full potential of our cities,

如果我们可以解锁城市的所有潜力，

we can minimize the price the planet pays for hosting us in our growing numbers.

我们可以将地球为容纳越来越多的人类 而付出的代价降到最低。

I think efficient cities could be one of the most effective tools we have.

我认为高效城市 可能是我们拥有的最有效的工具之一，

So I ask you to work with us to build them.

所以我希望你们和我们 一起来建造它们。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）