What obligation do social media platforms have to the greater good? | Eli Pariser

69,321 views ใƒป 2019-12-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: H Lee Carlsen ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:12
I was talking to a guy at a party in California
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•œ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ
00:16
about tech platforms
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:17
and the problems they're creating in society.
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ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And he said, "Man, if the CEOs just did more drugs
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "ํšŒ์‚ฌ CEO๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
๋ฒ„๋‹๋งจ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
00:25
and went to Burning Man,
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00:26
we wouldn't be in this mess."
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."
00:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:29
I said, "I'm not sure I agree with you."
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง์— ๋™์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
00:33
For one thing, most of the CEOs have already been to Burning Man.
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๋งŽ์€ CEO๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฒ„๋‹๋งจ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:37
But also, I'm just not sure that watching a bunch of half-naked people
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์˜ท๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•ˆ ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
00:40
run around and burn things
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๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š”๊ฒŒ
00:41
is really the inspiration they need right now.
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:45
But I do agree that things are a mess.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
And so, we're going to come back to this guy,
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ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋‚จ์ž ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:51
but let's talk about the mess.
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์šฐ์„  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:53
Our climate's getting hotter and hotter.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ 
00:55
It's getting harder and harder to tell truth from fiction.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ง„์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํž˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ
00:58
And we've got this global migratory crisis.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And just at the moment when we really need new tools
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋˜๋Š”
01:04
and new ways of coming together as a society,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
it feels like social media is kind of tearing at our civic fabric
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์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
01:11
and setting us against each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ ๋Œ€์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
We've got viral misinformation on WhatsApp,
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์™“์ธ ์•ฑ์— ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง€๊ณ ,
01:17
bullying on Instagram
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์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์™•๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:19
and Russian hackers on Facebook.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ•ด์ปค๋“ค์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:22
And I think this conversation that we're having right now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:25
about the harms that these platforms are creating
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•ด์•…์€
01:28
is so important.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
But I also worry
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์—
01:32
that we could be letting a kind of good existential crisis in Silicon Valley
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์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ๊นŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
go to waste
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01:38
if the bar for success is just that it's a little harder
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๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€์งœ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š”
01:41
for Macedonian teenagers to publish false news.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
The big question, I think, is not just
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ํ•ด์„  ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
01:48
what do we want platforms to stop doing,
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๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
01:51
but now that they've effectively taken control of our online public square,
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํ•˜๊ณ 
01:56
what do we need from them for the greater good?
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ• ์ผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
To me, this is one of the most important questions of our time.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
What obligations do tech platforms have to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
02:08
in exchange for the power we let them hold over our discourse?
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:13
I think this question is so important,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์„œ,
02:15
because even if todayโ€™s platforms go away,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
02:17
we need to answer this question
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
in order to be able to ensure that the new platforms that come back
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด
02:22
are any better.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
So for the last year, I've been working with Dr. Talia Stroud
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ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ผ๋…„๊ฐ„
02:27
at the University of Texas, Austin.
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด ์บ ํผ์Šค์—์„œ
02:29
We've talked to sociologists and political scientists
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์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž์™€ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค
์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:32
and philosophers
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02:33
to try to answer this question.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
And at first we asked,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฑด
02:36
"If you were Twitter or Facebook and trying to rank content for democracy
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"ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธธ ๋•Œ
02:41
rather than for ad clicks or engagement,
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๊ด‘๊ณ  ํด๋ฆญ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ,
02:43
what might that look like?"
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?" ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
But then we realized,
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02:47
this sort of suggests that this is an information problem
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ
02:51
or a content problem.
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์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And for us, the platform crisis is a people problem.
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
It's a problem about the emergent weird things that happen
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์˜€์„๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
03:01
when large groups of people get together.
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And so we turned to another, older idea.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
We asked,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
"What happens when we think about platforms as spaces?"
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
03:13
We know from social psychology that spaces shape behavior.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
You put the same group of people in a room like this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฐฉ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
and they're going to behave really differently
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
03:23
than in a room like this.
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์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
When researchers put softer furniture in classrooms,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:28
participation rates rose by 42 percent.
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์ฐธ์„์œจ์€ 42% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
And spaces even have political consequences.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
When researchers looked at neighborhoods with parks
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋„ค์™€ ์—†๋Š” ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:39
versus neighborhoods without,
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03:41
after adjusting for socioeconomic factors,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:43
they found that neighborhoods with parks had higher levels of social trust
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๊ณต์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋„ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ ,
03:47
and were better able to advocate for themselves politically.
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๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜๋„ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
So spaces shape behavior,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
partly by the way they're designed
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๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํ•œ ๋ชซ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:56
and partly by the way that they encode certain norms about how to behave.
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๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
We all know that there are some behaviors that are OK in a bar
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์ˆ ์ง‘๊ณผ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์ด
04:06
that are not OK in a library,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
and maybe vice versa.
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04:10
And this gives us a little bit of a clue,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํžŒํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
because there are online spaces
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
04:13
that encode these same kinds of behavioral norms.
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ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
So, for example, behavior on LinkedIn
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋งํฌ๋“œ์ธ์€ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด
04:21
seems pretty good.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
04:24
Because it reads as a workplace.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
And so people follow workplace norms.
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์ง์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
You can even see it in the way they dress in their profile pictures.
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ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ
์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์ด์ฃ .
04:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:34
So if LinkedIn is a workplace,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งํฌ๋“œ์ธ์ด ์ง์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
04:37
what is Twitter like?
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:40
Well, it's like a vast, cavernous expanse,
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๋“œ๋„“๊ณ  ๊นŠ์€ ๋™๊ตด ์•ˆ์—
04:43
where there are people talking about sports,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋‚˜
04:45
arguing about politics, yelling at each other, flirting,
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์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ 
04:48
trying to get a job,
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์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
04:49
all in the same place, with no walls, no divisions,
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๋ฒฝ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋ถ€์„œ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
and the owner gets paid more the louder the noise is.
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๋” ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ˆ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:56
No wonder it's a mess.
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๋‚œ์žฅํŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And this raises another thing that become obvious
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์ด๋กœ์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•ด ์ง€๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
when we think about platforms in terms of physical space.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:04
Good physical spaces are almost always structured.
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์ข‹์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
They have rules.
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๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Silicon Valley is built on this idea that unstructured space is conducive
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์—†๋Š”
์ž์œ ๋กœ์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
for human behavior.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:19
And I actually think there's a reason for this myopia
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05:21
built into the location of Silicon Valley itself.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
So, Michele Gelfand is a sociologist
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๋ฏธ์…ธ ๊ฒ”ํŒ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋Š”
05:29
who studies how norms vary across cultures.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:31
And she watches how cultures like Japan -- which she calls "tight" --
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์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ง๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:36
is very conformist, very rule-following,
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
05:38
and cultures like Brazil are very loose.
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•ด์„œ
05:41
You can see this even in things like
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๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์‹œ๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ฐจ
05:43
how closely synchronized the clocks are on a city street.
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์ž˜ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
So as you can see, the United States is one of the looser countries.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:51
And the loosest state in the United States is,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๊ณณ์€,
05:55
you got it, California.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And Silicon Valley culture came out of the 1970s Californian counterculture.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So, just to recap:
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
06:05
the spaces that the world is living in
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์€
06:07
came out of the loosest culture in the loosest state
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—
06:10
in one of the loosest countries in the world.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
No wonder they undervalue structure.
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
And I think this really matters, because people need structure.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
You may have heard this word "anomie."
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” "์•„๋…ธ๋ฏธ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
06:24
It literally means "a lack of norms" in French.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ "๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
It was coined by ร‰mile Durkheim
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์—๋ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅดํฌํ•˜์ž„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:29
to describe the vast, overwhelming feeling
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๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”
06:33
that people have in spaces without norms.
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๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•จ์— ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Anomie has political consequences.
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์•„๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Because what Gelfand has found is that, when things are too loose,
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๊ฒ”ํŒก์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:45
people crave order and structure.
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And that craving for order and structure correlates really strongly
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๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
06:52
with support for people like these guys.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:57
I don't think it's crazy to ask
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
06:59
if the structurelessness of online life is actually feeding anxiety
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๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ฆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋…์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€,
07:05
that's increasing a responsiveness to authoritarianism.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
So how might platforms bring people together
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด
07:14
in a way that creates meaning
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ 
07:15
and helps people understand each other?
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:18
And this brings me back to our friend from Burning Man.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ฒ„๋‹๋งจ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Because listening to him, I realized:
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ์„œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:24
it's not just that Burning Man isn't the solution --
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๋ฒ„๋‹๋งจ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:27
it's actually a perfect metaphor for the problem.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:32
You know, it's a great place to visit for a week,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ๋”ํ• ๋‚˜์œ„ ์—†์ด ์ข‹์ฃ .
07:34
this amazing art city, rising out of nowhere in the dust.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ™€๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
But you wouldn't want to live there.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:42
There's no running water,
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์ˆ˜๋„ ์‹œ์„ค๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
07:44
there's no trash pickup.
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์žฅ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
07:45
At some point, the hallucinogens run out,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
07:48
and you're stuck with a bunch of wealthy white guys
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ž ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
07:50
in the dust in the desert.
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๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:53
Which, to me, is sometimes how social media feels in 2019.
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2019๋…„ ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:59
A great, fun, hallucinatory place to visit has become our home.
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๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ํ™˜๋ฝ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And so,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ 
08:06
if we look at platforms through the lens of spaces,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:09
we can then ask ourselves:
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08:10
Who knows how to structure spaces for the public good?
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๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:16
And it turns out, this is a question
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
08:17
people have been thinking about for a long time about cities.
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
Cities were the original platforms.
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๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Two-sided marketplace?
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์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ฑ?
08:25
Check.
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์ฒดํฌ.
08:27
Place to keep up with old friends and distant relatives?
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋จผ ์นœ์ฒ™์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ?
08:30
Check.
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์ฒดํฌ.
08:31
Vector for viral sharing?
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด?
08:33
Check.
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์ฒดํฌ.
08:35
In fact, cities have encountered
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๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”
08:37
a lot of the same social and political challenges
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€
08:40
that platforms are now encountering.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
They've dealt with massive growth that overwhelmed existing communities
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด
08:49
and the rise of new business models.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
They've even had new, frictionless technologies
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
08:56
that promised to connect everyone together
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:59
and that instead deepened existing social and race divides.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธ์ข… ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋งŒ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
09:05
But because of this history of decay and renewal
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์‡ ํ‡ด์™€ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๊ณ 
09:08
and segregation and integration,
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋˜
09:10
cities are the source of some of our best ideas
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ
09:13
about how to build functional, thriving communities.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
Faced with a top-down, car-driven vision of city life,
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์ œ์ธ ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋Š”,
09:22
pioneers like Jane Jacobs said,
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์ƒํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ,
09:24
letโ€™s instead put human relationships at the center of urban design.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๋ฉด์— ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
Jacobs and her fellow travelers like Holly Whyte, her editor,
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์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž ํ™€๋ฆฌ ์™€์ด์–ด์Šค๋Š”,
09:33
were these really great observers of what actually happened on the street.
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๊ธธ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
They watched: Where did people stop and talk?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ์„œ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์–ด๋””์ธ๊ฐ€?
09:42
When did neighbors become friends?
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์ด์›ƒ๊ฐ„์— ์–ธ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
09:44
And they learned a lot.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
For example, they noticed that successful public places
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋Š”
09:51
generally have three different ways that they structure behavior.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
There's the built environment,
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์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ,
09:57
you know, that we're going to put a fountain here or a playground there.
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๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:01
But then, there's programming,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
like, let's put a band at seven and get the kids out.
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๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ 7์‹œ์— ์Œ์•…์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋†€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
And there's this idea of mayors,
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์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
people who kind of take this informal ownership of a space
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ
10:14
to keep it welcoming and clean.
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
All three of these things actually have analogues online.
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
But platforms mostly focus on code,
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋“œ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ
10:23
on what's physically possible in the space.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:26
And they focus much less on these other two softer, social areas.
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
What are people doing there?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:33
Who's taking responsibility for it?
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์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ ?
10:36
So like Jane Jacobs did for cities,
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์ œ์ธ ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด
10:39
Talia and I think we need a new design movement
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ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์ €๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ ์šด๋™์ด
10:42
for online space,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
one that considers
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์ด ์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
10:45
not just "How do we build products that work for users or consumers?"
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์œ ์ €์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:50
"How do we make something user-friendly?"
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
10:53
but "How do we make products that are public-friendly?"
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Because we need products that don't serve individuals
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
11:01
at the expense of the social fabric on which we all depend.
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์ž˜ ์งœ์—ฌ์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And we need it urgently,
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11:08
because political scientists tell us
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์ •์น˜๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:10
that healthy democracies need healthy public spaces.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
So, the public-friendly digital design movement that Talia and I imagine
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ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€
11:21
asks this question:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
What would this interaction be like if it was happening in physical space?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์‹ค์žฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
11:26
And it asks the reverse question:
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
What can we learn from good physical spaces
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์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:31
about how to structure behavior in the online world?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผํ• ๊นŒ?
11:34
For example, I grew up in a small town in Maine,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ,
11:37
and I went to a lot of those town hall meetings that you hear about.
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์‹œ์ฒญ ํšŒ์˜์— ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
And unlike the storybook version, they weren't always nice.
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๋™ํ™”์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
11:45
Like, people had big conflicts, big feelings ...
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:48
It was hard sometimes.
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์–ด๋ ค์›€๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
But because of the way that that space was structured,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด,
11:52
we managed to land it OK.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
How?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
11:57
Well, here's one important piece.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
The downcast glance, the dirty look,
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๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ๊ณผ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ์ •,
12:02
the raised eyebrow, the cough ...
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๋ˆˆ์‚ด์„ ์ฐŒํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ—›๊ธฐ์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ,
12:05
When people went on too long or lost the crowd,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
they didn't get banned or blocked or hauled out by the police,
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์ €์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์žกํ˜€๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
they just got this soft, negative social feedback.
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๊ทธ์ € ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
And that was actually very powerful.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
12:20
I think Facebook and Twitter could build this,
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด ๊ณณ์€,
12:22
something like this.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:31
I think there are some other things that online spaces can learn
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ ์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ
12:34
from offline spaces.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Holly Whyte observed that in healthy public spaces,
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ํ™€๋ฆฌ ์™€์ด์—‡์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋Š”
12:39
there are often many different places that afford different ways of relating.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:43
So the picnic table where you have lunch with your family
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์†Œํ’์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ ๋ฒค์น˜๋Š”
12:48
may not be suited for the romantic walk with a partner
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์—ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง์žฅ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—
12:52
or the talk with some business colleagues.
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์ตœ์ ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
And it's worth noting that in real space,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์—๋Š”,
12:57
in none of these places are there big, visible public signs of engagement.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
So digital designers could think about
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์€
13:05
what kind of conversations do we actually want to invite,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ์ง€,
13:08
and how do we build specifically for those kinds of conversations.
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ํŠน์ • ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” ํ• ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Remember the park that we talked about that built social trust?
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์•ž์„œ ๊ณต์›์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:16
That didn't happen because people were having these big political arguments.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
Most strangers don't actually even talk to each other
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
the first three or four or five times they see each other.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ, ๋„ค๋ฒˆ, ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
13:27
But when people, even very different people,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณตํ†ต์  ์—†๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
13:29
see each other a lot,
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์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ 
์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด
13:31
they develop familiarity,
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13:32
and that creates the bedrock for relationships.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And I think, actually, you know,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด
13:39
maybe that early idea of cyberspace as kind of this bodiless meeting place
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ํ˜•์ฒด ์—†์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด
13:44
of pure minds and pure ideas
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13:46
sent us off in the wrong direction.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Maybe what we need instead is to find a way to be in proximity,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธธ์€
13:52
mostly talking amongst ourselves,
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:54
but all sharing the same warm sun.
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๋”ฐ์Šคํ•œ ํ–‡์‚ด์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
And finally:
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
13:59
healthy public spaces create a sense of ownership and equity.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
And this is where the city metaphor becomes challenging.
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์ด ์ ์ด ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Because, if Twitter is a city,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๋ฉด,
14:09
it's a city that's owned by just a few people
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๋‹จ ๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ
14:12
and optimized for financial return.
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์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
I think we really need digital environments
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€
14:19
that we all actually have some real ownership of,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
14:21
environments that respect the diversity of human existence
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
14:25
and that give us some say and some input into the process.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:28
And I think we need this urgently.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
Because Facebook right now --
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ
14:32
I sort of think of, like, 1970s New York.
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1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:36
The public spaces are decaying, there's trash in the streets,
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๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์—‰๋ง์ด๊ณ  ๊ธธ์—๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ,
14:40
people are kind of, like, mentally and emotionally
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ์  ์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:42
warming themselves over burning garbage.
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿผํ†ต์— ๋ชธ์„ ๋…น์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:46
And --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:53
And the natural response to this is to hole up in your apartment
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:56
or consider fleeing for the suburbs.
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๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
15:00
It doesn't surprise me
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15:01
that people are giving up on the idea of online public spaces
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ ์—ญ์‹œ
15:05
the way that they've given up on cities over their history.
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
And sometimes -- I'll be honest --
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š”, ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
15:12
it feels to me like this whole project of, like, wiring up a civilization
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๋ฌธ๋ช…์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ
15:16
and getting billions of people to come into contact with each other
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15:19
is just impossible.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
But modern cities tell us that it is possible
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
for millions of people who are really different,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
15:27
sometimes living right on top of each other,
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์„œ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์œ„๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
15:30
not just to not kill each other,
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์„œ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ
15:32
but to actually build things together,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
find new experiences,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
15:36
create beautiful, important infrastructure.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
And we cannot give up on that promise.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์†์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
If we want to solve the big, important problems in front of us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:50
we need better online public spaces.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
We need digital urban planners,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ์ธ ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€,
15:56
new Jane Jacobses,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด,
15:57
who are going to build the parks and park benches of the online world.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๊ณต์›๊ณผ ๋ฒค์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
And we need digital, public-friendly architects,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ,
16:05
who are going to build what Eric Klinenberg calls
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์—๋ฆญ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„จ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜ํ•œ
16:07
"palaces for the people" -- libraries and museums and town halls.
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ถ์ „"-- ๋„์„œ๊ด€, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ์‹œ์ฒญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
16:12
And we need a transnational movement,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๋Š”
16:14
where these spaces can learn from each other,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”
16:17
just like cities have,
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๋„์‹œ ๋†์—…, ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ๋“ฑ
16:18
about everything from urban farming to public art to rapid transit.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
Humanity moves forward
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
16:28
when we find new ways to rely on and understand and trust each other.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
16:34
And we need this now more than ever.
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์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
If online digital spaces are going to be our new home,
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
16:42
let's make them a comfortable, beautiful place to live,
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ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:45
a place we all feel not just included
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ
16:48
but actually some ownership of.
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์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณณ.
16:50
A place we get to know each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„.
16:53
A place you'd actually want not just to visit
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์ž ์‹œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
16:56
but to bring your kids.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด ์ง‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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